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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY

CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION not exist then f ( x ) is said have irremovable
1. Continuity to left of a point: If lim f ( b − h ) = f ( b ) = a discontinuity at x = b , irrespective of whether or
h →0 not f ( b ) exists.
fixed & finite quantity then f ( x ) is said to be
continuous to left of b. 8. If y = f ( x ) & y = g ( x ) are two continuous functions
2. Continuity to right of a point: If lim f ( b + h ) = f ( b ) at x = b then y = f (x) + g (x) , y = f (x) − g (x) &
h →0
= a fixed & finite quantity then f ( x ) is said to be y = f ( x ) .g ( x ) are also continuous functions at x = b .
continuous to right of b. f (x)
The function y = is continuous at x = b if
g(x)
3. Continuity at a point: y = f (x) is said to be
g ( b) ≠ 0 .
continuous at x=b if and only if
lim f ( b − h ) = lim f ( b + h ) = f ( b ) = a fixed & finite
h →0 h →0 9. If y = f (x) & y = g ( x ) are both discontinuous
quantity. In other words the function y = f ( x ) is at x=b then y = f (x) + g (x) , y = f (x) − g (x) ,
continuous at x = b if and only if it is continuous to left y = f ( x ) . g ( x ) , y = f ( x ) / g ( x ) , y = g ( x ) / f ( x ) may
of b as well as continuous to right of b.
be continuous or discontinuous at x = b .
4. Geometrical meaning of continuity: If y = f ( x ) is
10. If y = f ( x ) is continuous at x = b and y = g ( x )
continuous at x = b then graph of y = f ( x ) is an
is discontinuous at x=b then y = f (x) + g (x) ,
unbroken line at x = b .
g(x)
5. Continuity in an open interval: y = f ( x ) is said to be y = f (x) − g (x) , y = are all discontinuous at
f (x)
continuous in ( a, b ) if and only if y = f (x) is
f (x)
continuous for all x ∈ ( a, b ) . x=b while y = f ( x ) .g ( x ) , y = may be
g(x)
6. Continuity in a closed interval: y = f ( x ) is said to be continuous or discontinuous at x = b .
continuous in [ a, b] if and only if y = f ( x ) is 11. Intermediate value theorem: If a function y = f ( x ) is
continuous for all x ∈ ( a, b ) & f(x) is continuous to continuous in [a, b] and f ( a ) ≠ f ( b ) then it assumes
right of a and to left of b.
every value between f ( a ) and f ( b ) . In other words if
7. Discontinuous function: If a function is not continuous k lies between f ( a ) and f ( b ) then there exist at least
at x = b then it is said to be discontinuous at x = b .
Broadly discontinuity of a function at a given point can one c ∈ ( a, b ) for which f ( c ) = k .
be of following two types:
(i) Removable discontinuity: If lim f ( b − h ) =
h →0
lim f ( b + h ) = a fixed & finite quantity but f ( b )
h →0
is either non−existent or different from
lim f ( b ± h ) then y = f ( x ) is said to have a
h →0
removable discontinuity at x = b . In other words, if
lim f ( x ) exists and finite but the calculated limit
x →b
is different from f ( b ) then the discontinuity is
known as removable discontinuity. 12. If y = f ( x ) is continuous function in [ a, b ] and f ( a )
(ii) Irremovable discontinuity: If lim f ( b − h ) ≠ & f ( b ) are of opposite sign then f ( x ) = 0 for at least
h →0
lim f ( b + h ) or in other words if lim f ( x ) does one x ∈ ( a, b ) .
h →0 x →b

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13. If f ( x ) is a continuous function in [ a, b ] and set S. Similarly if S = {x : −∞ < x ≤ 8} then also
mf ( b ) + nf ( a ) 8,8.001,9,105 etc. are all upper bounds of set S.
f ( a ) ≠ f ( b ) then the equation f ( x ) =
m+n
16. Bounded below sets: Let S denote any non-empty set of
has at least one solution in [ a.b ] provided m and n are
real numbers. A real number a, where a is not
of same sign. This follows from intermediate value necessarily in S, is called an lower bound for set S if
mf ( b ) + nf ( a ) x ≥ a for every x in S. Such a set is called bounded
theorem since f ( a ) ≤ ≤ f ( b ) whenever
m+n below set. For example: If S = {x :2 < x < 8} , then
m and n are both positive or both negative.
2,1.923, 0, − 103 etc. are all lower bounds of
14. Fixed-point theorem: If domain set of y = f ( x ) is set S. Similarly if S = {x : 2 ≤ x < ∞} then also
x ∈ [ a, b ] and range set is also [ a, b ] , i.e. f ( x ) ∈ [ a, b ] 2,1.923, 0, − 103 etc. are all lower bounds of set S.
for x ∈ [ a, b ] , then there exist at least one point
17. Bounded sets: The set S is said to be bounded if it is
c ∈ [ a, b ] such that f ( c ) = c . In other words, the curve bounded above and bounded below.

y = f ( x ) intersects y = x at least once in [ a, b ] . For 18. Least upper bound or supremum: The real number b is
called least upper bound or supremum for set S if it
example consider the following graphs: satisfies the following two conditions:
(i) b is an upper bound for set S.
(ii) If c is any upper bound other than b then c > b .
For example:
If S = {x : −∞ < x < 8} or S = { x : 2 ≤ x ≤ 8} then in
either case 8 is the least upper bound or supremum of set
S. It is to noted that if a set is bounded above then its
supremum is unique.

19. Greatest lower bound or infimum: The real number a

is called greatest lower bound or infimum for set S if it
satisfies the following two conditions:
(i) a is a lower bound for set S.
(ii) If c is any lower bound other than a then c < a .
For example:
If S = {x : 2 < x ≤ 8} or S = {x : 2 ≤ x < ∞} then in either
case 2 is the greatest lower limit or infimum of set S. It
is to be noted that if a set is bounded below then its
infimum is unique.

20. Bounded and unbounded functions: If range of a

function y = f ( x ) is [ m, M ] or ( m, M ) or [ m, M )
or ( m, M ] where m & M are finite then y = f ( x ) is
said to be bounded. Also m is called greatest lower
bound or infimum of f ( x ) and M is called least upper
bound or supremum of f ( x ) . However if range of
y = f ( x ) is ( −∞, M ] or ( −∞, M ) , where M is finite
15. Bounded above sets: Let S denotes any non-empty set then f ( x ) is said to be bounded above & M is called its
of real numbers. A real number b, where b is not least upper bound or supremum. Similarly if range of
necessarily in S, is called an upper bound for set S
y = f ( x ) is ( m, ∞ ) or [ m, ∞ ) , where m is finite then
if x ≤ b for every x in S. Such a set is called bounded
above set. For example: If S = {x :2 < x < 8} , f ( x ) is said to be bounded below and m is called its
greatest lower bound or infimum. For example
then 8,8.001, 9,105 etc. are all upper bounds of

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attains its minimum value and maximum value at least
(i) f ( x ) = x , −1 ≤ x ≤ 2 is bounded since its range is
2
once in its domain. For example:
[ 0, 4] for the given domain.

(ii) f ( x ) = x 2 , x∈R is bounded below but not bounded

above since its range is [ 0, ∞ ) for x∈R.

(iii) f ( x ) = x 2 , 1 < x < 2 , is bounded since its range is

(1, 4) for the given domain.
(iv) f ( x ) = x 3 , x∈R is not-bounded (neither below nor
23. If y = f ( x ) is continuous on a closed interval [ a, b ]
above) since its range is ( −∞, ∞ ) .
then its range is also a closed interval. In other words,
−1
(v) f ( x ) = tan x , x∈R is bounded since its range is the image of a closed interval under a continuous
function (mapping) is a closed interval.
 −π π 
 ,  for x∈R. 24. If y = f ( x ) is discontinuous in [a, b] then it may or
 2 2
may not attain its maximum and minimum value in [a,
b]. For example:

21. Minimum and maximum value of a function: The

least value of a function y = f ( x ) in its domain is
known as minimum value of f ( x ) while the greatest
value of f ( x ) in its domain is known as maximum
value of the function.
(i) If range of y = f ( x ) is [ m, M ] then minimum
value of f ( x ) is m and maximum value of
f ( x ) is M.
(ii) If range of y = f ( x ) is ( m, M ) then neither
minimum nor maximum value for y = f ( x ) can be
reported.
(iii) If range of y = f ( x ) is [ m, M ) then minimum
value of f ( x ) is m while maximum value can not
be reported.
(iv) If range of y = f ( x ) is ( m, M ] then maximum
value is M while minimum value can not be
reported.
22. If a function is continuous in a closed interval then it is
bounded in that interval. Also for such a function, both
minimum value m and maximum value M exist and f

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25. If a function f is continuous at an interior point c on an 27. If y = f ( x ) is continuous at end point a of [ a, b ] and
interval [ a, b ] and f ( c ) ≠ 0 then there exists a δ > 0
f ( a ) ≠ 0 then there exist a δ > 0 such that f ( x ) has
such that f ( x ) has the same sign as f ( c ) for all
same sign as that of f ( a ) for all x∈ [ a, a + δ )
x∈ ( c − δ, c + δ ) .

DIFFERENTIABILITY OF A FUNCTION
28. Right hand derivative at x = a : The value of the limit
f (a + h ) − f (a )
lim is known as right hand derivative
h →0 h
(RHD) of f ( x ) at x = a and is denoted as f / ( a + ) .

Geometrically f / ( a + ) represents the slope of the line

PQ where P is the point ( a, f ( a ) ) and Q is a point on
26. If y = f ( x ) is continuous at end point b of [ a, b ] and the curve y = f ( x ) situated to the right side of P and is
f ( b ) ≠ 0 then there exists a δ > 0 such that f ( x ) has extremely close to point P. In the graph given below
same sign as that of f ( b ) for all x∈ ( b − δ, b] . f / ( a + ) = tan θ .

29. Left hand derivative at x = a : The value of the limit

f (a − h ) − f (a )
lim is known as left-hand derivative
h →0 −h
(LHD) of f ( x ) at x = a and is denoted as f / ( a − ) .
Geometrically f / ( a − ) represents the slope of the line

PQ / where P is the point ( a, f ( a ) ) and Q / is a point

on the curve y = f ( x ) situated to the left of P and is
extremely close to point P. In the graph given below
f / ( a − ) = tan φ .

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30. Differentiability at x=a: From definition of

differentiation the derivative at the point ( x, f ( x ) ) is
f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
f / ( x ) = lim . Hence the derivative
∆ x →0 ∆x
at the point ( a, f ( a ) )
f ( a + ∆x ) − f ( a )
is f / ( a ) = lim . It is to be noted that
∆x → 0 ∆x
f ( x ) − f (a )
f / ( a ) = lim which is obtained by
x →a x −a
replacing a + ∆x by x in the definition of f / ( a ) . The
right hand limit of the above limit is known as RHD of
f ( x ) at x = a and the left hand limit of the above limit
is known as LHD of f ( x ) at x = a . The function
y = f ( x ) is said to be differentiable at x = a if and
only if its LHD and RHD at x = a are fixed and finite
and are equal to each other. In other words for f ( x ) to
be differentiable at x = a , tan θ must be equal to
tan φ . Hence, if f ( x ) is differentiable at x = a then
the points Q / , P, Q are colinear. Also if f ( x ) is
differentiable at x = a then graph of f ( x ) is said to be
smooth at x = a .

31. If f / ( a − ) = f / ( a + ) = ℓ , where ℓ is a fixed and finite

quantity then f / ( a ) = ℓ . If f / ( a − ) ≠ f / ( a + ) or at

least one of f / ( a − ) and f / ( a + ) is not finite or

34. If f / ( a + ) exists and finite then f(x) is continuous to
oscillatory then f ( x ) is said to be not differentiable at
right of a, if f / ( a − ) exists and finite then y = f(x) is
x=a.
32. continuous to left of a, however converse may not be
33. If y = f(x) is not differentiable at x = a then at x = a f(x) true. That is, if f ( x ) is continuous to left of a then it is
has at least one of the following three characteristics: not necessarily differentiable to left of a and similarly if
(i) f(x) is discontinuous at x = a f ( x ) is continuous to right of a then it is not
(ii) f(x) has a sharp turning at x = a
(iii) the graph of y = f(x) is almost parallel to y-axis necessarily differentiable to right of a. Also if f / ( a + )
at x = a.

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does not exist then f(x) may or may not be continuous is discontinuous at x = c except when g ( x ) has a
to right of a & similarly if f / ( a − ) does not exist then point of local minima at x = c . For example
f(x) may or may not be continuous to left of a. consider the following graphs.

