EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCES OF STUDENTS IN
SECONDARY SCHOOL IN AGEGE LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AREA OF LAGOS STATE.

BY
ADESANMI CHRISTIANA EBUNDOLA
MATRIC NO.: OP/17/06/00144

ADENIRAN OGUNSANYA COLLEGE OF

EDUCATION, OTTO/ IJANIKIN LAGOS STATE.
NIGERIA CERTIFICATE IN EDUCATION (NCE)

2010
 EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCES OF STUDENTS IN
SECONDARY SCHOOL IN AGEGE LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AREA OF LAGOS STATE.

BY
ADESANMI CHRISTIANA EBUNDOLA
MATRIC NO.: OP/17/06/00144

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH/SOCIAL STUDIES.
ADENIRAN OGUNSANYA COLLEDGE OF EDUCATION,
OTTO/IJANIKAN, LAGOS STATE. IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF NIGERIA CERTIFICATE IN EDUCATION (NCE)

2010
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project was carried out by
Shobowale Josephine Omotineh impartial fulfillment for the
award of National Certificate in Education at Adeniran
Ogunsanya College of Education Otto Ijanikin Lagos State,
Nigeria. During 2006/2010 session.

………………………….. ……………………
SUPERVISOR DATE

………………………………… ………………………..
CO-ORDINATOR DATE

………………………….. ……………………..
DIRECTOR DATE
 DEDICATION

I dedicated this project to the Almighty God, the Alpha and

Omega, for his divine mercy and protection on me right from

the beginning of many education pursuits.

This project also dedicated to my loving Husband Mr. Patrick

Funsho Adesanmi, my brother Mr. John Adeosun and also to

my loving children for their co-operation during this cause.

It was through their untiring efforts and full financial support

that this project and the cause were successful completed.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I give Glory to God Almighty, maker of heaven and earth for

given me this golden and priceless opportunities of writing

this project and seeing me to this stage in my career.

I appreciate the effort of my able supervisor form his careful

and objectives criticism of the manuscript for making it best

accomplished.

Some people life brought happiness joy and encouragement

to ones life that cannot be forgotten Mrs. Adekanye

Funmilayo, Mr. John Adeosun, Mr. Ishola Adesanmi, Apostle

B.O Solomon (J.P) Evang. Mattew Jimoh and Mrs. Eunice

Adejoke Ogunnusi.

At this junction, I really appreciate the effort of my late

mother Mrs. Abigeal ifemide Adeosun who has contributed

morally, financially and very immensely to the success of my

N.C.E may bless you and may her soul rest in perfect peace.
Also a special thanks to some of my lecturer Mr. Obaro, Mr.

Okediran, Mr. Sholanke, Mrs. Obiri-Ibe Mr. Adedayo and

others I really appreciate your lectures.

And also my friends Mrs. Kuye shola Juliet Mrs. Alogi

OLuwakemi fehintola and Mama G. thank you all.

Finally I once again give thanks to God for my achievement

and granting of heart desire.

 ABSTRACT

This study was set out to determine the effects of smoothing

on academic performance of pupils in primary school in

Agege Local government area of Lagos state.

This topic as a subject matter was draw out from various

primary and secondary school in Agege Local Government.

The information were gathered through the use of

questionnaire which were designed separately for the

teachers and student as well as a directed observation of the

facilities that are available in the school premises.

These are the issues revealed from the study. The likelihood

of an adolescents/ child becoming a smoker is greater if

he/she has peer pressure or an adult model of the smoking

habit. Broken homes is another strong contributing factors

causing the habit.

Effects of smoking on juvenile smokers’ life style may result

in low educational performance and consequently inferiority

complex and isolation from successful non-smoking

counterparts. Smoking is habit forming; it is also a social

problem as it has influenced adolescents in our society and

school settings.

Recommendation were made, based on some of these

finding on how to improve teaching and learning of how

smoking can be reduced.

Smoking should be out-lawed in all public places school such

as standia, Cinemal houses and theatres etc.

A Non-smoking policy should be adopted for the teaching

staff at all levels of our institution or learning should be

adopted.

Parent should be charged with the responsibility towards

their children ethical behaviours.

Since many addicted adolescent smoker cannot identify any

specific advantage in smoking and are willing to stop the

habit our government regulations social norms, parents

guardians behaviour teachers and nurses decorum should

give support and encouragement to such decisions.

Health education should be encourage in school especially

the upper primary and junior secondary to discourage small

children from taking on smoking as habits.

Smoking is injurious to health therefore radioes handbills

posters in public places should stress the cigarettes

packets/packages should carry inscriptions or sign like

“danger and cigarette shortens life”

 TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of content

CHAPTER ONE:
Introduction
Statement of the problem
Hypothesis
Limitation
Delimitation
Definition of term
Objective
Purpose of the study

CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE
Materials and Mythology

CHAPTER FOUR
Data Analysis and Discussions
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendation and Suggestions

REFERENCE
APPENDIX I-IV
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
What is smoking? Smoking is defined by Advance learners

Dictionary, as an act of inhaling the smoke of burning

tobacco or any other substance that contains visible vapour

with particles of carbon through the mouth and nose.

