Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION VII, CENTRAL VISAYAS
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – TAGBILARAN CITY
DR. CECILIO PUTONG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
TAGBILARAN CITY

LESSON 1: CIRCLES

A circle is the set of all points that are of the same distance from a fixed point in a plane. The fixed
point is the center of the circle and the fixed distance is the radius. The segment from the center to any
point on the circle is called radius. A segment whose endpoints both lie on the circle is called chord. A
chord that passes through the center of the circle is called diameter. A circle is named by its center.
An arc is part or portion of a circle If it is half a circle, it is called a semicircle. If an arc is less
than half a circle, it is called a minor arc. If an arc is more than half a circle, it is called a major arc.
An angle is formed by two rays with a common endpoint. The rays are the sides of the angle while
the common endpoint is the vertex. A central angle is an angle formed by two radii of the circle with its
vertex in the center of the circle. An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex is on a circle and whose
sides contain the chords of the circle.

Study the given circle below.

The given circle is called circle A.
Center : A Minor Arcs: Corresponding Major Arcs:
̅̅̅̅
Radius : 𝐀𝐁 ̂
𝑬𝑩 ̂ 𝒐𝒓 𝑩𝑫𝑬
𝑩𝑪𝑬 ̂
Chord : 𝐄𝐃̅̅̅̅ ̂
𝑩𝑪 ̂ ̂
𝑪𝑫𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝑬𝑩
Diameter: 𝐄𝐂̅̅̅̅ or 𝐄𝐀𝐂
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̂
𝑪𝑫 ̂
𝑫𝑬𝑪
̂
Semicircles: 𝑬𝑩𝑪, 𝑪𝑫𝑬 ̂ ̂
𝑫𝑬 ̂ 𝒐𝒓 𝑬𝑪𝑫
𝑬𝑩𝑫 ̂
Central Angle: ∠𝑩𝑨𝑪
Inscribed Angle:∠𝑪𝑬𝑫

LESSON 2: MEASURES OF ARCS AND CENTRAL ANGLE OF A CIRCLE

A central angle separates a circle into arcs. In the

Figures at the right, points A and B determine two arcs, AB
(minor arc) and AMB (major arc). Notice that a major arc is
named using three capital letters, the middle letter names a
third point in the arc.
The degree measure of a minor arc is equal to the degree
measure of its central angle.
The degree measure of a major arc is equal to 360° minus the degree measure of its related minor
arc.
The degree measure of a semicircle is 180°.
Example:

Central Angle and Arcs

Central angle of a circle is an angle formed by two rays whose vertex is
the center of the circle. Each ray intersects the circle at a point, dividing it into arcs.
In the figure at the right, ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 is a central angle. Its sides divide ⊙A into
arcs. One arc is a curve containing points B and C. The other arc is the curve
containing points B, D, and C

1
Sum of Central Angles
The sum of the measures of the central angles of a circle with no common
interior points is 360 degrees. In the figure at the right,
m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠3 + m∠4 = 360°.

Arcs of a Circle
An arc is a part of a circle. The symbol for arc is . A semicircle is an arc
with a measure equal to one-half the circumference of a circle. It is named by using
the two endpoints and another point on the arc.
The curve from point N to point Z is an arc. It is part of ⊙O and is named
̂.
as arc NZ or 𝑵𝒁
Other arcs of ⊙O are 𝑵𝒁𝑪̂ , 𝒁𝑪 ̂ , 𝒁𝑪𝑵
̂, ̂ 𝑪𝑵 and 𝑪𝑵𝒁 ̂.
If m 𝑪𝑵𝒁 is one-half the circumference of ⊙O, then it is a semicircle.
A minor arc is an arc of the circle that measures less than a semicircle.
It is named usually by using the two endpoints of the arc.
Example: 𝑱𝑵̂,̂ 𝑵𝑬 , 𝑬𝑱 ̂
A major arc is an arc of the circle that measures greater than a semicircle.
It is named by using the two endpoints and another point on the arc.
Example: 𝑱𝑵𝑬̂, 𝑵𝑬𝑱 ̂ , 𝑬𝑱𝑵 ̂