35. If f / ( a + ) & f / ( a − ) are both fixed & finite (they may

or may not be equal) then y = f(x) is continuous at
x = a.
36. If the functions y = f ( x ) and y = g ( x ) are both
differentiable at x=a then y = f (x) + g (x) ,
y = f ( x ) − g ( x ) , y = f ( x ) .g ( x ) are all differentiable
In the above graph y = g ( x ) is continuous at x = c
at x = a .
but it has a local minima at x = c and g ( c ) = ℓ .
37. If the functions y = f ( x ) and y = g ( x ) are both
Also y = f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = ℓ such that
f (x)
differentiable at x = a and g ( a ) ≠ 0 then y = is f ( ℓ ) = lim f ( ℓ + δ ) ≠ lim f ( ℓ − δ ) . Let us verify
g(x) δ→0 δ→0
also differentiable at x = a . continuity of p ( x ) = f (g ( x )) at x=c with
reference to above graphs. Hence
38. If y = f ( x ) is differentiable at x = a and y = g ( x ) is
p (c) = f (g (c)) = f (ℓ) = t
not differentiable at x = a then y = f ( x ) ± g ( x ) is
lim p ( c + h ) = lim f ( g ( c + h ) )
not differentiable at x = a . However y = f ( x ) .g ( x ) , h →0 h →0
y = f ( x ) / g ( x ) , y = g ( x ) / f ( x ) may or may not be = lim f ( ℓ + δ ) = t
δ→0
differentiable at x = a .
lim p ( c − h ) = lim f ( g ( c − h ) )
39. If y = f ( x ) and y = g ( x ) are both not differentiable at h →0 h →0
x=a then y = f (x) + g (x) , y = f (x) − g (x) , = lim f ( ℓ + δ ) = t
δ→0
y = f ( x ) .g ( x ) , y = f ( x ) / g ( x ) may or may not be Since lim p ( c − h ) = lim p ( c + h ) = p ( c ) = t
differentiable at x = a . h →0 h →0
therefore, y = p ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) is continuous at
40. If f ( x ) is differentiable at x = a then f ( x ) is
x = c . It can be easily perceived that, if y = g ( x )
definitely continuous at x = a . However f / ( x ) may or
does not have a minima at x = c then f ( g ( x ) ) can
may not be continuous at x = a .
not be continuous x=c under above stated
41. Continuity of composite functions: If y = f ( x ) and conditions.
y = g(x) are two functions then the functions of the type
y = f(g(x)) and y = g(f(x)) which are denoted as (iii) Let g ( x ) is continuous at x = c and g ( c ) = ℓ .
y = fog(x) & y = gof(x) respectively are called Let f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = ℓ such that
composite functions of y = f(x) and y = g(x). Let us
f ( ℓ ) = lim f ( ℓ − δ ) ≠ lim f ( ℓ + δ ) . Then
discuss continuity of y = f ( g ( x ) ) under the δ→0 δ→0
assumption neither y = f (x) nor y = g ( x ) is a f ( g ( x ) ) is discontinuous at x = c except when
constant function: g ( x ) has a local maxima at x = c . For example
Let c belongs to domain of y = g ( x ) . consider the following graphs:
(i) Let g ( x ) is continuous at x = c and g ( c ) = ℓ . If
f ( x ) is continuous at x = ℓ then f ( g ( x ) ) is
continuous at x = c .
(ii) Let g ( x ) is continuous at x = c and g ( c ) = ℓ . If
f (x) is discontinuous at x=ℓ such that In the above graphs y = g ( x ) is continuous at
f ( ℓ ) = lim f ( ℓ + δ ) ≠ lim f ( ℓ − δ ) , then f ( g ( x ) ) x = c but it has a local maxima at x = c and
δ→0 δ→0

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g ( c ) = ℓ . Also f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = ℓ
such that f ( ℓ ) = lim f ( ℓ − δ ) ≠ lim f ( ℓ + δ ) i.e.
h →0 δ→0
f ( x ) is continuous to left of ℓ. Let us verify
continuity of p ( x ) = f (g ( x )) at x=c with
reference to above graphs. Hence
p ( c ) = f ( g ( c )) = f ( ℓ ) = t Let us discuss continuity of p ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) in
reference to above graphs at x = c . Hence
lim p ( c − h ) = lim f ( g ( c − h ) ) = lim f ( ℓ − δ ) = t
h →0 h →0 δ→0 p ( c ) = f ( g ( c )) = f ( ℓ ) = t
lim p ( c + h ) = lim f ( g ( c + h ) ) = lim f ( ℓ − δ ) = t lim p ( c + h ) = lim f ( g ( c + h ) ) = lim f ( ℓ 2 − δ )
h →0 h →0 δ→0 h →0 h →0 δ→0
Since p ( c ) = lim p ( c − h ) = lim p ( c + h ) = t = f (ℓ2 ) = t
h →0 h →0
therefore p ( x ) is continuous at x = c . It can be lim p ( c − h ) = lim f ( g ( c − h ) ) = lim f ( ℓ1 − δ )
h →0 h →0 h →0
easily perceived that, if y = g ( x ) does not have a
= f ( ℓ1 ) = t
x = c then f ( g ( x ) ) can not be
Hence p ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) is continuous at x = c .
maxima at
continuous x = c under above stated conditions.
(iv) Let g ( x ) be continuous at x = c and g ( c ) = ℓ . If (vi) Let g ( x ) be discontinuous at x = c such that
f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = ℓ such that f ( x ) is g ( c ) = ℓ, lim g ( c + h ) = ℓ 2 , lim g ( c − h ) = ℓ1 .
h →0 h →0
neither continuous to left of ℓ nor continuous to
Let ℓ, ℓ1 & ℓ 2 be elements of domain of f ( x ) .
right of ℓ. i.e., f ( ℓ ) ≠ lim ( ℓ + δ ) ≠ lim ( ℓ − δ )
δ→0 δ→0 Even if f ( x ) is discontinuous at one or more of
then f ( g ( x ) ) is discontinuous at x = c . For x = ℓ , x = ℓ1 , x = ℓ 2 it may be that f ( g ( x ) ) is
example consider the following graphs: continuous at x = c . For example consider the
following graphs.

Let us discuss continuity of p ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) in

reference to above graphs at x = c . Hence In above graphs g ( x ) is discontinuous at x = c
p ( c ) = f ( g ( c )) = f ( ℓ ) = r and f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = ℓ1 , x = ℓ 2 and
lim p ( c + h ) = lim f ( g ( c + h ) ) = lim f ( ℓ + δ ) = s x = ℓ . But f ( x ) , being continuous to left of ℓ1
h →0 h →0 δ→0
and continuous to left of ℓ 2 we get
lim p ( c − h ) = lim f ( g ( c − h ) ) = lim f ( ℓ − δ ) = t
h →0 h →0 δ→0 lim f ( ℓ1 − δ ) = f ( ℓ1 ) = t
δ→0
Hence p ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) is discontinuous at x = c .
lim f ( ℓ 2 − δ ) = f ( ℓ 2 ) = t
(v) Let g ( x ) be discontinuous at x = c such that δ→0
Let us discuss continuity of p ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) at
g ( c ) = ℓ, lim g ( c + h ) = ℓ 2 , lim g ( c − h ) = ℓ1 .
h →0 h →0 x = c in reference to above graphs:
Let ℓ1 , ℓ 2 and ℓ be interior points of the domain of p ( c ) = f ( g ( c )) = f ( ℓ ) = t
f ( x ) . If f ( x ) is continuous at x = ℓ1 , x = ℓ 2 and lim p ( c + h ) = lim f ( g ( c + h ) )
h →0 h →0
x = ℓ & f ( ℓ1 ) = f ( ℓ 2 ) = f ( ℓ ) then f ( g ( x ) ) is
= lim f ( ℓ 2 − δ ) = f ( ℓ 2 ) = t
continuous at x = c . For example consider the h →0
following graphs.

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lim p ( c − h ) = lim f ( g ( c − h ) ) f ( ax + by ) = m ( ax + by ) + c = a ( mx ) + b ( my ) + c
h →0 h →0
= a ( mx + c ) + b ( my + c ) + c − ac − bc
= lim f ( ℓ1 − δ ) = f ( ℓ1 ) = t
h →0 = af ( x ) + bf ( y ) + k
Hence f ( g ( x ) ) is continuous at x = c . NOTE: Here k = c − ac − bc = c 1 − ( a + b )  . Hence
SOME BASIC FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS AND k = 0 does not necessarily mean c = 0 , rather, k = 0
CORRESPONDING FUNCTIONS AND THEIR BASIC
⇒ c = 0 or a + b = 1 .
PROPERTIES:
43. If f (x) satisfies the functional equation
42. If f ( x ) is a differentiable function and satisfies the
f ( ax + by ) = af ( x ) + bf ( y ) + k for all x, y ∈ R, where
functional equation f ( ax + by ) = af ( x ) + bf ( y ) + k for
a, b, k are constants and f ( x ) is differentiable at some
all x, y ∈ R, where a, b, k are constants then f ( x ) is a
x=a then f (x) is differentiable everywhere;
linear function of x and vice versa. In other words
the only function satisfying the condition therefore f ( x ) is a linear function of x.
f ( ax + by ) = af ( x ) + bf ( y ) + k for all x, y ∈ R, is a 44. If f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) + k1xy + k 2 for all x, y ∈ R,
straight line i.e. f ( x ) is of the form f ( x ) = mx + c , where k1 & k 2 are constants and f (x) is a
where m and c are constants. differentiable function then f (x) is a quadratic
Proof:
polynomial in x and vice versa.
Since f ( x ) is differentiable every where therefore Proof:
f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 0 . Also Substituting x = 0 , y = 0 in the given relation:
f ( ax + by ) = af ( x ) + bf ( y ) + k f ( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) + f ( 0 ) + k1 ( 0 ) + k 2 ⇒ f ( 0 ) = −k 2
  ax    −ax  f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
⇒ f  ax + b.  −   = af ( x ) + bf  +k ∴ f / ( x ) = lim
  b   b  ∆x →0 ∆x
 −ax  f ( x ) + f ( ∆x ) + k1 x.∆x + k 2 − f ( x )
⇒ f ( 0 ) = af ( x ) + bf  +k = lim
 b  ∆x → 0 ∆x
1  −ax    f ( ∆x ) + k 2 k1 .x . ∆x 
⇒ f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) − bf   − k = lim  + 
a  b   ∆x →0  ∆x ∆x 
f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x ) f ( 0 + ∆x ) − f ( 0 )
∴ f / ( x ) = lim = k1x + lim = k1x + f / ( 0 )
∆ x →0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x
1  −ax   df ( x )
f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( 0 ) − bf   − k ⇒ = k1x + f / ( 0 )
a  b   dx
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
 −ax 
(
⇒ ∫ df ( x ) = ∫ k1x + f / ( 0 ) dx )
af ( x + ∆x ) + bf   + k − f (0)
 b  x2
= lim ⇒ f ( x ) = k1 + f / (0) x + c
∆x → 0 a ∆x 2
k
  −ax  
f  a ( x + ∆x ) + b  ⇒ f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c , where 1 = a , f / ( 0 ) = b .
  − f (0) 2
 b 
= lim 
∆x → 0 a ∆x Conversely let f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c . Hence
f ( 0 + a∆ x ) − f ( 0 ) f ( x + y) = a ( x + y) + b ( x + y) + c
2
= lim = f / (0)
a ∆x
df ( x )
a∆x →0
( )
= a x 2 + y 2 + 2xy + b ( x + y ) + c
⇒ = f / ( 0)
dx ( ) ( )
= ax 2 + bx + ay2 + by + 2axy + c
⇒ ∫ df ( x ) = ∫ f / ( 0 ) dx
= ( ax 2 + bx + c ) + ( ay 2 + by + c ) + 2axy − c
⇒ f ( x ) = f / ( 0) x + c
= f ( x ) + f ( y ) + 2axy + ( −c )
⇒ f ( x ) = mx + c , where f / ( 0 ) = m
= f ( x ) + f ( y ) + k1xy + k 2 ,
Conversely let f ( x ) = mx + c . Hence
where 2a = k1 , −c = k 2 . (Proved)