It can also be defined as an act of inhaling the smoke of

cigarette or any other thing like India hemp, tobacco called

big ciga. What ever it is said to be endangering ones life.

And it is an action that endangers our respiratory organs

experience shows that this act is common among the

students of various secondary schools and even higher

institutions now days.

Our schools were designed for the purpose of teaching and

learning process and the school is also the most important

agent of socialization where parents send their children of

characters, intellectual, mental, moral and social training in

order to become good ambassadors to the family and the

community which they belong.

In order to achieve these aims in our schools, it is important

to give attention to some social vices common among the

pupils in our schools with a view to correct them. Just as the

waves of crime are mounting in our society, today so also

has experience shown the rate at which the students in our

schools commit various offences inspite of strict school

regulations and disciplines which are aimed at preventing

the students from committing such vices. This probably

gives a strong indication as to the effectiveness of externally

motivated factors to the people not to conform to the school

norms.

The common affections committed by pupils range from

stealing sexual physical assaults, truancy, mass

demonstration and smoking.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The menace of smoking and its resultant effects on students

both in the secondary schools and tertiary institutions has

become so disturbing to both teachers and parents that is

what this write up is concern to find out the followings in

respect of pupils that smoke.

1. Why do pupils or student smoke?

2. What is the effect of smoking?
3. Is smoking affecting the performance of the students?
4. What materials do the smoke?
5. What influence them to smoke?

HYPOTHESIS

This study was conducted under the following basic

assumptions. The youth that engaged in smoking. There is

no significant relationship between the students that smoke

and those that did not smoke.

LIMITATION

The major problem was that not a large area could be

covered for topic like this same opinions collected from one

or two local government levels would have been more

useful. It was difficult getting teachers/head corporations, as

the topic itself did not interest them, one therefore had to be

limited to a smaller area to achieve thoroughness.

DELIMITATION:

The problems envisaged in the course of this study are that

the responses from the students who smoke may not be

accurate as some of them may not give correct information

for fear of punishment the school authorities or their peer

groups.

DEFINITION OF TERM

For the purpose of clarity in this study the following word

used shall be specifically defined as

i. Truancy: The act of staying away or absenting oneself

from a regular programme without permission.
ii. Respiratory: The act of breathing in and out of air
through the various respiratory organs.
iii. Exhaling: breathing out of air with some force by
contracting the ribs and rib muscles as well as the
lungs.
iv. Assault: To attack or rough handle a person physically
often occurring from anger or heated augments.
OBJECTIVE

The objectives of this study are to investigate and identify

the causative factors of increase in the acts of smoking

among the students in the secondary schools. it is also

regarded as necessary to find out the extent of damage

done to the smokers health and the problems associated

with the fact of smoking among the students with a view of

finding solutions and with the hope of preventing and

correcting or possibly eradicating to the bearest minimum

the acts of smoking among the students.

1.5 PURPOSE OF STUDY

Within the Lagos metropolis, the presence of smoking

among the students at bus stoup, public and social

gatherings, and the garbage students are common places. It

dismays that our youths smoke with impunity.

Apart from its social menace, doctors, scientists, health

organizations and even government have marked out

smoking, because it is said to be injurious to ones health, yet

the youths still ignore the warning the vice goes on abated.

Convinced that any vice that involves large proportion of our

youths does the society no good and would not complement

the works of teaching profession, This writer decided to

investigate the effects of smoking on the academic

performance of some students in secondary school in Agege

local government area of Lagos state.

 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Smoking per say has been known as a vice that has caused

concern to the world health organization (WHO) And various

governments of many nations of the world, curiously it is the

aspect and the extent of youth involvement in smoking habit

that has inspired the researchers concern for this exercise.

Smoking is habit forming, but it has generated too much

social problems that have influenced rural and urban centre

schools and children. Records carefully observations had

convincingly revealed that smoking is commonest among

the schools.

It is common to see people smoking cigarettes, raw tobacco,

cigar and Indian hemp. Most researchers referred to proved

positive to this observation. In this incite up therefore, some

researchers opinions on the related subject shall be

considered for references since smoking has been taken as

global or universal problems and peculiar to Nigeria alone.

In 1986 there was a television programme on juvenile

delinquency at the bar beach lagged, “Bar beach show” in

Lagos where almost all youths present smoked tobacco,

marijuana etc. instead of being at their schools. The ugly

show prompted a committee of enquiry and subsequent

governments write paper accepting the recommendations.

All these inspired the desire to view the extent of smoking

among the youths from secondary schools in Agege local

government area and make recommendation health

authorities and school administrations toward reducing or

total eradication of smoking from the schools.

The substances commonly smoked by students in our

educational institution include, tobacco, marijuana, cocaine,

opium and heroine.

They are smoked, sniffed or injected into the body. However,

in this write up we shall discuss fully, its origin content and

sub products.

