SENIOR PHASE – SOCIAL SCIENCES

GRADE -9

TERM 3 WORKBOOK GEOGRAPHY

TEACHER’S GUIDE

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 1 of 33

 Table of content
WEEK

Introduction to the topic: Surface forces that shape the earth

Concept of weathering:
WEEK 1 Physical weathering
Chemical weathering
Biological weathering

WEEK 2 Difference between weathering, erosion and deposition

WEEK 3 Impact of human activities on weathering

Rivers: Features of erosion and deposition along a river course:

WEEK 4 • Waterfalls and rapids
 Gorges and canyons

Rivers: Features of erosion and deposition along a river course:

WEEK 5 • Meanders
• Oxbow lakes

Rivers: Features of erosion and deposition along a river course:

WEEK 6 Levees and deltas

Human contributions to erosion through agriculture, construction and

WEEK 7 mining

WEEK 8 Case study: Agriculture as a contributor to erosion

WEEK 9 Revision & consolidation

WEEK 1:
Introduction to the topic: Surface forces that shape the earth
Concept of weathering:
Physical weathering
Chemical weathering
Biological weathering Surface forces of the Earth
GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 2 of 33
1.1

1.1.1 Define the following concepts: ( 2x1) (2)

Weathering
L2
- Weathering is the process whereby rocks are broken into smaller
particles. √√

1.2 Mention three types of Weathering (1 x 3) 3

L1
- Physical -weathering√
- Chemical weathering√
- Biological weathering √

1.3 Briefly explain the processes of chemical weathering? 3x2 6

L3
Carbonation -Rainwater dissolves a certain amount of carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere and forms a weak acid known as the carbonic
acid. √√

This carbonic acid reacts mainly with limestone rocks and makes them
more soluble. √√

Hydrolisis: mixing of water with mineral composition in the

sedimentary rock causing it to crumble√√

Oxidation -Oxygen from the atmosphere often combines with water

vapour and iron in some rocks which results to the formation of rust
which causes the rock to crumble. . √√

1.4 State whether the following are True or False. Elaborate why? (1+2) 3
a. Plants growing on the rocks are one of the main sources of biological
L2
weathering
a. True √ – Roots of the plants exert pressure on the rock and result
in breaking√√

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 3 of 33

 b. Which of the following causes biological weathering? Explain. (1+2) 3
- Ice
L2
- Water
- Fungi
Heat
Fungi √ – Fungi is a bacteria or biological hazard√√
1.5 What is the difference between weathering and Erosion. (1 x2) 2
L2
Weathering the rock is broken down into smaller particles while in
erosion the materials are move from one place to another. √√

WEEK 2: Difference between weathering, erosion and deposition

2.1 Tabulate the following statement into the three processes : Weathering, (1 x6) 6
Erosion and Deposition and only write the letters in the table during L2
tabulation.

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 4 of 33

 A. Water getting into cracks,freezing and breaking rocks
B. Wind blowing sand from one place to the other
C. Floods water moving soil from one location to another
D. Raindrops on some rocks making them wear down
E. Rainwater carrying particles away from a hill
F. Muddy water being transported by fast moving river
G. Transported material built-up at river mouth

Weathering Erosion Deposition

- A√ - B√ G√

- D√ - C√

- E√

- F√

A. Where is deposition taking place in the diagram (1X1) 1

In the lower course√ L1

B. What feature can we find in the upper course (1X1) 1

L1
Waterfall/Rapids/Gorges/Canyons, any relevant answer

C. How is the erosional flow in the middle course (1X1) 1

L1
Gradual Low√

D. Is the profile concave or convex? (1X1) 1

L1
Concave Low√

E. Explain the longitudinal profile of a river. (2X2) 4

It is the concave river√√ L2
meaning is steep at the source and gentle towards the
mouth.There is headward erosion at the top and also
weathering.Material will deposit at the mouth . √√

2.3 Study the Diagrams below and answer the Questions that follow:

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 5 of 33

 A B

A. Between the two diagrams, which one shows gravitational erosion 1x1 1
L1
B √-You see that there is more pressure exerted on the rock. √