C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
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45. If y = f ( x ) is a polynomial function of degree n and f ( x ) + f ( ∆x ) − f ( x ) f ( ∆x )
= lim = lim
1 1 ∆x → 0 ∆x ∆ x →0 ∆x
satisfies the relationship f ( x ) .f   = f ( x ) + f   for
x x f ( a ) + f ( ∆x ) − f ( a )
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
all x∈R − {0} then f ( x ) = 1 ± x n ∀ x∈R − {0}.
f ( a + ∆x ) − f ( a )
46. If f is a continuous function and satisfies the functional = lim = f / (a )
∆x → 0 ∆x
equation f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) for all real x and y and
Hence if f ( x ) is differentiable at x = a then f ( x ) is
then f ( x ) = xf (1) ∀x ∈ R , i.e. f ( x ) = k x , ∀x ∈ R .
differentiable everywhere. Hence f is continuous
47. If f satisfies the functional equation (nothing is known everywhere. Hence f ( x ) = xf (1) ∀ x ∈ R .
about its continuity) f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) for all real We can also prove f ( x ) = xf (1) as follows:
x and y then f ( x ) = xf (1) holds only for rational f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) ∀ x, y ∈ R
values of x.
⇒ f (0 + 0) = f (0) + f (0)
48. If f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) holds for all real x and y and
⇒ f (0) = 0
f is continuous at some x = a then f is continuous
df ( x )
everywhere. Hence f ( x ) = xf (1) ∀x ∈ R . ∴ = f / ( a ) ⇒ ∫ df ( x ) = ∫ f / ( a ) dx
dx
Proof:
Let f (x) is continuous at x=a. Hence ⇒ f ( x ) = f / (a ) x + c

lim f ( a − h ) = f ( a ) = lim f ( a + h ) = a fixed and finite ⇒ 0 = f / ( a ) .( 0) + c ⇒ c = 0

h →0 h →0
quantity ∴ f ( x ) = f / ( a ) .x
⇒ lim ( f ( a ) + f ( −h ) ) = f ( a ) = lim ( f ( a ) + f ( h ) ) ⇒ f (1) = f / ( a ) .1 = f / ( a )
h →0 h →0
⇒ lim f ( −h ) = 0 = lim f ( h ) ∴ f ( x ) = f (1) .x
h →0 h →0
50. If f is a non-zero continuous function and satisfies
Let us verify continuity of f ( x ) at x = b . Hence
the functional equation f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) .f ( y ) for
lim f ( b − h ) = lim ( f ( b ) + f ( −h ) ) = f ( b ) + 0 = f ( b )
all real x and y then f ( x ) = ( f (1) ) ∀x ∈ R
h →0 h →0 x
i.e.
lim f ( b + h ) = lim ( f ( b ) + f ( h ) ) = f ( b ) + 0 = f ( b )
h →0 h →0 f ( x ) = a x , ∀x ∈ R .
Hence f ( x ) is continuous at x = b . But b being 51. If f is a non-zero function (nothing is known about its
continuity) and satisfies the functional equation
arbitrary, therefore, f ( x ) is continuous everywhere.
f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) .f ( y ) for all real x and y then
Hence as stated above f ( x ) = xf (1) .
f ( x ) = ( f (1) ) holds only for rational values of x.
x
49. If f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) holds for all real x and y and
f is differentiable at some x = a then f ( x ) is 52. If f is a non-zero function and satisfies the functional

differentiable everywhere. Hence f is continuous equation f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) .f ( y ) for all real x and y and

everywhere. Hence f ( x ) = xf (1) ∀ x ∈ R . f ( x ) is continuous at some x = a then f ( x ) is

continuous everywhere. Hence f ( x ) = ( f (1) ) ∀x ∈ R

Proof: x
Let f ( x ) is differentiable at x = a . Let us verify
i.e. f ( x ) = a x , ∀x ∈ R .
differentiability of f ( x ) at x.
NOTE: The function f ( x ) = 0 ∀ x ∈ R is called zero
f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
∴ f / ( x ) = lim
∆x →0 ∆x function. If f ( x ) is “not zero function” then f ( x ) is
called non-zero function. Hence, if f ( x ) is non-zero

C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
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function then it may be zero for some x but not for ⇒ f ( x + a ) = 0 ∀ x∈R
all x∈R.
⇒ f ( x ) = 0 ∀ x∈R
Proof:
But we are given that f is non-zero function. Hence
f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) .f ( y ) & f is non-zero
f ( a ) ≠ 0 . But a is arbitrarily taken. Hence f ( x ) ≠ 0 for
⇒ f (x) ≠ 0∀ x ∈ R .
all x∈R.
This follows from following discussion: Let f ( x ) is differentiable at x = a . Hence
Let f ( a ) = 0 then
f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
f ( x + a ) = f ( x ) .f ( a ) f / ( x ) = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
⇒ f ( x + a ) = f ( x ) .( 0 ) f ( x ) .f ( ∆x ) − f ( x )
= lim
⇒ f ( x + a ) = 0 ∀ x∈R ∆x →0 ∆x

⇒ f ( x ) = 0 ∀ x∈R  f ( ∆x ) − 1 
= lim f ( x )  
∆x →0  ∆x 
But we are given that f is non-zero function. Hence
f ( a ) ≠ 0 . But a is arbitrarily taken. Hence f ( x ) ≠ 0 for f ( x )  f ( a ) .f ( ∆x ) − f ( a ) 
= lim . ,
all x∈R. ∆x →0 f ( a )  ∆x 
Let f ( x ) is continuous at x = a . Hence (∵ f ( a ) ≠ 0 )
lim f ( a − h ) = f ( a ) = lim f ( a + h ) = a fixed and finite f ( x )  f ( a + ∆x ) − f ( a ) 
h →0 h →0 = lim . 
∆x →0 f ( a )  ∆x 
quantity
⇒ lim f ( a ) .f ( −h ) = f ( a ) = lim f ( a ) .f ( h ) f (x) /
= .f ( a )
h →0 h →0 f (a )
⇒ lim f ( −h ) = 1 = lim f ( h ) , (∵f ( a ) ≠ 0 ) Hence f ( x ) is differentiable everywhere if it is
h →0 h →0
Let us verify continuity of f ( x ) at x = b : differentiable at x = a . Hence f ( x ) is continuous

lim f ( b − h ) = lim f ( b ) .f ( − h ) = f ( b ) × 1 = f ( b ) everywhere and therefore f ( x ) = ( f (1) ) ∀ x ∈ R .

x
h →0 h →0
lim f ( b + h ) = lim f ( b ) .f ( h ) = f ( b ) ×1 = f ( b ) We can also prove f ( x ) = ( f (1) ) as follows:
x
h →0 h →0
Hence f ( x ) is continuous at x = b . But b is arbitrary. df ( x ) f ( x ) .f / ( a ) dy  f / (a ) 
= ⇒ = yk ,  where = k
Hence f ( x ) is continuous everywhere. dx f (a ) dx  f (a ) 
 
53. If f is a non-zero function and satisfies the functional dy
⇒ ∫ y = ∫ k dx ⇒ ln y = k x + c
equation f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) .f ( y ) for all x, y∈R and
f (x) f (x)
x=a
( )
is differentiable at then is k x +c kx x
⇒ y =e = ec .e = ec . e k
differentiable everywhere. Hence f ( x ) is continuous
x
⇒ f ( x ) = ba , where ec = b & ek = a
everywhere and therefore f ( x ) = ( f (1) ) ∀x ∈ R .
x
x
Proof: ⇒ f (x) = ± ba
f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) .f ( y ) & f is non-zero 
 f ( 0 + 0 ) = f ( 0 ) .f ( 0 ) ⇒ f ( 0 ) − f ( 0 ) = 0
2
⇒ f (x) ≠ 0∀ x ∈ R . 
This follows from following discussion: 
Let f ( a ) = 0 then
⇒ ( f ( 0 ) ) ( f ( 0 ) − 1) = 0 ⇒ f ( 0 ) = 1, (∵ f ( 0 ) ≠ 0 ) 

f ( x + a ) = f ( x ) .f ( a ) 0
∴ f (0) = ± b a ⇒ 1= ±b
⇒ f ( x + a ) = f ( x ) .( 0 )

C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
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x  h
∴ f (x) = a
x 1
= a ± x = a x or   = f ( b ) + lim f 1 − 
a h →0  b
= f (b) + 0 = f ( b)
⇒ f ( x ) = ( A)
x
  h 
lim f ( b + h ) = lim f  b 1 +  
⇒ f (1) = ( A ) = A
1
h →0 h →0   b 

∴ f ( x ) = ( f (1) )
x 
∀x ∈R .  h 
= lim  f ( b ) + f 1 +  
h →0   b 
54. If f is a non-constant continuous function and satisfies
 h
the functional equation f ( xy ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) for all = f ( b ) + lim f 1 + 
h →0  b
x∈ R + & y ∈ R + then f ( x ) = log a x , where a > 0 = f (b) + 0 = f ( b)
and a ≠ 1 . Hence f ( x ) is continuous at x = b . But b is arbitrarily
55. If f is a non-constant function (nothing is known about
taken. Hence f ( x ) is continuous for all x∈ R + . Hence
its continuity) and satisfies the functional equation
f ( x ) = log a x , where a > 0 and a ≠ 1 .
f ( xy ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) for all x∈ R + and y∈ R + then
57. If f is a non-constant function and satisfies the
f ( x ) = log a x , where a > 0 and a ≠ 1 , holds only for
rational values of x. functional equation f ( xy ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) for all x∈ R +
56. If f is a non-constant function and satisfies the and y∈ R + and f ( x ) is differentiable at some x = a ,
functional equation f ( xy ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) for all x∈ R +
(a > 0) then f ( x ) is differentiable for all x∈ R + .
and y ∈ R + and f ( x ) is continuous at some x = a ,
Hence f ( x ) is continuous for all x ∈ R + and therefore
( a > 0 ) then f ( x ) is continuous for all x∈ R + . Hence f ( x ) = log a x where a > 0 and a ≠ 1 .
f ( x ) = log a x , where a > 0 and a ≠ 1 .
Proof:
Proof:
f ( ax + ∆x ) − f ( x )
Let f ( x ) is continuous at x = a ( a > 0 ) . Hence f / ( x ) = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
lim f ( a − h ) = f ( a ) = lim f ( a + h )
h →0 h →0
  h    h    ∆x  
⇒ lim f  a 1 −   = f ( a ) = lim f  a  1 +   f  x 1 +  − f (x)
  x  
h →0   a  h →0   a  = lim
∆ x →0 ∆x
  h 
⇒ lim  f ( a ) + f  1 −   = f ( a )  ∆x 
h →0   a  f ( x ) + f 1 +  − f (x)
= lim  x 
  h  ∆x
= lim  f ( a ) + f 1 +   ∆x →0
h →0   a 
 ∆x 
f 1 + 
 h  h
= lim 
⇒ lim f 1 −  = 0 = lim f  1 +  x 
→0 
a
→0 
h h a ∆x → 0 ∆x
a a
 ∆x 
⇒ lim f (1 − δ ) = 0 = lim f (1 + δ ) f ( a ) + f 1 +  − f (a )
δ→0 δ→0 = lim  x 
∆x → 0 ∆x
Let us verify continuity at x = b , ( b > 0 ) :
  ∆x  
f  a 1 +  − f (a )
  h 
lim f ( b − h ) = lim f  b 1 −    x  
h →0 h →0   b  = lim 
∆x → 0 ∆x
  h 
= lim  f ( b ) + f 1 −  
h →0   b 

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 a∆ x  dx
f a +  − f (a ) ⇒ ∫ d f (x ) = k∫ ⇒ f ( x ) = k ln x + ln c
= lim  x  x
 a∆x  a∆x x ∴ f (1) = k log 1 + ln c ⇒ 0 = ln c
 → 0 . e
 x  x a
∴ f ( x ) = k log x
f / ( a ) af / ( a )
e
= = = log x , (∵x > 0 )
x
a
x
(e1/ k )
Hence if f ( x ) is differentiable at x = a then f ( x ) is = log x ,
a ( where e1/ k = a )
differentiable for all x∈ R + .
Also e1/ k = a > 0 and ≠ 1 .
We can also prove f ( x ) = log x as follows:
a
[NOTE: k = af / ( a ) ≠ 0 . This is because, if af / ( a ) = 0 then
⇒ f ( xy ) = f ( x ) .f ( y )
f / ( x ) = 0 ⇒ f ( x ) = constant, which is a contradiction.
⇒ f (1× 1) = f (1) + f (1) ⇒ f (1) = 0

af / ( a ) df ( x ) k
f / (x) = ⇒ = , where k = af / ( a )
x dx x
***

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EXERCISE
ONLY ONE OPTION IS CORRECT: (a) e (b) 1
1. The value of f ( 0) so that the function (c) 2 (d) none of these
8. Let f ( x ) = 5 , if x is rational
2 − ( 256 − 7x )
1/ 8
f (x) = ( x ≠ 0) is continuous
= x2 +1 , if x is irrational
( 5x + 32 )1/ 5 − 2
then
everywhere, is given by
(a) −1 (b) 1 (a) f ( x ) is defined for all x and discontinuous
(c) 26 (d) none of these everywhere
2. In order that the function f ( x ) = ( x + 1)
cot x
is (b) f ( x ) is continuous at exactly two points

continuous at x = 0 , f ( 0 ) must be defined as: (c) f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 2

