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Module 2 Linear Algebra

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87 views

Module 2 Linear Algebra

Study material for 1 year 1 sem engineering student...

Uploaded by

praveenmesta1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 2

Linear Algebra
Elementary transformations associated with a matrix

• Interchange any two rows(columns)


• Multiplication of any row(column) by a nonzero constant
• Addition to any row(column), a constant multiple of any other row(column)
Equivalent matrices:
Two matrices A & B of the same order are said to be equivalent if one matrix can be obtained from
the other by a finite number of successive elementary row(column) transformations and is denoted by
𝑨~𝑩
Rank of a matrix:

Let A be a non-zero matrix of order mn.


A positive integer ‘r’ is said to be the rank of A, if the following conditions are satisfied

• A has at least one non-zero minor of order ‘r’


• Every minor of A whose order is greater than ‘r’ is equal to zero
i.e. Rank is the order of any highest order non-vanishing minor of the matrix.
The rank of a matrix A in echelon form is equal to the number non-zero rows and is denoted by 𝜌(𝐴)
Echelon form of a matrix:

• All zero rows are below non zero rows


• The first non-zero element in any non-zero row is to the right of first non-zero element in the
previous row.

1. Find rank of the following matrices by using elementary row transformations


𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
i. 𝑨 = [𝟏 𝟒 𝟐]
𝟐 𝟔 𝟓
Solution:
1 2 3
𝐴 = [1 4 2]
2 6 5
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
1 2 3
~ [0 2 −1]
0 2 −1
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1 2 3
~ [0 2 −1]
0 0 0
𝝆(𝑨) = 𝟐
𝟏 𝟒 𝟓
ii. 𝑨 = [𝟐 𝟔 𝟖 ]
𝟐 𝟕 𝟐𝟐
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
1 4 5
~ [0 −2 −2]
0 −1 12
𝑅3 → 2𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1 4 5
~ [0 −2 −2]
0 0 26
𝝆(𝑨) = 𝟑
𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓
iii. 𝑨=[𝟒 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 ]
𝟖 𝟒 𝟕 𝟏𝟑
𝟏𝟔 𝟖 −𝟔 −𝟐
Solution:
2 1 3 5
𝐴=[4 2 1 3 ]
8 4 7 13
16 8 −6 −2
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 4𝑅1 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 8𝑅1
2 1 3 5
~ [0 0 −5 −7 ]
0 0 −5 −7
0 0 −30 −42
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 6𝑅2
2 1 3 5
~ [0 0 −5 −7]
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
𝝆(𝑨) = 𝟐
𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏 −𝟏
iv. 𝑨=[𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟒]
𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 −𝟐
𝟔 𝟑 𝟎 −𝟕
2 3 −1 −1
Solution:𝐴 = [1 −1 −2 −4]
3 1 3 −2
6 3 0 −7
𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2
1 −1 −2 −4
~ [2 3 −1 −1]
3 1 3 −2
6 3 0 −7
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 6𝑅1
1 −1 −2 −4
~ [0 5 3 7]
0 4 9 10
0 9 12 −7
4 9
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅2
5 5
1 −1 −2 −4
0 5 3 7
33 22
~
0 0 5 5
0 0 33 22
[ 5 5]

𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅3
𝝆(𝑨) = 𝟑
v. Find the values of k such that the matrix A may have rank equal to a) 3 b)2
1 1 1 1
𝐴 = [1 2 4 𝑘]
1 4 10 𝑘 2

Solution of system of linear equations-Consistency:


Let
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + 𝑎13 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + 𝑎23 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏2
-----------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑚3 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏𝑚 be the system of linear equations.
The above system of equations can be written in the matrix form AX=B
The system is said to be Homogeneous if 𝑏1 = 𝑏2 = 𝑏3 = ⋯ = 𝑏𝑛 = 0 otherwise said to be Non
homogeneous system of linear equations
Solution: It is the set of values of 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … 𝑥𝑛 that satisfy all the equations of the system
If 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 = 𝑥3 = … = 𝑥𝑛 = 0 is called trivial solution of the homogeneous system of equations
otherwise it is said to be non trivial solution.
Consistent: The system of linear equations has solution
Inconsistent: The system of linear equations has no solution. Here (n-r) unknowns can be taken
arbitrarily.
To determine whether the system is consistent or inconsistent, consider augmented matrix [𝐴: 𝑩] and
find its rank.
Unique solution: if 𝜌([𝐴: 𝐵] ) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝑟 = 𝑛
Infinite number of solutions: 𝜌([𝐴: 𝐵] ) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝑟 < 𝑛
No solution: 𝜌([𝐴: 𝐵] ) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴)
Test the following system of equations for consistency
i. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −3
3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −2
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 7
Solution:
1 1 1 : −3
[𝐴: 𝑩] = [3 1 −2 : −2]
3 4 7 : 7
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
1 1 1 : −3
[𝐴: 𝑩] = [0 −2 −5 : 7]
0 1 4 : 16
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅2
1 1 1 : −3
[𝐴: 𝑩] = [0 −2 −5 : 7]
0 0 3 : 39