TOBACCO

Tobacco is the dried or cured leaves got from plants

nicofinatobacum which contain chemical believed to have

medicinal properties, tobacco is the manufactured

synthesized products of nicotine tabocoo leaves.

The origin of tobacco can be traced back to the tropical

regions of America and other tropical part of the globe where

it can be grown or cultivated, tobacco plants belongs to the

night shade family which also includes the tomatoes, the

Irish potato, among others from which important medicines

are extracted.

Tobacco belongs to genus NICOTIANA and jean Nicoti a

French Ambassador to Portugal in the sixteen century, today

it is grown extensively in Nigeria.

The Nigeria tobacco company (NTC) produces various brands

of tobacco in Nigeria.

They are:
i. Refined pipe tobacco
ii. Refined and unrefined snuff
iii. Cigar
iv. Cigarettes of various brands: Galleon, Benson and
Hedges, Rothmans, St.Morris, Flight, Target and High
society. Tobacco is said to contain about four hundred
chemical compounds, several of which give rise to cancer.

A kinson and Hilgard in 1983 described adolescence as the

period of transition from childhood to full adult. It is

developmental period that is characterized by chaos and

muddle within the family unity.

It is a period commonly associated with crisis and confusion

almost inherent in biological development with hormonal in

balance, psychological development identifiable with the

environmental conditions.
Another optimist (Meade 1983) suggested the problems of

adolescence were caused by cultural and environmental

forces and not biological determined. In either of the cases,

the researcher’s opinions agreed that smoking has inherent

bad effect which the smokers are aware of but ignore and

still continue that habit seeing smoking as dangerous and

stigmatizing.

One is therefore prompted to inquire into the causes of the

continue interest of the smokers parheularly the youths.

Reply (ies) from the youths spoken to revealed the greater

numbers merely picked the smoking habit from peers and

parents. Some see it as part of fashion that can enhance

attraction essentially to the opposite sex.

This view was shared by Barton and Shenman 1882 who felt

that boys and girls between the ages of 14 and 18

associated smoking with self recognition, attraction, inviting

to the opposite sex, sophistication and sharpness. Some

even regard smoking as coping mechanism with

adolescence being a fast biological development period this

was perceived to reduce anxiety or calm the nerves during

emotional disturbances. Most smokers believe that generally

smoking is calming.

Common among tobacco constituent are:

Nicotine, Tars Carbon, Carbon Monoxide and Carbon dioxide

which are all injurious to human health.

According to a research conducted by some British

educationists, culbart and spic Beger (1987). People

indulged in smoking to reduce the anxiety, enabling them to

give greater effectiveness in expressing their opinions when

interacting with others.

In conversation with some adolescents, they said, they

smoked because of negative emotional problems such as

stress and fear of school assignment and defying stern

schools rules and regulations.

Willis (1986) found that the; “the more stressed the

adolescents, the more they like smoking”

But we all know that smoking is not the best way to reduce

tension or induce relaxation. Other causes of smoking as

earlier said, may be dried psychological influence of smoking

parents marshay Matheson (1983) opined.

Another contributing factor is the peer motivation

hamsonetal (1987) says, “young stars are often encouraged

to smoke with their peer smokers”.

According to proshaska and harchman (1985/both suggested

that parents modeling and peer pressure are important

determinant of smoking Peggy (1989) agreed that peer

groups become a source of self esteem and behavioural

standard, and this appears to be more important where

there is greater antagonism towards their parents resulting

from instability of home such teenagers find more help

outside the home and spend more times with their peers in

whom they have more confidence.

It is indeed interesting to note that a few of the youths

interviewed mentioned some advertisement characters

through the media i.e. the radio, television and newspapers

as well as roadside posters as their motivating factors.

Others claim that smoking keeps their hands busy as well as

prepares their appetite for food.

Having identified some of the major causes of smoking

habits this established, we shall now move on to considering

its effects. The effects of smoking on the smokers have

always been seen to be adverse on particularly their mental,

physical, social psychological and health conditions.

Essentially however, smoking manifests its problems in two

major areas viz health and psychological. Both have term

effects on the victim smokers.

 In this study therefore, the problems shall be highlighted

and recommendations made to control or even prevent

smoking at the primary school level.

Addicted Juvenile/adolescents smokers have been found

concentrating lesser on their class works than their non-

smoking counterparts. Bewlay and Bland (1977) found out

that non-smoking teenagers, when assessed by their

teachers performed better academically than their smoking

counterparts. Discussions with some of the teenagers

revealed that whenever they felt like smoking they usually

licked their lips, and no mater where they were, they would

find their way out to smoke in a hiding. Usually, if a smoking

youth found him/herself in the midst of non-smoking mates,

he/she felt different and consequently isolated

psychologically.

Smoking youths, have the propensity to attend club house

and to associate with friends of the opposite sex rather than

staying at home to study-Bank (1978). These effects though

classifiable as society which they belong.

