Practice programs

 Differences Between Python 2.x and 3.x

# Python 2.x:

print "Hello, World!" # This would work in Python 2.x

# Python 3.x:

print("Hello, World!") # Works in Python 3.x

# Integer division difference:

print(5 / 2) # Python 2.x would output 2, Python 3.x outputs 2.5

 Elements of Python Language

x = 5 # Variable

y = 10

z = x + y # Expression

if z > 10: # Control structure (if-else)

print("z is greater than 10")

  Identifiers

_myVar = 100 # Valid identifier

age = 25 # Valid identifier

3data = 50 # Invalid (starts with a digit)

 Keywords

# Some Python keywords

if x > 0:

print("Positive")

else:

print("Non-positive")

 Literals

x = 10 # Integer literal

pi = 3.14 # Floating-point literal

name = "Alice" # String literal

is_active = True # Boolean literal

  Python Block Structure and Illustration of Blocks in Python

# The block is defined by indentation

if x > 0:

print("This is inside the block") # Indented code forms the block

print("This is outside the block")

 Comments in Python

# This is a single-line comment

x = 10 # Assign 10 to x

# Printing the value of x

print(x) # Output: 10

'''

This is a multi-line comment

It spans multiple lines

Useful for larger explanations

'''

x = 20

y = 30
print(x + y) # Output: 50

x = 5 # Assigning value 5 to variable x

y = x * 2 # Multiplying x by 2 and storing it in y

print(y) # Output: 10

# Check if the number is positive, negative, or zero

num = -3

if num > 0:

print("Positive") # The number is greater than 0

elif num == 0:

print("Zero") # The number is exactly 0

else:

print("Negative") # The number is less than 0

# Original code

print("This line works")

# print("This line is disabled") # This line won't execute because it's

commented out
# Bad comment (explains what the code is doing, which is obvious from
the code itself)

x = x + 1 # Add 1 to x

# Good comment (explains why we are adding 1 to x)

x = x + 1 # Increment x to account for the loop iteration

'''

This function implements the Fibonacci sequence.

The Fibonacci sequence is defined as:

F(n) = F(n-1) + F(n-2), with base cases F(0) = 0, F(1) = 1.

This implementation uses recursion to calculate the nth Fibonacci

number.

'''

def fibonacci(n):

# Base case

if n <= 1:

return n

# Recursive case
 return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)

print(fibonacci(5)) # Output: 5

 Variables and Assignment Statement

x = 5 # Assignment statement

y = "Hello"

z = x + 10

# Assigning the same value to multiple variables

a = b = c = 100

print(a) # 100

print(b) # 100

print(c) # 100

# Assigning different values to multiple variables

x, y, z = 10, 20, 30

print(x) # 10

print(y) # 20

print(z) # 30
# Swapping two variables

x, y = 5, 10

print("Before swapping:", x, y) # Before swapping: 5 10

# Swap

x, y = y, x

print("After swapping:", x, y) # After swapping: 10 5

# Defining a constant (by convention)

PI = 3.14159

RADIUS = 5

# Using constant in a formula

area = PI * RADIUS ** 2

print("Area of the circle:", area) # 78.53975

# Chained assignment

x = y = z = 50

print(x, y, z) # 50 50 50
# Modifying one variable doesn't affect the others

x = 10

print(x, y, z) # 10 50 50

a = 10

print(a) # 10

# Deleting variable a

del a

# print(a) # This would raise an error because a is deleted

 Name Spaces

# Example of different namespaces

x = 10 # Global namespace

def my_function():

x = 20 # Local namespace

print("Inside function:", x)

my_function()
print("Outside function:", x)

 Python Objects

x = 10

y = "Python"

print(type(x)) # Output: <class 'int'>

print(type(y)) # Output: <class 'str'>

 Data types

Integer Programs:

#Addition
a = 12
b=8
result = a + b
print("Addition:", result) # 20

#Division
a = 17
b=4
div = a // b
mod = a % b
print("Division:", div) # 4
print("Modulus:", mod) # 1
#EXponentiation
a=3
b=4
result = a ** b
print("Exponentiation:", result) # 81