𝜌([𝐴: 𝐵] ) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 3
Hence the given system of equations is consistent and has unique solution.

ii. 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =6
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 5
3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 8
Solution:
1 1 1 : 6
[𝐴: 𝑩] = [1 −1 2 : 5]
3 1 1 : 8

𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1

1 1 1 : 6
~ [0 −2 1 : −1 ]
0 −2 −2 : −10

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1 1 1 : 6
~ [0 −2 1 : −1 ]
0 0 −3 : −9

𝜌([𝐴: 𝐵] ) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 3 = 𝑛

Hence the given system of equations is consistent and has unique solution.
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =6
−2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −1
−3𝑧 = −9
Hence the unique solution is 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧=3
iii. 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 4
3𝑥 + 26𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 9
7𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 5
Solution:
5 3 7 : 4
[𝐴: 𝑩] = [3 26 2 : 9 ]
7 2 10 : 5
𝑅2 → 5𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 5𝑅3 − 7𝑅1
5 3 7 : 4
~ [0 121 −11 : 33]
0 −11 1 : −3
𝑅3 → 11𝑅3 + 𝑅2
5 3 7 : 4
~ [0 11 −1 : 3]
0 −11 1 : −3
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅2
5 3 7 : 4
~ [0 11 −1 : 3]
0 0 0 : 0
𝜌([𝐴: 𝐵] ) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 2 < 𝑛
Hence the given system of equations is consistent and has infinite number of solutions.
5𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 4
11𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3
𝑘+3 7−16𝑘
Let 𝑧 = 𝑘  𝑦 =  𝑥=
11 11

iv. Find the values of  and  so that that the equations


𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =6
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝜆 𝑧 = 𝜇 may have a) unique solution b)Infinite solution c) No solution
Solution:
1 1 1 : 6
[𝐴: 𝑩] = [1 2 3 : 10]
1 2 𝜆 : 𝜇
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 1 1 : 6
~ [0 1 2 : 4 ]
0 1 𝜆−1 : 𝜇−6
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1 1 1 : 6
~ [0 1 2 : 4 ]
0 0 𝜆 − 3 : 𝜇 − 10
• Unique solution if 𝜆 ≠ 3
• Infinite solution if 𝜆 = 3, 𝜇 = 10
• No solution if 𝜆 = 3, 𝜇 ≠ 10
v. Find for what value of k the system of equation possesses a solution and solve in each case
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =1
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 𝑘
𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 𝑘 2
Solution of system of equations by Gauss elimination method:
In this method, the augmented matrix [𝐴: 𝑩] is reduced to an upper triangular matrix and the solution
is obtained by back substitution.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 : 𝑏1
[𝐴: 𝑩] = ~ [ 0 𝑎22 ′ 𝑎23 ′ : 𝑏2 ′ ] is upper triangular matrix.
0 0 𝑎33 ′ : 𝑏3 ′
Solve the following system of equations by Gauss elimination method
i. 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =9
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 8
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3
Solution:
1 1 1 : 9
[𝐴: 𝑩] = [1 −2 3 : 8 ]
2 1 −1 : 3
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
1 1 1 : 9
~ [0 −3 2 : −1 ]
0 −1 −3 : −15
𝑅3 → −3𝑅3 + 𝑅2
1 1 1 : 9
~ [0 −3 2 : −1 ]
0 0 11 : 44

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =9
−3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −1
11𝑧 = 44
Hence the solution is 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3, 𝑧=4

ii. 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 4𝑥4 = −6
𝑥1 + 7𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 12
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 6𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = −5
5𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 =4
Solution:
1 1 1 4 : −6
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [1 7 1 1 : 12
]
1 1 6 1 : −5
5 1 1 1 : 4

1 1 1 4 : −6
0 6 0 −3 : 18
~[ ]
0 0 5 −3 : 1
0 −4 −4 −19 : 34

1 1 1 4 : −6
0 2 0 −1 : 6
~[ ]
0 0 5 −3 : 1
0 −4 −4 −19 : 34

1 1 1 4 : −6
0 2 0 −1 : 6
~[ ]
0 0 5 −3 : 1
0 0 −4 −21 : 46

1 1 1 4 : −6
0 2 0 −1 : 6 ]
~[
0 0 5 −3 : 1
0 0 0 −117 : 234

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 4𝑥4 = −6
2𝑥2 − 𝑥4 = 6
5𝑥3 − 3𝑥4 = 1
−117𝑥4 = 234
Hence the solution is 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑥2 = 2, 𝑥3 = −1, 𝑥4 = −2
iii. 2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 1
−3𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 − 5𝑥3 = 0
9 23 13
𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 − 6𝑥3 = 0 (Ans: 𝑥1 = 34 , 𝑥2 = 34 , 𝑥3 = 34 )
iv.
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4
10𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −2
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5 (Ans: x=2, y=1, z=-4)

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