B.What do you think is happening in disgram A 1X2 2

L2
The water from sea has eroded the soil and made some cutting√√

2.4 How can human cause erosion 2 x2 4

L3
By cutting trees and plants they remove the top soil which is good for
cultivation√√

Overgrazing of livestock√√

Building houses or construction roads they

2.5

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 6 of 33

 a. What do we call this process on the diagram 1 x1 1
b. Where is it occuring on the longitudinal profile of a river 1 x1 1
c. Does erosion take place on the outside or inside bank ? 1 x1 1
d. Where is an oxbow taking place in this process 1 x1 1
L1
a. Meandering √

b. In the middle course of a river√

c.On the outside of a river√

d. In the Loop inside of the river√

2.6 Study the diagram below and use the options provided to answer the questions below:

Levee, oxbow lake, delta, meander, erosion, deposition, neck, lower course,
GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 7 of 33
 upper

2.5.1 A is a feature that forms when a loop is cut off from the bend of a river. 1x1 1
Oxbow lake
L1
2.5.2 B develops when gravel and silt accumulates on the banks of a river resulting 1x1 1
in the bank being raised.
L1
Levee
2.5.3 Flat land next to the river and is sometimes flooded is called C. 1x1 1
Flood plain
L1
2.5.4 This occurs on the outer bend of a river where the water flow the fastest. 1x1 1
Erosion
L1
2.5.5 The pattern of the river at E is a Meander 1x1 1
L1
2.5.6 In which stage of the river is this pattern found? Lower course 1x1 1
L1

Week 3 - IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON WEATHERING

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 8 of 33

Refer to the diagram below and answer the questions set:

3.1 State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE

3.1.1 Most of the activities from the above diagram are human activities resulting 1x1 (1)
to weathering. √TRUE
L1
3.1.2 In number 2 natural vegetation have been removed and soil is exposed to 1x1 (1)
erosion. √TRUE
L1
3.1.3 Breeding of cattle in a confined space is good practise. √FALSE 1x1 (1)
L1
3.1.4 Number 8 have no impact on weathering. √ FALSE 1x1 (1)
L1
3.1.5 There is no impact of human activity number Three (3) there is no impact of 1x1 (1)
human activity in the water. √ FALSE
L1

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 9 of 33

3.2. Refer to Figure 3.1 and in a sentence/one word explain what is happening
in the following numbers:

3.2.1 2 Removal of natural vegetation in preparation from farming√√ 1x2 (2)

L2
3.2.2 3 Water pollution by chemicals from industries√√ 1x2 (2)
L2
3.2.3 5 Erosion caused by overstocking/Overgrazing√√ 1x2 (2)
L2
3.2.4 8 Road construction remove natural vegetation and expose rocks to 1x2 (2)
weathering√√
L2
3.2.5 9 Air pollution from industries√√ 1x2 (2)
L2

3.3 Suggest what can be done in the following numbers to reduce the human
impact on weathering.
3.3.1 3 Ensure chemical waste is not deposited in water√√ 1x2 (2)
L3
3.3.2 5 Reduce the number of stock or provide a larger area for cattle 1x2 (2)
grazing √√
L2

3.3.3 9 Industries should provide long chimneys and/ or fine industries 1x2 (2)
which cause air pollution√√
L2

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 10 of 33

WEEK 4

Rivers: Features of erosion and deposition along a river course:

• Waterfalls and rapids
 Gorges and canyons

4.1 Refer to the waterfall picture below and answer the questions that follow:

https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsmpl/mac-mac-falls.php.