#Subtraction
x = 100
y = 35
result = x - y
print("Subtraction:", result) # 65

#MUltiplication
p=7
q=6
product = p * q
print("Multiplication:", product) # 42

Float Programs:

#addition
x = 10.5
y = 2.3
result = x + y
print("Sum:", result) # 12.8
#Division

a = 20.0
b = 3.0
result = a / b
print("Division:", result) # 6.666666666666667

#Square root using exponent

num = 16.0
sqrt = num ** 0.5
print("Square Root:", sqrt) # 4.0

#Multiplying two floats

a = 4.5
b = 3.2
product = a * b
print("Product:", product) # 14.4

#Subtracting floats

x = 10.7
y = 5.3
result = x - y
print("Subtraction:", result) # 5.4
String Programs:

#Concatenation

first = "Hello"
second = "World"
result = first + " " + second
print(result) # Hello World

#String repetition
text = "Python"
result = text * 3
print(result) # PythonPythonPython

#Length of a string

text = "Machine Learning"

length = len(text)
print("Length of string:", length) # 16

#Slicing a string

text = "Data Science"

slice = text[0:4]
print("Sliced string:", slice) # Data

#Converting to uppercase
text = "hello"
result = text.upper()
print("Uppercase:", result) # HELLO

List Programs:

#Creating a list and accessing elements

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
first = my_list[0]
print("First element:", first) # 1

#Appending an element to a list

my_list = [10, 20, 30]

my_list.append(40)
print("Updated List:", my_list) # [10, 20, 30, 40]

#Multiplying list elements

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
result = my_list * 2
print("Repeated List:", result) # [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
#Length of a list

my_list = [10, 20, 30, 40]

length = len(my_list)
print("Length of list:", length) # 4

Tuple Programs:

#Creating a tuple and accessing elements

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4)
first = my_tuple[0]
print("First element:", first) # 1

#Concatenating two tuples

tuple1 = (1, 2, 3)
tuple2 = (4, 5, 6)
result = tuple1 + tuple2
print("Concatenated Tuple:", result) # (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

#Tuple slicing

my_tuple = (10, 20, 30, 40)

slice = my_tuple[1:3]
print("Sliced Tuple:", slice) # (20, 30)
#Length of a tuple

my_tuple = (5, 10, 15)

length = len(my_tuple)
print("Length of tuple:", length) # 3

#Accessing last element

my_tuple = (100, 200, 300)

last = my_tuple[-1]
print("Last element:", last) # 300

Set Programs:

# Adding an element to a set

my_set = {1, 2, 3}
my_set.add(4)
print("Set after adding:", my_set) # {1, 2, 3, 4}

#Removing an element from a set

my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4}
my_set.remove(2)
print("Set after removing:", my_set) # {1, 3, 4}
#Union of two sets

set1 = {1, 2, 3}
set2 = {3, 4, 5}
union_set = set1.union(set2)
print("Union:", union_set) # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

#Intersection of two sets

set1 = {1, 2, 3}
set2 = {2, 3, 4}
intersection = set1.intersection(set2)
print("Intersection:", intersection) # {2, 3}

#Set difference

set1 = {1, 2, 3, 4}
set2 = {3, 4, 5}
difference = set1.difference(set2)
print("Difference:", difference) # {1, 2}
Dictionary Programs:

#Creating a dictionary and accessing a value

my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 25}

name = my_dict["name"]
print("Name:", name) # John

#Adding a new key-value pair

my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30}

my_dict["city"] = "New York"
print("Updated Dictionary:", my_dict) # {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30,
'city': 'New York'}

#Updating a value

my_dict = {"name": "Bob", "age": 22}

my_dict["age"] = 23
print("Updated Age:", my_dict["age"]) # 23

#Accessing dictionary keys

my_dict = {"name": "Sam", "age": 29, "city": "Boston"}

keys = my_dict.keys()
print("Keys:", keys) # dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'city'])
#Accessing dictionary values

my_dict = {"name": "Eva", "age": 35, "city": "Chicago"}

values = my_dict.values()
print("Values:", values) # dict_values(['Eva', 35, 'Chicago'])