(a) f ( 0 ) = 1 (b) f ( 0 ) = e (d) f ( x ) is continuous at x = 2

(c) f ( 0 ) =
1
(d) none of these 9. Let f ( x ) = x 2 − x + 1 , if x is rational
e
= kx , if x is irrational
 πx 
3. The points of discontinuity of f ( x ) = tan   other For a given value of k if f ( x ) is continuous exactly at
 x +1
one point then
than x = −1 are:
(a) k = −1 or 3 (b) k = −3 or 1
2m + 1
(a) x = (c) k = 0 (d) k = 1 or 5
1 − 2m
2m − 1
(b) x = , m is any integer
2m + 1 10. Let f ( x ) = x 2 − x + 1 , if x is rational
(c) x = 0 = kx , ( k < 0 ) , if x is irrational
(d) x = π
1 If f ( x ) is continuous only at one point then the point of
 sin x  x −α
4. The value of f ( α ) so that f ( x ) =   , where continuity is
 sin α  (a) x = −1 (b) x = 0
α ≠ mπ, ( m ∈ I ) , is continuous is (c) x = −3 (d) x = 1

(a) e tan α (b) e cot α  

2 sin 2 x + 3sin x + 4 , x ≠ π
(c) cot α (d) e sin α 11. Let f ( x ) = tan 2 x 
 
− sin 2 x + 6sin x + 2 
2
5. The value of f ( 0) , so that the function 
π
1+ x − 3 1+ x =a ,x =
f (x) = is continuous at x = 0 , is equal 2
x π
to The value of a for which f(x) is continuous at x = is
2
(a) 1/6 (b) 1/4
1
(c) 2 (d) 1/3 (a) 0 (b)
12
6. The value of f ( 0) , so that the function, (c) 1 (d) 24
a 2 − ax + x 2 − a 2 + ax + x 2 2
f (x) = becomes 12. The set of points where the function f ( x ) = 1 − e − x
a+x − a−x
is differentiable is
continuous for all x∈ ( −a, a ) , is given by ( a > 0 ) (a) ( −∞, ∞ ) (b) ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )
(a) a a (b) a (c) ( −1, ∞ ) (d) none of these
(c) − a (d) −a a
2 13. The set of points of differentiability of the function
7. The function f(x) = ( sin 2x )tan 2x is not defined at  x +1 −1
 for x ≠ 0
x= π / 4. The value of f ( π / 4 ) so that f is continuous at f (x) =  x is
x = π / 4 is  0 for x = 0


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(a) R (b) ( 0, ∞ ) (d) none of these

 xe
x
(c) ( −∞, 0 ) (d) R − {0} 18. Let f ( x ) = 
, x<0
. Then
sin x3 log (1 + x ) , x ≥ 0
14. Let f ( x ) = , x > 0 and
x3 (a) f ( x ) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
  2  (b) f ( x ) is both continuous and differentiable at x = 0
g ( x ) = lim  f  x + ℓn  − f ( x )  log 2, x > 0 then
z →2   z  2 (c) f ( x ) has x = 0 as a critical point
z
(d) none of these
1
∫ g ( x ) dx is x2
0 19. Let f(x) = , 0 ≤ x <1
2
(a) (sin3 1 −1) (
(b) cos3 1 − 1 ) = 2x 2 − 3x +
3
2
, 1≤ x ≤ 2

(c) ( ln 2 ) ( cos3 1 − 1) (
(d) ( ln 2 ) sin3 1 − 1 ) then

1 (a) f , f / , f // are all continuous on [ 0, 2]

e− x (b) f , f / , f // are all continuous on ( 0, 2 )
15. Let f(x) = ( x − e )( 2 ) ( )
− 2
,x ≠e
=0 ,x=e (c) f & f / are both continuous on [ 0, 2] but f // is
then discontinuous at x = 1 in [ 0, 2] .
(a) f ( x ) is not differentiable to left of e but
differentiable to right of e.
(d) f is continuous on [ 0, 2] but f / & f // are both
(b) f ( x ) is neither differentiable to right nor to left at discontinuous at x = 1 in [ 0, 2] .
x =e.
(c) f ( x ) is not differentiable to right of e but
cos πx − x 2n sin ( x − 1)
differentiable to left of e. 20. Let f ( x ) = lim then
(d) f ( x ) is differentiable to both right and left of e but n →∞ 1 + x 2n +1 − x 2n
cos πx
not differentiable at e. (a) for x > 1, f ( x ) =
 1 ( x − 1)
16. Let f ( x ) = − − x 1 + x sin  , x < 0
 x sin ( x − 1)
, x=0 (b) for 0 < x < 1, f ( x ) =
=0 ( x − 1)
 1
= x 1 + x sin  , x > 0 then (c) f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = 1
 x
(d) f ( x ) is continuous at x = 1
(a) f ( x ) is differentiable every where
(b) f ( x ) is neither differentiable to left of zero nor
  1   −1  
differentiable to right of zero.   x   x  
e −e
(c) f ( x ) is differentiable to left of zero but not 21. Let f(x) = x 2  for x ≠ 0
  1   −1  
differentiable to right of zero.   x   x  
e +e 
(d) f ( x ) is differentiable to right of zero but not
= 0, for x = 0
differentiable to left of zero.
then
 x2
 , 0 ≤ x <1 (a) f ( x ) is continuous everywhere except at x = 0 .

17. If f ( x ) =  2 , then (b) f ( x ) is continuous to right zero but discontinuous
2x 2 − 3x + 3 , 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
 to left of zero.
2
(c) f ( x ) is continuous to left of zero but discontinuous
(a) f , f / and f // are continuous in [0, 2
to right of zero.
(b) f and f / are continuous in [ 0, 2] whereas f // is (d) f ( x ) is continuous everywhere.
continuous in [ 0,1) ∪ (1, 2]

(c) f , f / and f // are continuous in [ 0,1) ∪ (1, 2]

C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
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  x   1 1 
22. If f(x) = sin  sin    and − + 
  2   |x −3| x −3 
27. Let f(x) = ( x − 3) ( 3) , if x ≠ 3
  1 
g(x) = lim f  x +  − f ( x )  y then = 0 , if x = 3
y →∞   y  then
π (a) f ( x ) is differentiable to both right and left of 3 but
(a) g ( x ) is discontinuous at x = ( 2n + 1) , n ∈I
2 not differentiable at 3.
(b) g ( x ) is discontinuous at x = nπ , n ∈I (b) f ( x ) is neither differentiable to right nor to left at
(c) g ( x ) is discontinuous at x = 0 x = 3.
(c) f ( x ) is not differentiable to right of 3 but
(d) g ( x ) is continuous everywhere
differentiable to left of 3.
23. Let
(d) f ( x ) is not differentiable to left of 3 but
 ab
 cos x differentiable to right of 3.
(1 + cos x ) , nπ < x < ( 2n + 1) π / 2

 28. Let f ( x ) = −1 , −2 ≤ x ≤ 0 .
f ( x ) = ea e b , x = ( 2n + 1) π / 2
 cot 2x = x −1 , 0<x≤2
 π
e cot 8x , ( 2n + 1) < x < ( n + 1) π and g ( x ) = f ( x ) + f ( x ) . Then
 2
 (a) g ( x ) is neither continuous nor differentiable at
If f(x) is continuous at x = ( 2n + 1) π / 2 then
x = 0 and 1.
(a) a = 2 , b = −2
(b) a =2, b = 2
(b) g ( x ) is continuous in [ −2, 2] , but not
(c) a =4, b = 4 differentiable only at x = 0 in [ −2, 2] .
(d) none of these
a
(c) g ( x ) is continuous in [ −2, 2] , but not
|sin x| −π differentiable at x = 0 and 1 in [ −2, 2] .
24. Let f(x) = (1+ | sin x |) , <x<0
6 (d) none of these
=b , x=0
 x
 tan 2x   ,x ≠ 0
  π 29. If f ( x ) =  tan −1 x then f ( x ) is
= e tan 3x  , 0<x<  1
6  ,x = 0
If f(x) is continuous at x = 0 then (a) continuous at x = 0
2
(a) a = , b = e 2 / 3
3
(b) a = , b = e3/ 2 (b) discontinuous at x = 0
3 2 (c) differentiable at x = 0
1 1 2 (d) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(c) a = , b = e 2 / 3 (d) a = , b =
3 2 3    1 1 
 x exp  −  +   ,x ≠ 0
25. If f ( x ) = a | sin x | + be |x|
+ c|x|3
and if f ( x ) is 30. Let f ( x ) =    x x  

differentiable at x = 0 then all possible values of a, b, c 0 ,x = 0
are given by:
Then
(a) b = 0, c = 0, a is any real number
(a) f ( x ) is discontinuous only at x = 0
(b) a = 0, b = 0, c is any real number
(c) c = 0, a = 0, b is any real number (b) f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = {0,1}
(d) none of these. (c) f ( x ) is continuous everywhere but not
x differentiable at x = 0 .
26. The set of all points where the function f ( x ) =
1+ | x | (d) f ( x ) is continuous and differentiable for all x∈R.
is differentiable are given by
31. Let f ( x ) = x + sin x , x ∈ ( −π / 2, π / 2 ) . Then, f is
(a) ( −∞, ∞ ) (b) ( 0, ∞ )
(a) everywhere continuous except at x = 0
(c) ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ ) (d) none of these (b) continuous and differentiable everywhere
(c) nowhere differentiable
(d) differentiable everywhere except at x = 0

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 −1 : x < −1
 x + 2 , −1 < x < 3
32. f ( x ) = − x : − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 is continuous:

 1 : x >1 38. If f (x) =  5 , x=3 , then at x = 3,

8 − x , x>3
(a) at x = 1 but not at x = −1 
(b) at x = −1 but not at x = 1 f / (x) =
(c) at both x = 1 and x = −1
(d) at none of x = 1 and −1 (a) 1 (b) –1
(c) 0 (d) does not exist
2− x+4
33. If f ( x ) = , x ≠ 0 is continuous function at 1 , x<0
sin ( 2x ) 
39. If f ( x ) =  π then derivative of f ( x )
x = 0 , then f ( 0 ) = 1 + sin x , 0 ≤ x < 2
1 1 1 1 at x = 0 .
(a) (b) − (c) (d) −
4 4 8 8 (a) is equal to 1 (b) is equal to 0
(c) is equal to –1 (d) does not exist
x 3 + x 2 − 16x + 20
34. The function f ( x ) = is not defined x−4
x−2 40. If f ( x ) = , then f / ( 0 ) =
2 x
for x = 2 . In order to make f ( x ) continuous at x = 2 ,
(a) 0 (b) 1
f ( 2 ) should be defined as: (c) 2 (d) none of these
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
 sin x 2
35. The function f ( x ) defined by  , x≠0
41. The function f defined by f ( x ) =  x

log
f ( x ) =  ( 4x −3) (
x 2 − 2x + 5 ) ,
3
4
< x <1 & x >1 
 0 , x=0
 4 (a) continuous and derivable at x = 0
, x =1
(b) neither continuous nor derivable at x = 0
(a) is continuous at x = 1 (c) continuous but not derivable at x = 0
(b) is discontinuous at x = 1 since f 1+ does not ( ) (d) none of these
x2 x2 x2
exist though f 1 ( ) exists
− 42. If f ( x ) = x2 + + + ... + + ...,
1 + x2
( ) ( )
2 n
1 + x2 1 + x2
(c) is discontinuous at x = 1 since f 1− does not ( ) then at x = 0 , f ( x )
exist though f 1 ( ) exists
+ (a)
(b)
has no limit
is discontinuous
(d) is discontinuous at x = 1 since neither f 1+ nor ( ) (c)
(d)
is continuous but not differentiable
is differentiable.

( )
f 1− exists. 43. The function
loge (1 + ax ) − log e (1 − bx ) 1 − 2x + 3x 2 − 4x 3 + ...to ∞ , x ≠ −1
36. The function f (x) = is f (x) =  is
x  1 , x = −1
undefined at x = 0 . The value which should be assigned (a) continuous and derivable at x = −1
to f at x = 0 so that it is continuous at x = 0 is: (b) neither continuous nor derivable at x = −1
a+b (c) continuous but not derivable at x = −1
(a) a − b (b) (d) none of these
2
(c) a + b (d) loge ( ab )
44. Let f ( x ) = x + a 2 sin x , 0 ≤ x < π/ 4

( )
3
 4x − 1 = 2x cot x + b , π/4 ≤ x ≤ π/2
 , if x ≠ 0 = a cos 2x − b sin x , π/2 < x ≤ π
  x2 
37. If f ( x ) =  If f ( x ) is continuous ∀ x ∈ [ 0, π] then
sin ( x / 4 ) log 1 + 
  3 
   π π π π
 (a) a = ,b = (b) a = ,b = −
k , if x = 0 3 12 6 12
is continuous at x = 0 , find k.