Degree Measure of an Arc

1. The degree measure of a minor arc is the measure of the central angle which
intercepts the arc.
Example: ∠𝐺𝐸𝑂 is a central angle. It intercepts ⊙E at points G and O.
̂ is equal to the measure of ∠𝐺𝐸𝑂.
The measure of 𝐺𝑂
If m∠𝐺𝐸𝑂 = 118°, then
m𝐺𝑂̂ = 118°.
2. The degree measure of a major arc is equal to 360° minus the measure of the minor arc with the same
endpoints.
̂ = 118°, then 𝑚 𝑂𝑀𝐺 = 360° − m𝐺𝑂
Example: If m𝐺𝑂 ̂
= 360° − 118°
𝑚 𝑂𝑀𝐺 = 242°
3. The degree measure of a semicircle is 180⁰

LESSON 3: PROVING THEOREMS RELATED TO CENTRAL ANGLES, ARCS AND

CHORDS

Congruent circles are circles with congruent radii. Congruent arcs are arcs of the same circle or
of congruent circles with equal measures.

Theorems on Central Angles, Arcs, and Chords:

1. In a circle or in congruent circles, two minor arcs are congruent if and only if their
corresponding central angles are congruent.

In ⊙E at the right, ∠𝑆𝐸𝑇 ≅ ∠𝑁𝐸𝑂. Since the two central

angles are congruent, the minor arcs they intercept are also
congruent. Hence, 𝑆𝑇̂ ≅ 𝑁𝑂 ̂.
If ⊙E ≅ ⊙I and ∠𝑆𝐸𝑇 ≅ ∠𝑁𝐸𝑂 ≅ ∠𝐵𝐼𝐺, then
̂ ≅ 𝑁𝑂
𝑆𝑇 ̂ ≅ 𝐵𝐺̂.

Proof of the Theorem

Given are two congruent circles and a central angle from each
circle which are congruent. The two-column proof below shows
that their corresponding intercepted arcs are congruent.
Given: ⊙E ≅ ⊙I
∠𝑆𝐸𝑇 ≅ ∠𝐵𝐼𝐺

2
 Prove: ̂ ̂
𝑆𝑇 ≅ 𝐵𝐺

Statements Reasons
1. ⊙E ≅ ⊙I
1. Given
∠𝑆𝐸𝑇 ≅ ∠𝐵𝐼𝐺
2. ̂.
In ⊙E, m∠𝑆𝐸𝑇 = m𝑆𝑇 2. The degree measure of a minor arc is the measure of
̂.
In ⊙I, m∠𝐵𝐼𝐺 = m𝐵𝐺 the central angle which intercepts the arc.
3. m∠𝑆𝐸𝑇 = m∠𝐵𝐼𝐺 3. From 1, definition of congruent angles
4. ̂ = m𝐵𝐺
m𝑆𝑇 ̂ 4. From 2 & 3, substitution
5. ̂ ≅ 𝐵𝐺
𝑆𝑇 ̂ 5. From 4, definition of congruent arcs

2. In a circle or in congruent circles, two minor arcs are congruent if and only their corresponding
chords are congruent.
In ⊙T, ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐴 ≅ ̅̅̅̅ ̂ ≅ 𝐶𝐻
𝐶𝐻 . Since the two chords are congruent, then 𝐵𝐴 ̂.
In ⊙T ≅ ⊙N, and 𝐵𝐴 ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐶𝐻
̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅ ̂ ≅ 𝐶𝐻
𝑂𝐸 , then 𝐵𝐴 ̂ ≅ 𝑂𝐸̂.

Proof of the Theorem

Given: ⊙T ≅ ⊙N
̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 𝑂𝐸
Prove: 𝐴𝐵 ̂ ≅ 𝑂𝐸 ̂

Statements Reasons
1. ⊙T ≅ ⊙N
1. Given
̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 𝑂𝐸
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑇𝐵
2. 𝑇𝐴 ̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑂 ≅ 𝑁𝐸 2. Radii of the same circle or of congruent circles are congruent.
3. ∆𝐴𝑇𝐵 ≅ ∆𝑂𝑁𝐸 3. SSS Postulate
4. Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent
4. ∠𝐴𝑇𝐵 ≅ ∠𝑂𝑁𝐸
(CPCTC)
5. From the previous theorem, “In a circle or in congruent circles,
̂ ≅ 𝑂𝐸
5. 𝐴𝐵 ̂ two minor arcs are congruent if and only if their corresponding
central angles are congruent.”