King James (1604) compared the black smelly odour of

tobacco smoke to the horrible vapours that exhales from

hell. Usually the disgusting odour that smoking leaves on the

smoker, lower his/her esteem. Constant smoking stains the

teeth and finger of the smoker. In a discussion with a

student whose parents do not support this smoking habit, he

said his device was stay out and smoke and wash his teeth

and fingers to keep free from stain or burns. He also rubbed

performs to conceal the odour of cigarette smoke. Most

addicted juvenile cigarette smokers would prefer to spend

his/her, lunch/break last money on cigarette and refuse good

food. This often resulted in the loss of the very appetite

which they claimed to prepare with smoking. This in turn

may lead to their health.

Coleman(1986) reported that regular users of cigarettes

have reduced appetite. Peggy (1989) conducted a study and

found out that some teenagers would rather skip their meals

and use the money meant for it to buy themselves cigarette.

This habit is specially harzardous to one’s health-(WHO)

manual book on health.

Adolescence being growing period, this may slow down the

smokers development.

Similarly, the detrimental consequences of smoking on

health are well documented and effects may occur very

early in a teenager’s life. Bawoley and bland (1977)- in

children of age 10-14 years, respiratory symptoms like

coughs are correlated with smoking.

However, regular smokers are reported to have more

symptoms than occasional smokers.

Future mortality and morbidity effects appear to increase

when smoking starts before the age of 15 yrs – Hamed

(1966). This is because the chemical substance take in with

each puff contains carbon monoxide; tar and nicotine are

poisonous gasses. The gasses are absorbed by the

Hemoglobin (blood stream) which rapidly affects the

smokers physiological functions by reducing the oxygenating

capacity of the blood which is being carried into the brain.

Nicotine increase the requirements of the heart for oxygen

but which carbon monoxide inhibits the ability of the blood

to supply the oxygen that is needed. These two factors

working in opposition, exert much stain on the heart

thereby, causing coronary heart disease.

When the heart is under two much strain. It could cause

coronary health problem and smoking can accelerate or

deteriorate an already existing coronary condition.

Smoking increase the risk of death from cerebra vascular

disease (stroke), Aortatic, Anerism (Aneurin vitamins B1,

which B complex and lack of it causes beriberi and lack of it

causes beriberi and nervous disorders) and peripheral

vascular diseases.
Rudinger (1988) noted that nicotine produces a complex

series of changes in the body including the release of

adrenalin and non-adrenalin axinstress.

In general, death rates are much higher among smokers.

Cigarette smoking affects primarily respiratory and

circulatory systems and eighty percent (80%) of death

caused by smoking are associated with these disease lung

cancer coronary heart and respiratory disease, chronic

bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema (WHO health posters)

Researcher today have prove that tobacco smoking causes

cancer. Nelson (1984) and coleman (19860 reported that the

long term effect of cigarette smoking can cause diseases

such as circulatory problem, heart diseases, stomach

problems, asthma and bronchitis.

A casual relationship exists between cigarettes smoking

during pregnancy and how infant birth weight, also possible

is higher infant mortality occurring in a case of adolescent

pregnancy (A.O. Odejide 1976).

Also adolescent who takes pills and smokes may face for

higher odds of heart attack and stroke than a non smoking

pills user A.O Samola (1977).

The adolescents smoker’s life style invites tension and

difficulty in a number of ways as we have seen for instance,

in relationship with non-smoking peers, tension with parents

and the burning desire to purchase cigarettes. If under age,

when stress becomes intense or prolonged, it can hve

distractive effect booth physiological and his assessment of

his own capacity to meet the demand.

Another problem of the smoker is that smoking induces

them to sleep especially during the day.

Coleman 1986 suggest that those who are heavy smokers

may have difficulty in getting to sleep at night since nicotine

can stimulate.
In some places, smoking has been strictly restricted such as

in buses trains hospitals, schools air crafts, homes,

mentioning only a few fawningly, some smokers do decide to

give up the habit, but the decision in itself is a major stress

as smoking idiosyncrasy is not easy to suppress.

Consequently, the few that are able to overcome the “born

again” stress are always seen to eat more food and put on

more weight (colonial 1986).

On the contrary however, the Western culture professes the

fact that slim people are more attractive than the over

weights, thus some smokers keep the habits to remain slim.

Bowen (1985) says “smokers lend to weigh less than non-

smokers and this difference increases with age as they

continue smoking”
 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
The purpose of this study was to determine the extend of

smoking and the effect on academic performances on pupils

in some primary school in Agege Local Government Area of

Lagos State.

This chapter explains the methods and procedures adopted

in obtaining opinions/information from the sample areas and

the data analysis for the study.