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π (a) 16 2 log 2 log 3 (b) 16 2 ln 6

(c) a = 0, b = − (d) none of these
4 (c) 16 2 ln 2 ln 3 (d) none of these

1 − sin x log sin x π 50. The function y = f ( x ) is defined as below:

45. If f ( x ) = × ,x ≠
( π − 2x ) 2
( 2
log 1 + π − 4πx + 4x 2
) 2
f ( x ) = ( sin x + cos x )
cos ecx
; −
π
<x<0
2
π
= k ,x = =a ; x=0
2
π e1/ x + e 2 / x + e3/ x
is continuous at x = , then = ; x>0
3/ x
2 ae2 / x + be
(a) k = −
1
(b) k = −
1 If f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0 then (a, b) is:
16 32
(a) (e, e) (b) (e, 1/e)
1 1 (c) (1/e, e) (d) None of these
(c) k = − (d) k = −
64 28
51. If f : R → R defined by:
46. The value of p for which the function a 2 cos 2 x + b2 sin 2 x, ( x ≤ 0 )

( 4 −1) f (x) = 
x 3

f (x) = , x≠0 eax + b , ( x > 0)

x  x 2  is a continuous function, then:
sin   log 1 + 
p  3  (a) b = 2 log a (b) 2b = log a

= 12 ( log 4 )
3
, x=0 (c) b = log 2a (d) b 2 = log a
may be continuous at x = 0 is:
(a) 1 (b) 2 52. Let f ( x ) = x 2 , x<1
(c) 3 (d) 4
= − x 2 + bx + c , x ≥ 1
47. The value of k for which the function If f ( x ) is differentiable for all x ∈ R then
( ex −1)
4
(a) b = 2, c = 0 (b) b = −2, c = 4
f (x) = , x ≠ 0 , f ( 0 ) = 8 may be (c) b = 4, c = −2 (d) b = 5, c = −3
 x2   x 2 
sin   log 1 + 
 k2  2  53. For what triplets of real numbers (a, b, c) with a ≠ 0 the
  
a continuous function at x = 0 is: function f ( x ) = x , for x ≤ 1
(a) ± 1 (b) ± 2
= ax 2 + bx + c , x > 1
(c) ± 3 (d) none of these is differentiable for all x ∈ R ?

1 − cos ( 4x )
(a) {( a,1 − 2a,a ) : a ∈R & a ≠ 0}
 , for x < 0
 x2 (b) {( a,1 − 2a,c ) : a, c∈R & a ≠ 0}
48. Let f ( x ) =  a , for x = 0 (c) {( a, b, c ) : a, b, c ∈ R & a + b + c = 1}

x


, for x > 0 (d) {( a,1 − 2a, 0 ) : a ∈R, a ≠ 0}
( )
1/ 2
 16 + x − 4
54. Let f(x) = kx for x ≤ 2
The value of a for which f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0
= 4x + 2 for x > 2
is: The value of k for which f(x) is differentiable at x = 2 is
(a) 5 (b) 8 (a) k = 4 (b) k = 5
(c) 4 (d) 3
9
 36x − 9x − 4x + 1 (c) k = (d) none of these
 ,x≠0 2
49. If f ( x ) =  2 − 1 + cos x is continuous at  π

k , x=0 sin 2x , 0 < x ≤ 6
 55. Let f ( x ) = 
x = 0 then k equals: ax + b , π < x < 1
 6

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If f ( x ) and f / ( x ) are continuous, then ( a 2n +1 ≠ 0 ) with real coefficients has at least one real
1 π 1 1 root.
(a) a = 1, b = + (b) a = ,b = (a) T T F (b) T F T
2 6 2 2 (c) T T T (d) F T T
3 π
(c) a = 1, b = − (d) none of these 59. Given below are graphs of y = f ( x ) and y = g ( x ) .The
2 6
correct options are :
(
 x e1/ x − e −1/ x

, x ≠ 0 is:
)
56. The function f ( x ) =  1/ x −1/ x
 e + e
 0 , x=0
(a) continuous everywhere but not differentiable at
x=0
(b) continuous and differentiable everywhere
(c) not continuous at x = 0
(d) none of these
(a) f ( g ( x ) ) is discontinuous at x = 1
57. Given below are three statements, which are either true
or false. If the statements are true, false, false (b) f ( g ( x ) ) is continuous to right of 1 but
respectively then the correct option is TFF etc. Read the
statements carefully and select the correct option. discontinuous to left of 1.
STATEMENT I: (c) g ( f ( x ) ) is continuous at x = 1
Let f ( x ) = a 2n x 2n + a 2n −1 x 2n −1 + ..... + a 3 x3 + a 2 x 2 (d) g ( f ( x ) ) is continuous to right of 1 but
+ a1x + a 0 , ( a 2n ≠ 0 ) with real coefficients. If discontinuous to left of 1.
a 2n × f ( α ) < 0 , where α is a real number, then the 60. Given the function f ( x ) =
1
. The number of
equation f ( x ) = 0 has at least two real roots. 1− x
points of discontinuities of the composite function
STATEMENT II:
y = f 3n ( x ) ,
If f ( a ) .f ( b ) > 0 and f is a continuous function in
[ a, b ] then f ( x ) = 0 has no roots in ( a, b ) . where f 2 (x) = fof ( x ) , f 3 ( x ) = fofof ( x ) ,
STATEMENT III: …, f n ( x ) = fofof.....f (x) are:
If f is continuous in [ a, b ] and x1 , x 2 ,..., x n are any n n times
arbitrary numbers in [ a, b ] then there always exists (a) 1 (b) 2
some α ∈ [ a, b ] such that (c) 0 (d) none of these

1  x + y  f ( x ) + f ( y)
f (α) = f ( x1 ) + f ( x 2 ) + ... + f ( x n )  . 61. If f  = for all real x and y,
n  2  2
(a) TTT (b) FFT
f / ( 0 ) = −1 , and f ( 0 ) = 1 then f ( 2 ) is equal to
(c) TFT (d) TTF
(a) −4 (b) −3
58. Given below are three statements, which are either true (c) −2 (d) −1
or false. If the statements are true, false, false
respectively then the correct option is TFF etc. Read the 62. If f ( xy ) = f ( x ) .f ( y ) for all real x & y and f (1) = 1
statements carefully and select the correct option.
and f / (1) = 2 then value of f / (10 ) is
x3
STATEMENT I: If f ( x ) = − sin πx + 3 , x ∈ [ −2, 2] (a) 2 (b) 0
4 (c) 10 (d) 20
then the equation f ( x ) = 7 / 3 has at least one root.
63. A polynomial function f ( x ) satisfies the condition
STATEMENT II: If f ( a ) .f ( b ) < 0 then the equation
1 1
f ( x ) = 0 has at least one root in ( a, b ) . f ( x ) f   = f ( x ) + f   for all x∈R, x ≠ 0 . If
x x
STATEMENT III: The polynomial equation f ( 3) = −26 , then f ( 4 ) is equal to
a 2n +1x 2n +1 + a 2n x 2n + ......... + a 2 x 2 + a1x + a 0 = 0, (a) −35 (b) −63
(c) 65 (d) –26

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64. Let f :R → R be a function given by 71. Let f : R → R is real valued function ∀ x and y in R
f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) f ( y ) for all x, y ∈ R . If f ( x ) ≠ 0 for such that f ( x ) − f ( y ) ≤| x − y |3 . If h ( x ) = ∫ f ( x )dx
all x ∈ R and f / ( 0 ) = ln 2 , then f ( x ) = then
(a) h ( x ) is a quadratic polynomial in x
(a) x 2 (b) 2 x
(b) h ( x ) is a linear function of x
(c) x ( log 2 ) (d) e2x
(c) f ( x ) is a linear function of x
65. Let f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) .f ( y ) for all real x and y ; suppose
(d) f ( x ) is a quadratic polynomial in x.
f ( 5) = e15
and f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 5 then  1
sin , x ≠ 0
(a) f ( x ) = e 3x
(b) f ( x ) = e 2x +5 72. The value of k which makes f ( x ) =  x
 k , x = 0
(c) f ( x ) = e5x −10 (d) f ( x ) = e 4x −5 continuous at x = 0 is
66. If f ( x ) satisfies the conditions f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) .f ( y ) (a) 8 (b) 1
(c) −1 (d) none of these
for all x, y ∈ R and f ( x ) = 1 + xg ( x ) & lim g ( x ) = 1
x →0 x3 cos x + x 2 sin x
73. If f ( x ) = then all the points of
then f / ( x ) is equal to  1 
cos  
 sin x 
(a) 1/ f ( x ) (b) f ( x )
discontinuity of f ( x ) are given by (n, k, m are all
(c) e ( )
f x
(d) e x + 2 integers)
67. Let f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) f ( y ) and f ( x ) = 1 + xg ( x ) G ( x )  2 
(a) x = nπ, kπ + ( −1) sin −1
k

where lim g ( x ) = a and lim G ( x ) = b then f / ( x ) is  ( 2m + 1) π 
x →0 x →0
  2  
equal to (b) x = nπ, 2kπ ± cos −1   
f (x)   ( 2m + 1) π  
(a) (1 + ab ) f ( x ) (b) ab    
( x + 1) (c) x = nπ, 2kπ + sin −1 
4
 
(c) a/b (d) abf ( x )   ( 2m + 1) π  
(d) none of these
68. If f ( x ) is twice differentiable function such that 1
74. Let f ( x ) = x 2 sin , x ≠ 0
f // ( x ) = −f ( x ) & f / (x) = g(x) & x
=0 ,x=0
h ( x ) = f 2 ( x ) + g 2 ( x ) and h ( 5) = 11 then then incorrect statement is
(a) h ( x ) = 11x + 5 , x∈R (a) f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0
(b) h ( x ) = 11 , x∈R (b) f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 0
(c) h ( x ) = 5x + 11 , x∈R (c) f / ( x ) has irremovable discontinuity at x = 0
1
(d) h ( x ) = (11 + 5 ) = 8 , x∈R (d) f / ( x ) is continuous at x = 0
[
2
69. If a function f ( x ) is defined for all x > 0 and satisfies ONE OR MORE OPTIONS MAY BE CORRECT:

( )
f x 2 = x3 for all x > 0 , then f / ( 4 ) = 75. Let f ( x ) = x 2 − x + 1 , if x is rational
= 2x , if x is irrational
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) none of these then
(a) f ( x ) is defined for all x
70. If for a continuous function f, f ( 0 ) = f (1) = 0 ,
(b) f ( x ) is discontinuous everywhere
( )
f / (1) = 2 and y ( x ) = f e x e ( ) , then y / ( 0 ) is equal
f x
 3 − 5 3 + 5 
to (c) f ( x ) is continuous only at x =  , 
(a) 1 (b) 2  2 2 
(c) 0 (d) none of these

C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
 [93]

 3 − 7 3 + 7  81. Let f ( x ) = sin x and g ( x ) = x

(d) f ( x ) is continuous only at x =  , 
 2 2  (a) both f and g are not differentiable at x = 0
1 (b) f ( x ) + g ( x ) is differentiable at x = 0
76. Let f ( x ) = 1 − x 2 , −1 ≤ x ≤
2 (c) f ( x ) − g ( x ) is differentiable at x = 0
=−
1
x+
2 1
, < x ≤1 (d) f ( x ) .g ( x ) is differentiable at x = 0
3 3 2
then 82. Let f ( x ) = sin x , x≠0
(a) f ( x ) is continuous in [ −1,1] =2 , x=0
g(x) = x , x≠0
(b) f ( x ) is differentiable in [ −1,1]
=2 , x=0
1
(c) f ( x ) is not differentiable at x = (a) both f ( x ) & g ( x ) are not differentiable at x = 0
2
(d) f ( x ) is not differentiable at x = −1 . (b) f ( x ) .g ( x ) is differentiable at x = 0

