CHAPTER 1
Gaseous
GASEOUSState
STATE# 3
Lecture
Avogadro’s law:
“One mole of every gas under the standard conditions of temperature and pressure (STP) occupies
the same volume (22.414 litres)”
• STP: “ It is a standard conditions at
which T= 0 oC or (273.15 oK), and
P=1atm.”
• Another form for Avogadro’s law:
“Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of
particles”.
These balloons each hold 1.0 L of gas at 25C and 1 atm. Each
balloon contains 0.041 mol of gas, or 2.5x 1022 molecules.
The combined Gas law and ideal gas equation
The Pressure-Volume Relationship: Boyl’s Law
V α 1/P
The Temperature-Volume Relationship: Charles’s Law
V α T
The Amount-Volume Relationship: Avogadro’s Law
V α n
Combining the three Laws
VαnT PV= nRT Ideal gas equation
P
atm Liter mol Kilven
V=R nT
P R is general gas constant
Values of general gas constant (R):
Starting from the ideal gas equation: PV = nRT
• for 1 mole of ideal gas at STP; ( T = 0 oC = 273 oK, and P= 1 atm.):
• Similarly, other values of R could be obtained:
• = 8.3 x 107 erg. K-1.mol-1
• = 8.3 Joule. K-1.mol-1
• = 1.98 Cal. K-1.mol-1
Gas Law Calculations
Problem 1 (Final and initial states):
A 250-mL flask, open to the atmosphere, contains 0.0110 mol of air at 0°C.
On heating, part of the air escapes; how much remains in the flask at 100°C?
SOLUTION:
initial state:
n1 = 0.0110 mol T1 = 0 + 273 = 273 K
P V = n1 R T1
0.0110 at 0°C constant
mol air
final state:
n2 = ? T2 = 100 + 273 = 373 K
1 = =
x
0.0081 P V = n2 Rx T2
mol air constant
at 100°C n2 x 373K = 0.0110 mol x 273K
n2 = 0.008 mol
Gas Law Calculations
Problem 2 (Calculation of P, V, n, or T) :
The ozone-friendly compound now used as a refrigerant in car air conditioners has the
molecular formula C2F4H2. If 2.50 g of this compound is introduced into an evacuated
500.0-mL container at 10°C , what pressure in atmospheres is developed?
SOLUTION:
P V =n R T
? 10 + 273 = 283K
500.0 L 0.0821 L.atm/mol.K
1000
m (g) 2.50 g
= = = 0.0245 mol
M (g/mol)
M (C2F4H2) = (2 x 12.01) + (4 x 19) + (2 x 1.008) = 102.04 g/mol
P = 1.14 atm
Gas Law Calculations
Problem 3 ( Molar Mass):
A sample of liquid acetone is placed in a 300-mL flask and vaporized by heating to 95°C
at 1.02 atm. The vapor filling the flask at this temperature and pressure weighs 0.587 g.
Calculate the molar mass of acetone.
SOLUTION:
P V =n R T
1.02 atm 95 + 273 = 368K
300 L 0.0821 L.atm/mol.K
1000
m (g) 0.587 g
= M (g/mol) = M (g/mol)
M ≈ 58.0 g/mol
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures:
“For a mixture of gases in a container, the total pressure exerted is the sum
of the partial pressures that each gas would exert if it were alone”.
• The symbols P1, P2,P3, and so on represent the partial pressures of
gases 1,2,3, and so on.
• PTOTAL is the total pressure of a mixture.
• The partial pressure of each gas can be calculated from the ideal gas
law as follows:
Thus; the partial pressure of each gas in a mixture of gases in a
container depends on the number of moles of that gas.
The total pressure of the mixture PT is given by:
where nTOTAL is the sum of the numbers of moles of the various gases:
• Thus the total pressure depends on the total number of
moles of gas particles present, no matter what they are.
Mole fraction:
“It is the ratio of the number of moles of a given component in a
mixture to the total number of moles in the mixture.”
For example, for a given component in a mixture, the mole fraction X1 is:
Also:
Note that:
The mole fraction has no units , and (X1 +X2+ X3+ …. = 1)
Problem 1:
The partial pressure of oxygen was observed to be 156 torr
in air with a total atmospheric pressure of 743 torr.
Calculate the mole fraction of O2 present.
Solution
Problem 2:
Solution