The chapter has therefore been prepared under the following

headings:

(i) Sample areas

(ii) Instrument of the research
(iii) Development of the questionnaires
(iv) Administration of questionnaires
(v) Scoring the questionnaires
(vi) Interviews and
(vii) Method of data analysis

i. SAMPLE AREAS
As a result of their nearness to stand Grouse and
analyze Refuse Dumps in Agege Local government
where mainly many “Garbage Boys” and “Area boys”
are commonly found the following schools were
chosen as sample areas.
(a) Karaole primary school, Ifako
(b) Bishop Oluwole memorial primary school,
Agege,
(c) St peters’ primary school oke-koto Agege,
(d) Methodist primary school, Tabon-tabon, Agege.
Twenty (20) sets of questionnaires were distributed
among the twenty teachers and adults in each of the
 mentioned schools. twenty (20) others were also
distributed among the selected liberate parents.
They all responded promptly and effectively.
ii. INSTRUMENT OF THE RESEARCH
Normal liker method of summate rating was adopted.
Twenty searching questions which answers would
achieve the true and objective purpose required
marks ratings were based on one whole number for
each answer given either in the affirmative or
negative as both serve to achieve the required
results. In dependent human decision on every
question was accepted as conclusive. Questionnaires
are the main instruments used.
iii. DEVELOPMENT OF QUESTIONNAIRES
Decision answers were considered most suitable to
achieve facts. After on the difference between vice
and virtue is clear. Hence the precise “Yes and No”
answer was adopted. Each answer carried one whole
number (1) enabling a respondents to a total of
twenty marks.
There was no room for indecision or fence seating.
The investigation covered all areas from causes to
practice and results of smoking among youth.
The questionnaire provided for the age and sex of
the respondents.
iv. ADMINISTRATION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRES
 Twenty copies of the questionnaires were distributed
among the researchers sample area thus,
a. karaole primary school, Ifako - 20 copies
b. St peters’ primary school oke-koto - 20copies
c. Bishop Oluwole memorial primary school Agege –
20 copies
d. Methodist primary school, Tabon-tabon Agege – 20
copies
Each set of the questionnaires contains (20) twenty
questions request was made for prompt answering
and return to the questionnaires. Collection of the
seventy-six copies used was achieved within thirty-
six hours. Only four (4) copies were not retrieved.
Interview were held with few adolescents, elders and
some garbage youths.
v. SCORING THE QUESTIONNAIRES
Marks were based on one whole number (1) to each
answer given either way of the “Yes or No” system
each questionnaires set contain (20) twenty
questions. The maximum marks awardable to each
sample area will thus be (20 answer x 20
questionnaires) please see table 6a and 6b
vi. INTERVIEWS
Brief interviews were held with some elders maturing
youth and garbage youth (are finding for results)
vii. METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
 The data analysis took the following format:-
A. QUESTIONNAIRES DISTRIBUTED AND COLLECTED:
Showing records of total questionnaires sent out to
each area- (20) i.e (20x4) copies total answered and
returned from each area as well as male and female
respondents involved percentages of returns were
also indicted (see label1)
B. RESPONSES PER SAMPLE AREA
Sorting out answer to each question per sample area
and separating the “yes” answer from the “No”
Ones. Drawing out each question to show the
responses it received per sample area (see tables
2,3,4, and 5)
C. THE COMBINED EXERCISE AT A GLANCE
With the use of figures or numbers showing:-
(i) Total questions administered
(ii) The total returned per question per area and
(iii) The total returned on answer per question.
This tabulation portrays the required results for
findings and recommendations – (see tables 6a and
6b). information were also gathered from text books,
news papers, journals, personal experiences and
other records.
 CHAPTER FOUR

In consolable with the objectives of this study stated in the

opening paragraph of chapter three some practical works of

survey needed be carried out to achieve the purpose

required.
In this chapter therefore deliberate attempts have been

made to collate useful opinion/information which led to

analysis work of study logical discussions and reliable

sample findings.

However answers to one or two questions which appear to

be at variance with expectation.

The exercise since based in the human social life, the

majority is allowed super cession. Figure of results support

all findings.

A total of eighty (80) questionnaires were distributed among

the four sample areas of Agege Local Government Area. A

total of seventy six (95%) were returned while four (4)

representing (5%) were not returned (sex table 1)

MAJOR FINDING (TABLE1)

SAMPLE AREA NO OF NO TOTAL TOTAL %

QUESTIONNAIRE OF NO OF NO OF USED
ADMINISTERED USED MALE FEMALE
Karaole pry school 20 20 8 12 100
Bishop Oluwole pry sch. 20 18 12 6 90
St peter pry school 20 18 14 4 90
Methodist pry school 20 20 14 6 100
Total 80 70 48 28 95

Table I : Shows the number of questionnaires distributed to

four primary schools chosen as opinion sample area.

Twenty (20) copies were distributed to teachers at karaole

primary schools (20) copies to Bishop Oluwole memorials

twenty (20) copies to St. Peter’s primary school and twenty

(20) copies to Methodist primary school, Tabon-tabon Agege.

Total distributed were eighty (80) questions.

Total questionnaires answered the returned were (76)

seventy six with forty-eight (48) from male and twenty eight

from female. The percentages uses in each area were also

indicted.