77. Let f ( x ) = 5x − 8 , if x is rational f (x)

(c) is differentiable at x = 0
g (x)
= x 2 − x + 1 , if x is irrational
then f (x)
(d) is not differentiable at x = 0
(a) f ( x ) is defined for all x and discontinuous g (x)
everywhere 83. The function y = f ( x ) , x ∈ [ −1,1] is given
(b) f ( x ) is continuous at exactly one point
parametrically as x = 2t − t , y = t 2 + t t , then
(c) f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 3
(a) f ( x ) = 0 , ∀x ∈ [ −1,0 )
(d) f ( x ) is not differentiable everywhere
(b) f ( x ) = 2x 2 , ∀x ∈ [ 0,1]
2x − 1
78. If f ( x ) = , x<0 (c) f ( x ) = 2x 2 , ∀x ∈ [ −1,1]
sin x
=a , x=0 (d) f ( x ) is continuous and differentiable in [ −1,1]
= ln 2 , x > 0
84. If f ( x ) = −1 , −2 ≤ x ≤ 0 .
and f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0 then
= x −1 , 0<x≤2
(a) f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 0
and g ( x ) = f ( x ) + f ( x ) , then
(b) f ( x ) is not differentiable at x = 0
(a) g ( x ) is continuous in [ −2, 2]
(c) f ( x ) can not be continuous at x = 0 for any
(b) g ( x ) is not differentiable at x = 0 , 1 in [ −2, 2]
value of a
(d) f ( x ) is discontinuous at infinite number of points (c) g ( x ) = 0 ∀x ∈ [ 0,1]
(d) none of these
 (1 + sin πx ) t − 1 
  x − 1 , 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
79. Let f ( x ) = lim   then 85. If f ( x ) =  , then:
t →∞  (1 + sin πx ) + 1 
t
  2x − 3 , 2 ≤ x ≤ 3
(a) f ( I ) = 0 , where I is any integer (a) f is continuous at x = 2
(b) f is continuous at x = 0
(b) f ( I + ) = 1 , where I is any even integer (c) f is continuous at x = 1
(c) f ( I + ) = −1 , where I is any odd integer (d) none of these
(d) f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = I , where I is any   
9 − x2  
86. If f ( x ) = sin  ln  , then
integer.   2 − x 
  
80. Let f ( x ) = x and g ( x ) = − x . Then
(a) domain of f ( x ) is x ∈ ( −3, 2 )
(a) both f and g are not differentiable at origin.
(b) f ( x ) + g ( x ) is differentiable ∀ x∈R (b) range of f ( x ) is y ∈ ( −1,1)
(c) f ( x ) .g ( x ) is differentiable ∀ x∈R. (c) f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0
f (x) (d) the right hand limit of y = ( x − 3) f ( x ) at x = −3 is
(d) is differentiable for ∀ x∈R
g (x) zero.

C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
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87. Let f ( x ) = x + 1 , x <1 sin x

91. If f ( x ) = for x∈R and g ( x ) = x for x∈R then
= x−2 , x ≥1 x
g ( x ) = 3 − 2x , x <1 the correct statements are
(a) f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = 0
= 3+ x , x ≥1
(a) f ( x ) and g ( x ) are both discontinuous at x = 1 (b) g ( x ) is continuous at x = 0
(b) f ( x ) and g ( x ) are both continuous at x = 1 (c) f ( x ) .g ( x ) is continuous at x = 0
(c) f ( x ) + g ( x ) is a continuous function ∀ x∈R (d) f ( x ) + g ( x ) is discontinuous at x = 0
(d) f ( x ) / g ( x ) is discontinuous only at x = 1 92. Let f ( x ) = 2 , x ≤ 3
88. Let f ( x ) = x + 1 , x <1 =4 , x>3
= x−2 , x ≥1 g(x) = 0 , x∈R
g ( x ) = ( 2x + 1) , x <1 The correct statements are
(a) f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = 3
= ( x − 7) , x ≥1
Then (b) g ( x ) is continuous everywhere
(a) f ( x ) and g ( x ) are both discontinuous at x = 1 (c) f ( x ) .g ( x ) is continuous everywhere
(b) f ( x ) + g ( x ) is discontinuous at x = 1 (d) f ( x ) .g ( x ) is continuous everywhere except
(c) f ( x ) .g ( x ) is continuous at x = 1 at x = 0 .
f (x) 1 93. Let f be a continuous function on [1, 3]. If f takes
(d) is discontinuous at x = − ,1, 7
g (x) 2 irrational values for all x and f ( 2 ) = 3 then f (1.5 ) is
π
89. f ( x ) = sin x , x≤ equal to
2 f (1) + f ( 3)
π (a) 8 (b)
= 2 + cos x , x> 2
2 (c) 20 (d) 3
 π  π
g (x) = 8 + − x  , x≤
 2  2 94. Which of the following statements are correct
 π  π (a) If f ( x ) is continuous at x = a and g ( x ) is
= 4− + x , x>
 2  2 discontinuous at x = a then f ( x ) + g ( x ) may be
Then
continuous at x = a .
π
(a) f ( x ) and g ( x ) are both continuous at x = (b) If f ( x ) is continuous at x = a and g ( x ) is
2
π discontinuous at x = a then f ( x ) − g ( x ) and may
(b) f ( x ) + g ( x ) is discontinuous at x =
2 be continuous at x = a .
π (c) If f ( x ) .g ( x ) is a continuous function at x = a
(c) f ( x ) .g ( x ) is continuous at x =
2 where f ( x ) is continuous at x = a and g ( x ) is
f (x)
(d) is discontinuous for exactly three values of x discontinuous at x = a then there exist some h > 0
g (x) such that f ( x ) = 0 ∀ x∈ ( a − h, a + h ) .
90. Let f ( x ) = x 2 + 1 , x <1 (d) If f ( x ) is continuous in [1, 10] and f (1) = 2 ,
= 4−x , x ≥1 f (10 ) = 5 then the equation f ( x ) = 4.5 has at least
g ( x ) = 5 − 2x , x <1 one solution in [1, 10].
= 1+ x , x ≥1
Then 95. Which of the following statements are correct:
(a) both f ( x ) and g ( x ) are discontinuous at x = 1 (a) If f is a continuous function for all x∈R and
(b) f ( x ) + g ( x ) is continuous at x = 1 lim ( f ( x ) − x ) = ∞, lim ( f ( x ) − x ) = −∞ then
x →−∞ x →∞
(c) f ( x ) .g ( x ) is continuous at x = 1 the equation f ( x ) = x has at least one real solution.
(d) f ( x ) .g ( x ) is discontinuous at x = 1

C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
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(b) If f is continuous in [1, 10] and f ( 2 ) = 5 , f ( 7 ) = 20 (d) If g ( x ) is an one-one function then gof ( x ) is
then there exist at least one x∈[1, 10] for which discontinuous at x = 2
f ( x ) = 14 . 99. Let g ( x ) = x 2 , x∈R
(c) If f is continuous in [1, 10] and f (1) = 5 , f (x) = 2 − x , x < 0
f (10 ) = 100 then infimum and supremum of f in =3+ x , x ≥ 0
[1, 10] are respectively 5 and 100 . Then
(d) If f is continuous in [a, b] & (a) f ( g ( x ) ) is continuous at x = 0
f ( a ) + 2a − 5a + 1 = 2 ,
2
f ( b ) + 2b − 5b + 1 = 5
2
(b) f ( g ( x ) ) is defined for all x∈R and continuous for
then the equation f ( x ) = 2 + 5x − 2x 2
has at least all x∈R
one solution in ( a, b ) . (c) g ( f ( x ) ) is defined for x∈R but discontinuous at

96. If f ( x ) is defined on [ 0,1] by the rule x=0

(d) g ( f ( x ) ) has irremovable discontinuity at x = 0
x , if x ∈ Q
f (x) =  , where Q denotes set of
1 − x , if x ∉ Q 100. Let g ( x ) = x 2 − 4x + 5 , x∈R
rationals. Then for all x∈[0, 1] f ( x ) = 1− x , x < 1
(A) f ( x ) is discontinuous everywhere = 1+ x , x ≥ 1
1 Then
(B) f ( x ) is continuous only at x =
2 (a) f ( g ( x ) ) is continuous at x = 2
(C) f ( f ( x ) ) = x for all x ∈ [ 0,1] (b) f ( g ( x ) ) is discontinuous at x = 2
(D) f ( f ( x ) ) is continuous on [ 0,1] (c) f ( g ( x ) ) is continuous for all x∈R
97. Given below are graphs of y = f ( x ) and y = g ( x ) .The (d) g ( f ( x ) ) is discontinuous only at x = 1
correct options are :
101. Let g ( x ) = x 2 − 6x + 11 , x∈R
f (x) = 2 − x , x<2
= 2+x , 2≤x≤6
= 2−x , x>6
Then
(a) f ( g ( x ) ) is discontinuous at x = 1, 3, 5
(a) f ( g ( x ) ) is continuous at x = ℓ (b) f ( g ( x ) ) is discontinuous at x = 1, 3
(b) g ( f ( x ) ) is continuous at x = a (c) f ( g ( x ) ) is discontinuous at x = 1, 5
(c) f ( g ( x ) ) is continuous at x = a (d) f ( g ( x ) ) is continuous to right of 1 and continuous
(d) g ( f ( x ) ) is continuous at x = ℓ to left of 5.
102. Let f ( x ) = x − 2 − 1 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 4
98. Given below are graphs of y = f ( x ) and y = g ( x ) .The
g(x) = x , −1 ≤ x ≤ 3
correct options are :
then
(a) f ( g ( x ) ) is defined for [ −1,3]
(b) f ( g ( x ) ) is discontinuous at x = {0, 2}
(c) f ( g ( x ) ) is continuous in [ −1,3]
(d) f ( g ( x ) ) is discontinuous at x = 2

(a) f ( g ( x ) ) is continuous at x = 1  π 
103. Let f ( x ) =  x sin  [ x ]   , −1 ≤ x ≤ 2.5
  2 
(b) f ( g ( x ) ) is continuous to right of 1
π 
(c) f ( g ( x ) ) is continuous to left of 1 = [ x + 1] + [ 2 − x ] + sin  [ x ]  , 2.5 < x ≤ 3 .
3 

C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
 [96]

All the [.] denote greatest integer function. Then

(b) f ( e ) = f / (1)
(a) f ( f ( x ) ) = f ( x )
f (1 + x )
 1  (c) lim = f (e)
( )
(b) f f ( f ( x ) ) is discontinuous at x = −1,1, , 2 
 2 
x →0 x
(d) f ( x ) = f / (1) ln x
 1 5
( )
(c) f f ( f ( x ) ) is discontinuous at x = −1, ,  1
 2 2 109. Let f ( x ) = x sin , x≠0
x
 5 
( )
(d) f f ( f ( x ) ) is discontinuous at x = −1,1, 2, ,3
 2 
=0 , x=0
g(x) = x , x∈R, then
 x + y  2 + f ( x ) + f ( y)
104. If f = ∀x, y ∈ R & f / ( 2 ) = 2 (a) f ( x ) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
 3  3
then (b) f ( x ) is neither continuous not differentiable at
(a) f / ( x ) = 2 ∀ x ∈ R x=0
(c) g ( x ) is differentiable everywhere
(b) y = f ( x ) is a straight line passing through origin
1
(c) f ( x ) = 2x + 1, ∀ x ∈ R 110. If f ( x ) = x P cos , x≠0
x
(d) f ( x ) is differentiable ∀ x ∈ R =0 , x = 0 then
 x + 2y  f ( x ) + 2f ( y ) (a) If f is continuous at x = 0 then p must be greater
105. Let f  = ∀x, y ∈ R & f / ( 2 ) = 1 than 1.
 3  3
(b) If f is differentiable at x = 0 then p must be greater
then than 1.
(a) f / ( x ) = f / ( 2 ) = 1 (c) If f is differentiable at x = 0 then f / ( 0 ) may be
(b) y = f ( x ) is continuous ∀ x ∈ R equal to 1 for some suitable selection of p.
(c) y = f ( x ) represents a straight line having slope 1 (d) If f is differentiable at x = 0 then f / ( 0 ) can not be
x2 anything other than zero.
(d) f ( x ) = + c , where c is a constant
2 QUESTIONS ASKED IN IITJEE (1996 TO 2014):
106. Let f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) + 2xy − 1 for all real x and y IITJEE 1996
and f ( x ) be a differentiable function. If f / ( 0 ) = cos α  π 
Let f ( x ) = [ x ] sin 
 [ x + 1] 
1. , where [.] denotes the
then  
(a) y = f ( x ) is a quadratic polynomial in x. greatest integer function. The domain of f is..… and the
points of discontinuity of f in the domain are …
(b) f ( x ) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R
IITJEE 1997 (CANCELLED PAPER)
(c) f ( x ) < 0 ∀ x ∈ R
   1 1 

(d) y = f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = − cos α .
1 2. Let f ( x ) =  x exp  −  | x | + x  , x ≠ 0
 