4.1. Choose the term in brackets to make sentences correct by underlining

4.1.1 (Erosion / Deposition) is the primary geological process responsible for the 1x1 (1)
formation of waterfalls
L2
4.1.2 (Resistant and less resistant rock layers/ Decreased precipitation) is/ 1x1 (1)
are the factor/s plays a crucial role in the formation of waterfalls
L2
4.1.3 In the formation of waterfalls, (Igneous/ Sedimentary) rock layer typically 1x1 (1)
erodes more slowly and forms the waterfall's resistant cap
L2
4.1.4 Basin or pool of water at the base of a waterfall, created by the erosional 1x1 (1)
action of the falling water(Plunge pool/ Lagoon)
L2
4.1.5 (Hanging /Retreat) waterfall formed by the gradual retreat of a waterfall 1x1 (1)
GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 11 of 33
 upstream due to erosion L2

4.2

Refer to the rapid picture below and answer the questions that follow:

https://www.backpackers-south africa.co.za/info/businesses/28172/images/bottom_images/1.jpg

4.2 Choose the term in brackets to make sentences correct by underlining

4.2.1 (Steep gradient or slope/Slow water flow)is the primary factor contributing 1x1 (1)
to the formation of rapids in a river.
L2
4.2.2 (Stagnant and still/ Fast-moving with turbulent sections) describes the 1x1 (1)
characteristic flow of water in rapids.
L2
4.2.3 (Gravel/ Bedrock) is the type of riverbed material is often associated with the 1x1 (1)
creation of rapids.
L2
4.2.4 (Exciting and challenging paddling experiences/ Slow, leisurely 1x1 (1)
paddling) is the main reason kayakers and whitewater enthusiasts are drawn
L2
to rapids.
4.2.5 (Swirlpool/ White water) term is used to describe the turbulent, aerated 1x1 (1)
water that often characterizes rapids.
L2

4.3 5x1 (5)

Study the sketch and Complete the table below
GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 12 of 33
 L2

https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/centros-tic/04005442/helvia/aula/archivos/repositorio/0/69/html/
course_of_a_river1.gif

Upper Course of the river

Shape of the
valley Closed v-shaped valley
Width of the
valley narrow

Erosion or Erosion
deposition
Features Waterfall and rapids
formed

4.4 Study the pictures below of a waterfall and rapid and answer the questions below

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 13 of 33

 https://live.staticflickr.com/
3100/2418532676_d61fe88069_b.jpg

https://www.clarens.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/white-river-rafting.jpg

4.4.1 How do rapids differ from waterfalls? 2x2 (4)

Rapids are formed by steep gradients or obstructions, while
L3
waterfalls are formed by resistant rock layers
4.4.2 What is the significance of waterfalls and rapids in shaping the Earth's 1x2 (2)
surface?
L3
They contribute to the erosion and transportation of sediments
4.4.3 What are the primary erosional processes involved in the formation of 1x1 (2)
waterfalls?
GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 14 of 33
 Hydraulic action and abrasion L2

4.4.4 What recreational activities can be enjoyed at waterfalls and rapids? 2x1 (2)
Whitewater rafting and kayaking
L1

4.4.5 Discuss the environmental impact of human activities, such as dam 2x2 (4)
construction and deforestation, on the formation and sustainability of
L3
waterfalls in natural landscapes.

Human activities can alter river flow,

sediment deposition,
and erosion patterns,
potentially leading to changes in waterfall formation and sustainability,
as seen in the case of dam construction. Any 2
4.4.6 Imagine you are a geologist tasked with studying a newly discovered 2x2 4
waterfall. What geological and environmental factors would you investigate to
L3
understand its formation and long-term stability?
To understand the waterfall, you would examine the rock type,
river characteristics,
climate
, and any nearby human activities impacting the area.

4.5 Study the following picture of Blyderiver Canyon and anser the questions below:

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 15 of 33

 https://images.rove.me/w_1920,q_85/mwn0ns5wmxutgysx5y4m/south-africa-blyde-river-canyon.jpg

4.5.1 What is the primary agent responsible for the formation of canyons and 1x1 (1)
gorges?
L1
Water

4.5.2 How might climatic factors, such as changes in precipitation patterns and 1x2 (2)
temperature over geological time scales, influence the formation and
L3
evolution of canyons?
Climate can impact erosion rates, sediment transport, and vegetation
patterns, influencing the formation and characteristics of canyons.
4.5.3 How does the underlying rock type affect the formation and characteristics of 1x2 (2)
canyons?
L3
The type of rock influences a canyon's resistance to erosion, impacting
the depth and shape of the canyon

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 16 of 33

4.6
Study the following picture of Oribi Gorge and answer the questions below:

https://dynamic-media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-o/15/6e/96/56/we-have-just-returned.jpg?w=1200&h=-1&s=1

4.6.1 What are the primary geological processes responsible for the formation of 2x2 (4)
gorges?
L2
Gorges are primarily formed through erosional processes, often
associated with river erosion and the cutting of deep, narrow valleys
into the landscape.
4.6.2 Differentiate between a V-shaped valley and a gorge. 2x2 (4)
L3
V-shaped valleys are initially formed by river erosion and become
gorges as the erosion deepens, widens, and narrows the valley,
creating steep, narrow features.