Table II; Table II is intended to be the star of this exercise as

it reveals the detailed individual responses to the entire

seventy six (76) out of the eighty (80) questionnaires

administered for the work of this survey. For this purpose

therefore, the four primary schools used as sample/opinion

sources are denoted as follows:

(a) Karaole primary school, Ifako -A

(b) Bishop Oluwole memorial primary school, Agege -B

(c) St peters primary School, oke-koto, Agege

-C

(d) Methodidt primary School, Tabon-tabon, Agege - D

For clarity purpose the table is prepared as table 6a and 6b

presenting all the “Yes answers as table 6a and the “No”

answers as table 6b thus:-

TABLE 6A

QUESTIONNAIRES AREAS NO
ANSWER
S/N TOTAL A B C D TOTAL %
1. 80 18 1 18 16 70 85
2. 80 - 8 - - - -
3. 80 2 - 4 3 13 16
4. 80 19 1 18 20 73 91
5. 80 17 1 - 15 64 80
6. 80 20 6 - 15 71 89
7. 80 18 1 - 18 66 83
8. 80 19 6 - 20 73 91
9. 80 15 1 - 16 64 80
10 80 18 8 10 20 70 88
11. 80 3 1 2 5 12 5
12. 80 17 4 16 18 67 84
13. 80 10 1 8 8 70 50
14. 80 16 6 16 18 66 81
15. 80 15 1 16 20 65 81
16. 80 20 6 15 18 66 83
17. 80 20 1 18 20 76 95
18. 80 18 6 18 20 74 93
19. 80 20 2 18 20 76 95
20 80 8 1 3 6 20 25
6
1
4
1
6
1
4
1
3
1
8
1
 8
1
5
3

This table is prepared from appendices i,ii,iii,and iv.

TABLE 6B

QUESTIONNAIRES AREAS NO ANSWER

S/N TOTAL A B C D TOTAL %
 1. 80 2 __ __ 4 6 8
2. 80 20 18 18 20 70 95
3. 80 18 14 14 17 63 79
4. 80 1 2 __ __ 3 4
5. 80 3 2 2 5 12 15
6. 80 __ __ __ 5 12 6
7. 80 2 4 2 2 11 14
8. 80 1 2 __ __ 3 4
9. 80 5 2 __ 5 12 15
10 80 2 2 2 __ 6 8
11. 80 17 16 16 15 64 80
12. 80 3 2 2 2 9 11
13. 80 10 4 10 12 36 45
14. 80 4 2 2 2 11 14
15. 80 5 4 2 __ 11 14
16. 80 __ 5 3 2 10 13
17. 80 __ __ __ __ __ __
18. 80 2 __ __ __ 2 3
19. 80 __ __ __ __ __ __
20 80 12 15 15 14 56 70

This table is prepared from appendices 2,3,4 and 5

DISCUSSION

It should be noted that the purpose of this research work

was inspired by the rising number of juvenile smokers in our

society incidentally the result of the survey carried out

supported the purpose of this exercise as eighty-eight (88%)

of the respondents agreed (see Table 6a Question 1)

On the contrary however, the respondents survey result did

not agree that the vice start from the primary school (see

table 6a Question 3) rather the results supported that the

vice started at the secondary school level (see Table 6a and

6b Question 4).

All the respondents agreed that the vice should not be

allowed to continue (95%) see table 6a and 6b Question 2. it

was also the consensus of the respondents that bad

companies or peers spread the vice (95%) see Table 6a

Question 17 consequently (93%) agreed that children’s

movements and associate should be watched (see Table 6a

Question 18) in effect, (table 6a Question 5) agreed (80%)

that parents should curb their children from home. Curiously,

this may relate to why 56 out of 80 respondents (70%)

agreed that the Nigeria constitution should not provide

stricter penalties for juvenile smokers- (Table 6a Question

20).

Also curiously findings revealed, through some of the

garbage youth interviewed, that they did not smoke at the

primary schools.

Findings also revealed that broken stand as a factor of the

vice (Table 6a Question 16) some adult and elders

interviewed agreed that teacher should not be fully

exonerated as some of them do smoke too. (Table 6a

Question 13 supported the view)

It must be noted that respondents agreed (19%) that

smoking from youth could hinder the educational

development of the youths. The writer also noted with

interest that all respondents adopted in consensus, that

religious doctrine can prevent the vice. Good that neither

Christianity nor Islam embraces smoking at any stage

CHAPTER FIVE
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
SUMMARY

Having been exposed to both primary and post primary

school lives of youths, by virtue of a long time career as a

teacher in the Lagos metropohs, this writer has been

concerned about the fast growing rate of smoking among

the youths in Lagos.

The sceneries in the bus stops the parks, bar-beach and

social functions confirm this.

It was this that aroused the need for investigation into the

effects of juvenile smoking on the educational performance

of pupils in some primary school in Agege Local Government

Area of Lagos State. The exercise called for physical

opinions/information sapping survey of a sample area. The

opinions collected made for a very good analysis and

interesting findings. Virtually all the opinion survey

respondents agreed (88%) that the writer’s sources of

inspiration was true and agreed (95%) that the habit should

be discontinued.

It was an interesting result of the survey however that the

respondents agreed (74 %) that smoking does not start in

the primary school as a habit. This was pushed up (91 %) to

the secondary school level as its cradle many books

reference to ,journals read, news papers published etc

confirmed that smoking per say had already attracted a lot

of research works for coursing health hazards displeasing to

even the world health organization (WHO).