2 0 , x=0
107. Let f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) .f ( y ) for all real x and y ; suppose Test whether
f ( 5 ) = e15 and f / ( 0 ) = 3 . Then (a) f(x) is continuous at x = 0
(b) f(x) is differentiable at x = 0
(a) f ( x ) is differentiable for all x∈R IITJEE 1997 (NEW PAPER)
(b) f ( x ) is not differentiable for exactly 2 values of x. 3. Determine the values of x for which the following
function fails to be continuous or differentiable:
(c) f / ( 5 ) = 3e15 1 − x, x <1
(d) f ( x ) is continuous for all x∈R but not 
f ( x ) = (1 − x )( 2 − x ) , 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
differentiable for all x∈R. 
3 − x, x>2
108. If f ( xy ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) for all real x, y ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) and
Justify your answer.
f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 1 then IITJEE 1998
(a) f ( x ) is differentiable ∀x ∈ ( 0, ∞ )
4. Let h(x) = min x, x 2 { } , for every real number of x.
C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
 [97]

Then g: ℜ → ℜ which is continuous at α and satisfies

(a) h is continuous for all x f ( x ) − f ( α ) = g ( x )( x − α ) for all x ∈ ℜ.
(b) h is differentiable for all x
13. The domain of the derivative of the function
(c) h / ( x ) = 1 , for all x > 1  tan −1 x if | x | ≤ 1

(d) h is not differentiable at two values of x. f (x) = 1 is
IITJEE 1999  (| x | −1) if | x | > 1
2
5. The function f(x) = [ x ] −  x 2  (where [y] is the
2 (a) R − {0} (b) R − {1}
 
greatest integer less than or equal to y), is discontinuous (c) R − {−1} (d) R − {−1,1}
at IITJEE 2002 (MAINS)
(a) all integers  x + a if x < 0
(b) all integers except 0 and 1 14. Let f ( x ) = 
(c) all integers except 0 | x − 1 | if x ≥ 0
(d) all integers except 1  x + 1 if x < 0
and g ( x ) = 
( ) ( x − 1) + b if x ≥ 0
2
6. The function f ( x ) = x 2 − 1 | x 2 − 3x + 2 | + cos (| x ) is
where a and b are nonnegative real numbers. Determine
not differentiable at the composite function gof. If (gof) (x) is continuous for
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 all real x, determine the values of a and b. Further, for
IITJEE 2000 (SCREENING) these values of a and b, is gof differentiable at x = 0?
7. Let f: R → R be any function. Define g: R → R by Justify your answer.
g ( x ) = f ( x ) for all x. Then g is IITJEE 2003 (MAINS)
(a) onto if f is onto. 15. If a function f: [ −2a, 2a ] → R is an odd function such
(b) one-one if f is one-one. that f ( x ) = f ( 2a − x ) for x ∈ [ a, 2a ] and the left hand
(c) continuous if f is continuous.
derivative at x = a is 0 then find the left hand derivative
(d) differentiable if f is differentiable.
at x = −a .
IITJEE 2000 (MAINS) IITJEE 2004 (MAINS)
8. Suppose P ( x ) = a 0 + a1x + a 2 x 2 + ... + a n x n . 1
16. If f : [ −1,1] → R & f / ( 0 ) = lim nf   and f ( 0 ) = 0 .
n →∞  n 
If | P ( x ) | ≤ | e x −1 − 1 | for all x ≥ 0, prove that
2 1
| a1 + 2a 2 + ... + na n |≤ 1 . Find the value of lim ( n + 1) cos −1   − n given
n →∞ π n
IITJEE 2001 (SCREENING)
1 π
9. The left-hand derivative of f ( x ) = [ x ] sin ( πx ) at x = k , that 0 < lim cos −1   < .
n →∞ n 2
k an integer, is
 −1  x + c  1
(a) ( −1)k ( k − 1) π (b) ( −1)k −1 ( k − 1) π b sin 
 2 
 ,−
2
<x<0

(c) ( −1)k kπ (d) ( −1)k −1 kπ 17. f ( x ) = 1/ 2 ,x = 0 .
 ax / 2
10. Let f: ℜ →ℜ be a function defined by f(x) = max e −1 1
,0 < x <
{x, x } .
3
The set of all points where f(x) is NOT  x 2
1
differentiable is If f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 0 and c < then find
(a) {−1, 1} (b) {−1, 0} 2
(c) {0, 1} (d) {−1, 0, 1}
11. Which of the following functions is differentiable at
the value of ‘a’ and prove that 64b2 = 4 − c2 . ( )
x=0? IITJEE 2005 (MAINS)
(a) cos (| x |) + | x | (b) cos (| x |) − | x | 2
18. If f ( x1 ) − f ( x 2 ) ≤ ( x1 − x 2 ) , for all x1 , x 2 ∈R. Find
(c) sin (| x |) + | x | (d) sin (| x |) − | x | the equation of tangent to the curve y = f ( x ) at the
IITJEE 2001 (MAINS) point (1, 2).
12. Let α ∈ ℜ. Prove that a function f: ℜ → ℜ is 19. Let f ( x − y ) = f ( x ) . g ( y ) − f ( y ) . g ( x ) and
differentiable at α if and only if there is a function g ( x − y ) = g ( x ) . g ( y ) + f ( x ) . f ( y ) for all x, y ∈R. If

C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
 [98]

right hand derivative at x = 0 exists for f ( x ) . Find  1 1 

 1 
(c) −4 1 + + + ..... +
derivative of g ( x ) at x = 0 . 2
 9 25 ( 2N + 1) 
IITJEE 2006:
20. f / ( x ) = −f ( x ) , where f ( x ) is a continuous double  1 1 
 1 
(d) 4 1 + + + .... +
2
differentiable function and g(x) = f / (x) . If  9 25 ( 2N + 1) 
2 2
  x    x  IITJEE 2011:
F(x) =  f   +  g   and F ( 5) = 5 , then
  2    2  24. Let f :R → R be a function such that
F (10 ) f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) , ∀ x, y ∈ R . If f (x) is
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c)10 (d) 25 differentiable at x = 0 , then
IITJEE 2008: (a) f ( x ) is differentiable only in a finite interval
( x − 1)n containing zero
21. Let g ( x ) = ;0 < x < 2 , m and n are (b) f ( x ) is continuous ∀ x ∈ R
log cos m ( x − 1)
integers, m ≠ 0, n > 0 , and let p be the left hand (c) f / ( x ) is constant ∀ x ∈ R
derivative of x − 1 at x = 1 . If lim g ( x ) = p , then (d) f ( x ) is differentiable except at finitely many
x →1+ points
(a) n = 1, m = 1 (b) n = 1, m = −1
(c) n = 2, m = 2 (d) n > 2, m = n IITJEE 2012:
 2 π
22. Let f and g be real valued functions defined on interval  x cos , x ≠ 0
25. Let f ( x ) =  x , x ∈ R , then f is
( −1,1) such that g // ( x ) is continuous, 0
 , x=0
g ( 0 ) ≠ 0, g / ( 0 ) = 0, g // ( 0 ) ≠ 0 , and f ( x ) = g ( x ) sin x . (a) differentiable both at x = 0 and at x = 2
(b) differentiable at x = 0 but not at x = 2
STATEMENT I: (c) not differentiable at x = 0 but differentiable at
x=2
lim g ( x ) cot x − g ( 0 ) cos ecx  = f // ( 0 ) . (d) differentiable neither at x = 0 not at x = 2
x →0
STATEMENT II: f / ( 0 ) = g ( 0 ) 26. For every integer n, let a n and b n be real numbers. Let
(a) STATEMENT I is True, STATEMENT II is True; function f :R → R be given by
STATEMENT II is a correct explanation for a n + sin πx , for x ∈ [ 2n, 2n + 1]
STATEMENT I. f (x) =  , for all
(b) STATEMENT I is True, STATEMENT II is True; b n + cos πx , for x ∈ ( 2n − 1, 2n )
STATEMENT II is NOT a correct explanation for integers n. If f is continuous, then which of the
STATEMENT I. following holds for all n?
(c) STATEMENT I is True, STATEMENT II is False. (a) a n −1 − bn −1 = 0 (b) a n − bn = 1
(d) STATEMENT I is False, STATEMENT II is True. (c) a n − b n +1 = 1 (d) a n −1 − bn = −1

23. Let g ( x ) = log ( f ( x ) ) where f (x) is a twice

QUESTIONS ASKED IN AIEEE (2002 TO 2020):
differentiable positive function on ( 0, ∞ ) such that AIEEE 2003
f ( x + 1) = xf ( x ) . Then, for   1 1 
 − x + x  
 1 1 If f ( x ) =  xe   , x ≠ 0  , then f ( x ) is:
N = 1, 2,3,....., g //  N +  − g //   = 1.
 2 2  
0 ,x = 0 
 1 1 
 1  (a) continuous as well as differentiable for all x
(a) −4 1 + + + .... +
2 (b) continuous for all x but not differentiable at x = 0
 9 25 ( 2N − 1) 
(c) neither differentiable nor continuous at x = 0
 1 1  (d) discontinuous everywhere
 1 
(b) 4 1 + + + .... +
2
 9 25 ( 2N − 1) 

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AIEEE 2004 AIEEE 2009:

1 − tan x π  π
2. Let f ( x ) = , x ≠ , x ∈  0,  . If f ( x ) is 8. Let f ( x ) = x x & g ( x ) = sin x
4x − π 4  2
 π π Statement-1: gof is differentiable at x = 0 and its
continuous in 0,  , then f   is:
 2 4
derivative is continuous at that point.
1
(a) 1 (b) Statement-2: gof is twice differentiable at x = 0 .
2
1 (a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-
(c) − (d) −1
2
2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
AIEEE 2005
3. If f is a real-valued differential function satisfying (b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-
f ( x ) − f ( y ) ≤ ( x − y ) , x, y∈R and f ( 0 ) = 0 , then
2 2 is a not a correct explanation for Statement-1.

f (1) equals (c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.

(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 0 (d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.

AIEEE 2006 AIEEE 2011:

x 9. The value of p and q for which the function
4. The set of points where f ( x ) = is differentiable is 
1+ x
 sin ( p + 1) x + sin x , x<0
(a) ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ ) (b) ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( −1, ∞ )  x

f (x) =  q , x=0 is
(c) ( −∞, ∞ ) (d) ( 0, ∞ ) 
 x + x2 − x
AIEEE 2007
 , x>0
5. Let f : R → R be a function defined by  x3/ 2
f ( x ) = min {x + 1, x + 1} . Then, which of the following continuous for all x in R, are:
is true? 1 3 5 1
(a) p = ,q = − (b) p = , q =
(a) f ( x ) ≥ 1 for all x ∈ R 2 2 2 2
(b) f ( x ) is not differentiable at x = 1 3 1 1 3
(c) p = − , q = (d) p = , q =
2 2 2 2
(c) f ( x ) is differentiable everywhere
AIEEE 2012:
(d) f ( x ) is not differentiable at x = 0 10. If f : R → R is a function defined by
6. The function f : R ∼ {0} → R given by  2x − 1 
f ( x ) = [ x ] cos   π , where [ x ] denotes the
 2 
1 2
f (x) = − can be made continuous at x = 0 by greatest integer function, then f is:
2x
x e −1 (a) continuous for every real x.
(b) discontinuous only at x = 0 .
defining f ( 0 ) as (c) discontinuous only at non-zero integral values of x.
(a) 2 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) 1 (d) continuous only at x = 0 .

AIEEE 2008 11. Consider the function, f ( x ) = x − 2 + x − 5 , x ∈ R .

 1 Statement 1: f / ( 4 ) = 0
( x − 1) sin if x ≠ 1
7. Let f ( x ) =  x −1 Statement 2: f is continuous in [ 2,5] , differentiable in
 0 if x = 1
( 2,5 ) and f ( 2 ) = f ( 5 ) .
Then which one of following is true? (a) Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true.
(a) f is neither differentiable at x = 0 nor at x = 1 (b) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true; statement 2 is
a correct explanation for statement 1.
(b) f is differentiable at x = 0 and at x = 1 (c) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true; statement 2 is
not a correct explanation for statement 1.
(c) f is differentiable at x = 0 but not at x = 1
(d) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false.
(d) f is differentiable at x = 1 but not at x = 0

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JEE MAIN 2013: 17. Let f : R → R be a function such that f ( x ) ≤ x 2 , for

12. Consider the function f ( x ) = [ x ] + 1 − x , −1 ≤ x ≤ 3
all x ∈ R . Then, at x = 0 , f is
where [x] is the greatest integer function. (a) continuous but not differentiable.
Statement 1: f is not continuous function at x = 0,1, 2
(b) continuous as well as differentiable.
and 3.
(c) neither continuous nor differentiable.
 − x, −1 ≤ x < 0
 (d) differentiable but not continuous.
1 − x, 0 ≤ x < 1
Statement 2: f ( x ) = 
 1 + x, 1 ≤ x < 2 18. Let f,g : R → R be two functions defined by

 2 + x, 2 ≤ x ≤ 3  1
 x sin   , x ≠ 0
f (x) =  x and g ( x ) = xf ( x )
(a) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is false. 
 0, x = 0
(b) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true, Statement 2
Statement I: f is a continuous function at x = 0 .
is not correct explanation for Statement 1.
Statement II: g is a differentiable function at x = 0 .
(c) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true, Statement It
is a correct explanation for Statement 1. (a) Both statement I and II are false.
(d) Statement I is false, Statement 2 is true. (b) Both statement I and II are true.