4.6.3 How can human activities, such as mining and urban development, impact 2x2 (4)
the formation and preservation of gorges in natural landscapes?
L2
Human activities can accelerate erosion, disrupt natural processes, and
alter the landscape, potentially affecting the formation and preservation
of gorges

Week 5: Rivers: Features of erosion and deposition along river course: Meanders and

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 17 of 33

Oxbow lakes

5.1 Define the following concepts. 1x2 2

a. Meander
L2
Meander is a bend in a river.
b. Oxbow lake 1x2 2
Oxbow Lake is a lake or area of water in a U-shape.
L2
5.2 Label the below diagram that shows features of river erosion and deposition.

https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.hUr1KxJhuxgP2fCWpe-u0QAAAA?pid=ImgDet&rs
1. Source
2. Tributary
3. Hills
4. Waterfall
5. Undercut Slope
6. Slip-off slope
7. Sand banks
8. Ox-bow Lake and Meander
9. Floodplain

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 18 of 33

 10. Mouth

5.3 Explain how does meanders form.

As the river erodes laterally, to the right side then the left side, it forms 2x2 4
large bends, and then horseshoe-like loops called meanders. 
L3
5.4 In which stage of the river do you find meander and waterfall?

Lower stage or Middle - Meander 1x1 1

L1

Upper stage- Waterfall 1x1 1

L1

Week 6: Rivers: Features of erosion and deposition along river course: Levees and
Delta

6.1 Define the following concepts.

a. delta 1x2 2
delta are wetlands that form as rivers enters ocean / sea or standing
L2
water mass. 
b. Levee 1x2 2
Levee is a natural or artificial wall that blocks water from
L2
overflowing.
6.2 In which stage of the river do you find Delta and Levee? 1x2 2
L1
Delta- lower course

Levee- Lower course

6.3 Explain similarities between Delta and Levee. 2x2 4
L3
Both are made are found in the lower course of the sea.

Levee and Delta are formed by the deposition of the river.

6.4 What is the difference between a meander and delta? 2x2 4
L2
Meander is a winding curve band of a river.

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 19 of 33

 Delta is an area of low, flat land shaped like a triangle,where a splits
and spreads out into several branches before entering the sea. 

6.5 Give Three (3) Disadvantages of living around around of Deltas. 3x2 6
L2
Areas are at constant risk of flood. 

Water is often stagnant, dirty and polluted 

Mosquitoes are attracted to water. 

Hard to make transport links by roads

ANY THREE

WEEK 7
The impact of people on soil erosion
 Human contributions to erosion through agriculture, construction, and mining
Agriculture as a contributor to erosion

7.1 Human contributions to erosion through agriculture, construction, and

mining

7.1.1 Soil erosion is the wearing or removal of topsoil. (True/ False) (1x1) (1)

True  L1
7.1.2 Refer to the pictures below to identify how the human activities impact (5x1) (5)
on soil erosion
L1
7.1.2.1

Mining 
7.1.2.2

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 20 of 33

 Overgrazing 
7.1.2.3

Farming 

7.1.2.4

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 21 of 33

 Road construction
7.1.2.5

Deforestation

7.1.3 List any 2 effects of soil erosion (2X1) (2)

 Pollution 
 Flooding  L1
 Damage water in the rivers

( ANY OTHER REVELANT ANSWER)

7.2 Case study: Agriculture as a contributor to erosion

Read the following case study and answer the questions that follow.