The quardian of 1/6/2000 page 11 Derek tact decried the use

of youth for tobacco adverts.

In south area now, 1 out 710 die of agarette relate deaths

and that by 2030 AD it shall be 6 out of 10,currently more

that half of cancer cases if India are cigarette (50 %)

rekated. Fawningly that teachers were not exonerated from

being causes of inducement as they too smoke. Smoking

parents who to face the burden of curbing the vice from the

homes.
CONCLUSION

Smoking is the inhabitation of some substances through the

mouth into the body. smoking is habit forming. it is also a

social problem as it has influenced Adolescents in our society

and school settings

Adolescent being the period of transition from childhood to

adulthood is a delicate period that any habit formed or to

which the public is exposed, mant form permanent parent of

his/her social life style through tout his/her time,Despitr the

fact that smoking has been declared a health herzard,youths

and adolescent are still smoking as fashion to attract the

opposite sex,reduce emotional distances, calm tension,

reduce anxiety to relax and erroneously promote appetite

The likelihood of an adolescent a child becoming a smoker is

greater if he /she has peer pressure ur and adult model of

the smoking habit. Broken homes is another strong

contributing factor causing the habit.

Effect of smoking on juvenile smokers life style in low

education performance and consequently inferiority complex

and isolation from successful non-smoking counterparts.

Moreover attempt to teal cover up lies to occur leading to

lack pf truth in such smokers by parents and friends.

Javelined who smoke end up injuring their health in life if

they do not stop a gazette smoke contains tar. Carbon

monoxide, nicotine chemical that appear to induce physical

dependence.

Smoking also reduces life expectancy and increases the risk

of cusses like cancer of the lungs and other cardio-vascular

diseases.

RECOMMENDATION AND SUGGESTION.

1. Since many addicted adolescent smokers cannot

identify any specific advantage in smoking and are
willing to stop the habit out government regulations
social nirms, parent/guardiabs behaviour teachers and
nurses decorum should give support and
encouragement to such decisions
2. Health education should be encouraged in schools
especially the upper primary and the junior secondary
to discourage small children from taking on smoking as
habit
3. A non smoking policy for the teaching staff at all level
of our institution of learning should be adopted
4. Health education and comparing should be organized
for the would be parents and adult on effects of
smoking on health.
5. Parent should be charge with the responsibility toward
their children ethical behaviours
6. Smoking should be out lawed in all public places such
as stalia, cinema houses, theaters etc.
7. Warning to the public and particularly the youth, that
smoking is injurious to health while cringle on radio
handbills and posters in public places should stress the
agarette packets / packages should carry inscriptions or
sign like “Danger” and “cigarette shortens life.
 REFERENCES / BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bank M.H (1978) long term of Smoking by Secondary School

student. Arch of Dis in Childhood 53, 1219 (cited in

the professional nurse Nov 1988)

Bartor J and Sherman J. Bassini Preton C.C (1982) Social

image Factors as motivation of smoking limitation in

early and middle adolescence, child development 53,

1499-1511 (cited Sarafino E-D 1990).

Health Psychology: Bio-psychosocial interactions

Gilbert D.G spielberger C.D (1987) Effect of smoking on

health rate, and feelings of success during social

interactions: Journal of behavioural medicines 10

629-638 (by sarafino E.D 1990)

Hammand E.C (1966) Smoking in relation to death rates of

one million men and women. National concern

institute monography 1a page 127

Abel E. Marijuana and Sex: A child survey and Alcohol

Dependence Vol 8, 1981.

The green book report on research project on substance

abuse in some urban area of Nigeria 1986.

In 1986 Nigeria Television Authority (N.T.A.) programme

“Barbeach Show” Teleguide.

National Teachers institute instructional book on Health

Education module four unit eight and its references.

P.M Evening news of August 1996 on American restriction

center on smoking.

W.H.O World Health Organization health posters.

The Guardian issue of 01/06/2000 Derek vach of Who

described the use of the youths for tobacco

advertisement. Asserted that current death rate in

Asia portrays 1 out of 10 as Cigarette related and

that by year 2030 it will be 6 out 10 in developing

countries more than half (50%) of Cancer cases in

India are cigarette related.

 APPENDIX I

Table 2: Represents the data analysis of responses receive from karaole primary school

and its area Twenty (20) sets of the questionnaires were distributed and all were returned.