The main source of livelihood of the people in the Denku Region in Ethiopia
is agriculture. The major source of crops grown in the area include tef (the
staple grain of Ethiopia), haricot beans and maize.
However, in recent years, because of soil erosion that has reached a chronic
level, agricultural production has declined significantly. The people in this
area say that because of a decline in agriculture due to soil erosion, they
have had to reduce the numbers of daily meals as well as the quantity of
food per meal.

[Source: Via Afrika, Social Sciences, Grade 9, page 179]

7.2.1 Explain the meaning of the term soil erosion. (1x2) (1)
L2
Removal of soil by forces of erosion such as running water and wind

7.2.2. Name ONE way soil erosion has disadvantaged the people living in the ( 1x1) (1)
Denku Region of Ethiopia
L1
 Agricultural production declined. 
GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 22 of 33
  the number of daily meals has declined.
 the quantity of food per meal has declined.
(ANY OTHER RELEVANT ANSWER FROM THE TEXT)
7.2.3 Mention any Four (4) bad farming practices that can cause soil erosion. 4x1 (4)
L1
 Overgrazing 
 over-cultivation 
 deforestation
 ploughing across contour lines
 over-use of pesticides and herbicides

(ANY OTHER RELEVANT ANSWER)

7.2.4 Write a paragraph to discuss how better practices can be introduced to help ( 4x2) (8)
the small-scale farmer.
L3
a. Reduce soil erosion.

 To limit tilling of the soil 

 Crop rotation 
 Stock rotation
 Reforestation
 Cultivation parallel to contour lines to limit run-off
 Constructing anti-erosion walls
 Use of windbreaks
b. Improve Agricultural production.

To genetically manipulate seed varieties 

Greenhouses and plastic tunnels 
Permaculture or hydroponics
Use of naturally occurring methods to curb pests.
Education of farmers
Use a variety of compatible plant species.
Rain-tanks, drip-irrigation
Use of appropriate technology that the people can understand
and afford.
((ANY OTHER RELEVANT ANSWERS)
WEEK 8
Case study: Agriculture as a contributor to erosion

8. Study Figure 8A below on Soil erosion in the Ithala Game Reserve in KwaZulu
Natal. The area in the foreground used to be covered in thick soil, next to a small
stream. Then answer the questions that follow:
An example of soil erosion in KwaZulu-Natal.

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 23 of 33

 Source from Platinum; Social Science Grade 9 p.78

8.1 Define the following concepts: ( 4x1) L2

8.1.1 Monoculture: growing one kind of crop in a field, year after year . 

8.1.2 Crop rotation: growing different crops in a sequence that benefits the
soil. 
8.1.3 Overstocking: too many animals on a single piece of land. 

8.1.4 Over-grazing: keeping more animals than the land can support. 

8.2 Refer to source 8A and answer the questions that follow:

8.2.1 Identify THREE (3) clues from the source that indicate whether the soil (3x1) L2
was removed by wind or water erosion.
 River valey in the foreground
 Vegetation on the land
 Agent of erosion is water
8.2.2 Explain why do you think soil erosion is a serious environmental issue in (1x2) L2
Ithala Game Reserve?
 The photograph shows that the soil has not been replaced by
nature. 

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 24 of 33

  Soil erosion reduces the amount of land available for farmers.
 This can impact on food availability and food prices.
8.2.3 The area shown on the photograph was used for cattle. Explain THREE (3x2) L2
reasons that could have contributed to soil erosion.
 The area may have been overstocked with cattle. 
 The cattle could have over-grazed the land. 
 Over-grazing results in large areas of bare soil being exposed
to soil erosion processes. 
 A few years of heavy storms can wash away thousands of
tonnes of soil.

(Any THREE)
8.2.4 Write a paragraph to explain how using farm machines could have 4x2 8
contributed to soil erosion, when this area was a farm.
 Farm machines such as ploughs remove plants and dig up the land. L3
 This exposes the soil for long periods to wind and water erosion.