This data was collated from their simple “Yes” and “No” answers

NO QUESTIONNAIRES YES NO
1. It is the growing habit of smoking among
teenagers in Lagos causing you an 16 1
alarming concern?
2. Should the trend be allowed to continue __ 18
at the present rate?
3. Would you agree that most of our 1 16
juvenile smokers that the practice from
primary school?
4. Would you say that really, the smoking 17 1
teenager youths, start the ice in the
secondary school?
5. Since the higher number of indulgent fall
within the teenage group should the 15 1
parents be made to curb the practice
from the home?
6. Do you agree that smoking can have
adverse effect on the mental, physical, 18 __
social and educational life of juvenile
 smoker?
7. Do you agree that smoking can be 18 2
imbibed by a child as an instinct from the
smoking parents?
8. Do you agree that smoking from an early 17 1
age can hinge the educational
development of a child
9. Do you agree that there are lots of 13 3
garbage boys in our society
10. Would you agree that most of them are 16 2
products of smoking of one substance or
the other?
11. Do you agree that they are drop-out from 3 17
the primary schools
12. Are parents to be blamed for this level of 15 1
decadent?
13. Are teachers to be blamed? 8 8
14. Is the society to be blamed? 14 2
15. Should teenagers be discouraged from 13 3
going to such public
16. Do you think broken homes and loss 18 __
parents can result into this kind of vices?
17. Do you consider bad companies/friends a 18 __
strong fact or capable of inducing the
primary school pupils into smoking?
18. Do you agree that the movement and
 associates of our pupils/children should 16 ___
be given stricter attention?
19. Do you agree that good religious doctrine 18 __
can help in preventing the vice from
childhood?
20. Do you agree that laws of the land ( the
constitution should provide stricter 6 10
penalties for juvenile smokers?

APPENDIX II

Table 4: Research the data analysis of the responses

received from the teachers of Bishop Olawole Memorial

primary school, Agege. Twenty questionnaires were

distributed while eighteen were retuned. This data was

colleted from their simple “Yes” and No Answers.

NO QUESTIONNAIRES YES NO
1. It is the growing habit of smoking among
the teenagers in Lagos causing you an 16 1
alarming concern?
2. Should the trend be allowed to continue - 18
at the present rate?
3. Would you agree that most of our
juvenile smokers start the practice from 1 16
 primary school?
4 Would you say that really the smoking 17 1
teenagers/youths
5. Since the higher number of indulgent fall
within the teenager group should the 15 1
parent be made to curb the practice from
the home?
6. Do you agree that smoking can have
adverse effect on the mental, physical, 18 -
social and educational life of juvenile
smoker?
7. Do you agree that smoking can be
imbibed by a child as an instinct from the 16 2
smoking parents
8. Do you agree that smoking from an early
age can hinge the educational 17 1
development of a child?
9. Would you agree that most of them are
products of smoking of one substance or 13 3
the other
11. Do you agree that they are drop out from 3 17
the primary schools
12. Are parents to be blamed for this level of 15 1
decadent?
13. Are teachers to be blamed? 8 8
14. Is the society to be blamed? 14 2
 15. Should teenagers be discourage from 13 2
going to such public
16. Do you think broken homes and loss of 18 -
parents can result into this kind of vices?
17. Do you consider bad companies/friends a
strong fact or capable of inducing the 18 -
primary school into smoking?
18. Do you agree that the movements and
associates of our pupils/children should 16 -
be given stricter attention?
19. Do you agree that good religious doctrine
can help in preventing the vice from 18 -
childhood?
20. Do you agree that the law of the land
(the constitution should provide stricter 6 10
penalties for juvenile smokers?

APPENDIX III
Table 5: Was collated from the answer received from the
selected parents around the three primary schools of my
sample area. Twenty questionnaires were also distributed
among them and all were returned. This data collated from
their simple “Yes” and “No” answers.
NO QUESTIONNAIRES YES NO
1. It is the growing habit of smoking among
the teenagers in Lagos causing you an
 alarming concern? 16 1
2. Should the trend be allowed to continue - 18
at the present rate?
3. Would you agree that most of our
juvenile smokers start the practice from 1 16
primary school?
4. Would you say that really, the smoking
teenagers/youths start the vice in the 17 1
secondary school?
5. Since the higher number of indulgent fall
within the teenagers group, should the 15 1
parents be made to curb the practice
from the home?
6. Do you agree that smoking can have
adverse effect on the mental, physical, 18 -
social and educational life of juvenile
smoke?
7. Do you agree that smoking can be
imbibed by a child as an instinct from the 16 2
smoking parents?
8. Do you agree that smoking from an early
age can linger the educational 17 1
development of a child
9. Do you agree that there are lots of 13 3
garbage boys in our society?
10. Would you agree that most of them are
 products of smoking of one substance or 16 2
the other?
11. Do you agree that they are drop outs 3 17
from the primary
12. Are parents to be blamed for this level of 15 1
decadents?
13. Are teachers to be blamed? 8 8
14. Is the society to be blamed? 14 2
15. Should teenagers be discourage from 13 3
going to such public
16. Do you agree that the movement and
associate of our pupils/children should be 16 -
given stricter attention?
17. Do you think broken homes and loss of 18 -
parents can result into this kind of vices?
18. Do you consider bad companies/friends a
strong fact or capable of inducing the 18 -
primary pupils into smoking?
19. Do you agree that food religious doctrine
can help in preventing the vice from 18 -
childhood?
20. Do you agree that the laws of land (the
constitution should provide stricter
penalties for juvenile smokers?