WEEK 9: Revision & consolidation

9.1 Refer to the pictures below and answer the question set:

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 25 of 33

 A B C

9.1.1 Identify different types of mechanical weathering from pictures labeled A to 3x1 (3)L
C
1
A- Frost wedging√

B- Exfoliation√

C- Salt wedging√
9.2 Look at the pictures labelled A – E below. For each picture state whether it 5x1 (5)
causes physical, chemical or biological weathering.
L1

A B

C D

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 26 of 33

 A- Chemical√
B- Biological√
C- Biological√
D- Biological√
E- Biological√

9.3 Refer to the diagram below and answer the set questions:

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 27 of 33

 .
9.3.1 Identify ONE example from the diagram where each kind of weathering is 1x3 (3)
taking place:
L1
a. physical
exfoliation (no.1) √

b. chemical

acid in water (no.3)

c. biological

grazing cattle (no.5) √

9.3.2 Name 4 ways that human activities expose soil and rocks. 4x1 (4)
 Road construction√,
L1
 Mining √
 Removal of natural vegetation and use of machinery√
 Underground tunnels√
 Agriculture
Any other

9.3.3 Explain in 3 ways how can exposing soil and rocks increase physical 3x2 (6)
weathering?
L2
 Exfoliation- temperature changes (expansion and contraction)
cause the rock to crack√√
GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 28 of 33
  Frost wedging- in winter water in the rock cravices freezes and
expand in volume resulting to the crack in the rock to widen√√
 Abrasion- the breaking down of rocks by rubbing against each
other as they move due to wind, water or gravity√√
Any other
9.3.4 Describe ONE way that human activities contribute to increased 1x2 (2)
chemical weathering.
L2
Air pollution- chemicals which will results to acid rain√√

9.3.5 Which human activity has greatly increased biological weathering as you 1x1 (1)
see from the picture?
L1
Underground tunnel √

9.3.6 Describe the effect of this activity (9.3.5) on the earth’s surface. 1x2 (2)
It will expose rocks, leave a heap of soil on the surface, disturb the
L2
natural vegetation in the area. √√

9.4 Look at the pictures below labelled A – D. For each picture state what 4x1 (4)
process has caused the weathering.
L1

A B

C D

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 29 of 33

 A- Oxidation√
B- Hydrolysis√
C- Oxidation√
D- Exfoliation√

9.5 Complete the table below

(6)
Weathering Erosion Deposition
Definition Decomposition Movement of soil, Laying down of L2
(breaking down) of mud, rock and other eroded material,
rocks, soil and their particles, usually by usually by water, 3x2
minerals. √√No wind, water, or ice. √√ wind or ice. √√
movement of
material takes place
Types Physical√, chemical√ Water√, wind√, ice√, Water√, wind√, ice√ 10x1 (10)
and biological√ gravity√
Results Small particles of Landforms are Landforms are built L2
rock, soil√√ created by the up by deposited 3x2 6
removal of rock and material√√
soil particles√√ L2

9.6

9.6.1 Name the most important agent of erosion. 1x1 (1)

L1
Running water√

9.6.2 Name the three stages of a river? 3x1 (3)

L1
Upper course√

Middle course√

Lower course√

9.6.3 Name the main process in the upper course of the river. 1x1 (1)
L1
Downward Erosion√

9.6.4 Explain what happens at each river stages. 3x2 (6)

L2
Upper course- erosion occur mainly downcutting√√

Middle course- mainly downcutting and lateral erosion and deposition

occur √√

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 30 of 33

 Lower course- mainly deposition takes place√√

9.7 Draw 3 stages and explain how the ox bow lake is formed 3x4
L3
.

As the outer banks of a meander continue to be eroded the neck of the meander
becomes narrower and narrower. √√

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 31 of 33

 2

Eventually the two outer bends meet and the river cuts through the neck of the
meander. √√
The water now takes its shortest route rather than flowing around the bend.

 Deposition slowly cuts off the old meander bend forming a new straighter
river channel. √√
 Due to deposition the old meander bend is left cut off from the
GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 32 of 33
 main channel as an ox-bow lake.
 Over time the oxbow may fill up with sediment and dry up.
 When the water dries up, the feature left behind is known as a meander scar.

GDE Workbook Grade 9 Term 3 Geography Teacher Guide Page 33 of 33