13. Let f be a composite function of x defined by (c) Statement I is true, statement II is false
1 1 (d) Statement I is false, statement II is true
f (u) = , u (x) = .
2
u +u−2 x −1 JEE MAIN 2015:
Then the number of points x where f is discontinuous is 19. Let k be a non-zero real number. If

( )
(a) 4 (b) 3 2
 ex − 1
(c) 2 (d) 1  , x≠0
f (x) =   x   x is a continuous
sin   log 1 + 
14. Let f ( x ) = −1 + x − 2 and g ( x ) = 1 − x ; then the set of  k  4

all points where fog is discontinuous is  12, x=0
(a) {0, 2} (b) {0,1, 2} function then the value of k is
(a) 4 (b) 1
(c) {0} (d) an empty set
(c) 3 (d) 2
JEE MAIN 2014:
k x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
 2 + cos x − 1 20. If the function g(x) =  is
 , x≠π  mx + 2, 3 < x ≤ 5
15. If the function f ( x ) =  ( π − x )2 is differentiable, then the value of k + m is
 10 16
 k, x=π (a) (b) 4 (c) 2 (d)
continuous at x = π , then k is equals 3 5
1 JEE MAIN 2016:
(a) 0 (b)
2 21. Let a, b ∈ R, ( a ≠ 0 ) , if the function f defined as
1  2x 2
(b) 2 (d)
4  , 0 ≤ x <1
 a

9 2 f (x) =  a , 1 ≤ x < 2 is continuous in the
16. If f (x) is continuous and f = , then
2 9  2
 2b − 4b , 2≤x<∞
 1 − cos 3x  
lim f   is equal to  x3
x →0  x2  interval [0, ∞) , then an ordered pair (a, b) is
(a)
9
2
(b)
2
9
(
(a) − 2,1 − 3 ) (b) ( 2, −1 + 3 )
(c) 0 (d) 8 / 9 (c) ( 2,1 − 3 ) (d) ( − 2,1 + 3 )

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 − x, x <1 (a) R × [0, ∞ ) (b) ( −∞, 0 ) × R

22. If the function f ( x ) =  −1 is
a + cos ( x + b ) , 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 (c) [0, ∞) × R (d) R × ( −∞, 0 )
a JEE MAIN 2019:
differentiable at x = 1 , then is equal to
b π π
π+2 π−2
28. If the function f defined on  ,  by
(a) (b) 6 3
2 2  2 cos x − 1 π
 , x≠
(c)
−π − 2
(d) −1 − cos −1 ( 2 ) f ( x ) =  cot x − 1 4 is continuous, then k is
2  π
k, x=
 4
JEE MAIN 2017:
equal to
23. The value of k for which the function
1
 tan 4x (a) (b) 1
 4  tan 5x π 2
 5  , 0<x<
f ( x ) =   2 is continuous at (c)
1
(d) 2
 2 π 2
 k+ , x=
 3 2 x 
29. If f ( x ) = [ x ] −   , x ∈ R , where [x] denotes the
π 4
x = , is
2 greatest integer function, then
17 2 (a) both lim f (x) and lim f (x) exist but are not
(a) (b)
20 5 x → 4− x →4 +
equal
3 2
(c) (d) − (b) lim f (x) exists but lim f (x) does not exist
5 5 x → 4− x → 4+
JEE MAIN 2018: (c) lim f (x) exists but lim f (x) does not exist
x → 4+ x → 4−
1 k −1
24. If the function f defined as f ( x ) = − , x ≠ 0 , is (d) f is continuous at x = 4
x e2x − 1
continuous at x = 0 , then the ordered pair ( k, f ( 0 ) ) is 30. If the function
 a π − x + 1, x ≤ 5
f (x) =  is
equal to b x − π + 3, x > 5
(a) ( 3, 2 ) (b) ( 3, 1) continuous at x = 5 , then the value of a − b is
2 2
1  (a) (b)
(c) ( 2, 1) (d)  , 2 5−π π−5
3 
2 −2
1 (c) (d)
 π+5 π+5

25. Let f ( x ) = ( x − 1) 2− x , x > 1, x ≠ 2 . The value of k
 31. Let f : [ −1, 3] → R be defined as
k, x=2
for which f is continuous at x = 2 is  x + [ x ] , −1 ≤ x < 1

(a) 1 (b) e f ( x ) =  x + x , 1 ≤ x < 2 where [ t ] denotes the
 x + [x] , 2 ≤ x ≤ 3
(c) e −1 (d) e−2 

{
greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then, f is
S = t ∈ R : f ( x ) = x − π  e − 1 sin x
x
26. Let is not discontinuous at
  (a) four or more points (b) only one point
differentiable at t}. Then the set S is equal to (c) only two points (d) only three points
(a) {0} (b) {π}
32. Let f :R → R be a function defined as
(c) {0, π} (d) φ (an empty set)  5, if x ≤1

a + bx, if 1< x < 3
S = {( λ, µ ) ∈ R × R : f ( t ) =  λ e − µ  .sin ( 2 t ) ,
t
27. Let f (x) =  , Then, f is
  b + 5x, if 3≤ x <5
t ∈ R , is a differentiable function}. Then S is a subset  30, if x≥5
of ?
(a) continuous if a = 5 and b = 5

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(b) continuous if a = −5 and b = 10 38. Let f be a differentiable function such that f (1) = 2 and
(c) continuous if a = 0 and b = 5
f / ( x ) = f ( x ) for all x ∈ R . If h ( x ) = f ( f ( x ) ) , then
(d) not continuous for any values of a and b
h / (1) is equal to

 sin ( p + 1) x + sin x , x<0 (a) 2e2 (b) 4e
 x

33. If f ( x ) =  q , x = 0 is continuous (c) 2e (d) 4e2

 x + x2 − x  −1, −2 ≤ x < 0
 , x>0 39. Let f (x) =  and
 x 3/ 2 2
 x − 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
at x = 0 , then the ordered pair ( p, q ) is equal to
g ( x ) = f ( x ) + f ( x ) . Then, in the interval ( −2, 2 ) , g is
 3 1  1 3
(a)  − , −  (b)  − ,  (a) differentiable at all points
 2 2  2 2
(b) not continuous
 3 1 5 1 (c) not differentiable at two points
(c)  − ,  (d)  , 
 2 2 2 2
(d) not differentiable at one point
34. Let f ( x ) = log e ( sin x ) , ( 0 < x < π ) and dy
40. If x log e ( log e x ) − x 2 + y2 = 4 ( y > 0 ) , then
( e ) , ( x ≥ 0) . If
at
−1 −x
g ( x ) = sin α is a positive real dx
x = e is equal to
/
number such that a = ( fog ) ( α ) and b = ( fog )( α ) , (1 + 2e ) ( 2e − 1)
(a) (b)
then 2 4 + e2 2 4 + e2
2 2
(a) aα + bα + a = 0 (b) aα − bα − a = 1
(1 + 2e ) e
2 2 2 (c) (d)
(c) aα − bα − a = 0 (d) aα + bα − a = −2a 4 + e2 4 + e2
35. Let f : R → R be differentiable at c ∈ R and f ( c ) = 0 . 41. Let K be the set of all real values of x where the
If g ( x ) = f ( x ) , then at x = c, g is function f ( x ) = sin x − x + 2 ( x − π ) cos x is not
differentiable. Then the set K is equal to
(a) not differentiable if f / ( c ) = 0
(a) φ (an empty set) (b) {π}
(b) differentiable if f // ( c ) ≠ 0 (c) {0} (d) {0, π}

(c) differentiable if f / ( c ) = 0 max x , x 2


42. Let f ( x ) = 
{ } x ≤2
(d) not differentiable  8 − 2 x , 2< x ≤4
36. Let f ( x ) = 15 − x − 10 ; x ∈ R . Then the set of all values Let S be the set of points in the interval ( −4, 4 ) at
of x, at which the function, g ( x ) = f ( f ( x ) ) is not which f is not differentiable. Then S
differentiable, is (a) is an empty set (b) equals {−2, −1, 0,1, 2}
(a) {5,10,15} (b) {10,15}
(c) equals {−2, −1,1, 2} (d) equals {−2, 2}
(c) {5,10,15, 20} (d) {10}
43. Let f : ( −1,1) → R be a function defined by
f (1) = 1, f / (1) = 3 ,
{ }
37. If then the derivative of
f ( x ) = max − x , − 1 − x 2 . If K be the set of all
( )
f f ( f ( x ) ) + ( f ( x ) ) at x = 1 is
2
points at which f is not differentiable, then K has exactly
(a) 33 (b) 12 (a) five elements (b) one element
(c) 15 (d) 9 (c) three elements (d) two elements

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JEE MAIN 2020: 50. Let f be a twice differentiable function on (1, 6 ) . If

x
44. Let f ( x ) = x ⋅   , for −10 < x < 10 , where [t] denotes f ( 2 ) = 8, f / ( 2 ) = 5, f / ( x ) ≥ 1 and f // ( x ) ≥ 4 , for all
2
the greatest integer function. Then the number of points x ∈ (1, 6 ) , then
of discontinuity of f is equal to __________ (a) f ( 5 ) + f / ( 5 ) ≤ 26 (b) f ( 5 ) + f / ( 5 ) ≥ 28
45. If a function f(x) denoted by
ae x + be − x , −1 ≤ x < 1 (c) f / ( 5 ) + f // ( 5 ) ≤ 20 (d) f ( 5 ) ≤ 10


f (x) =  cx 2 , 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 be continuous for
51. Suppose a differentiable function f ( x ) satisfies the
 2
 ax + 2cx , 3 < x ≤ 4
identity f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) + xy2 + x 2 y , for all real
some a, b, c ∈ R and f / ( 0 ) + f / ( 2 ) = e , then the value f (x)
x and y. if lim = 1 , then f / ( 3) is equal to
of a is x →0 x
e e _________.
(a) (b)
e2 − 3e − 13 e2 + 3e + 13 π −1
e e  4 + tan x, x ≤ 1
(c) (d) 52. The function f ( x ) =  is
e2 + 3e − 13 e2 − 3e + 13  1 ( x − 1) , x >1
 2
46. Let [t] denote the greatest integer ≤t and
4 (a) continuous on R − {1} and differentiable on
lim x   = A . Then the function,
x →0  x  R − {−1,1} .
f ( x ) =  x 2  sin ( πx ) is discontinuous, when x is equal (b) both continuous and differentiable on R − {1}
 
to
(c) continuous on R − {−1} and differentiable on
(a) A + 5 (b) A + 1
R − {−1,1} .
(c) A (d) A + 21
 1 1 (d) both continuous and differentiable on R − {−1} .
47. If the function f defined on − ,  by
 3 3

1  1 + 3x   sin ( a + 2 ) x + sin x
 loge 
f (x) = x  , when x ≠ 0 is continuous,  , x<0
 1 − 2x 
  x
 k, when x = 0 
53. If f ( x ) =  b , x = 0 is continuous
then k is equal to _____________. 
( )
1/ 3
48. Let f :R → R be a function defined by  x + 3x 2 − x1/ 3

{ } . Let S denote the set of all points in
f ( x ) = max x, x 2  x4 / 3
, x>0

R, where f is not differentiable. Then at x = 0 , then a + 2b is equal to

(a) {0,1} (b) {0} (a) 1 (b) – 1
(c) 0 (d) – 2
(c) φ (an empty set) (d) {1}
54. Let f and g be differentiable functions on R such that
k x − π )2 − 1, x ≤ π fog is the identity function. If for some
49. If the function f ( x ) =  1 ( is twice
 k 2 cos x, x>π a, b ∈ R, g / ( a ) = 5 and g ( a ) = b , then f / ( b ) is equal
to
differentiable, then the ordered pair ( k1, k 2 ) is equal to
1
1  (a) (b) 1
(a)  ,1 (b) (1, 0 ) 5
2 
2
1  (c) 5 (d)
(c)  , −1 (d) (1,1) 5
2 

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55. Let S be the set of all functions f : [ 0,1] → R , which are 56. Let the function, f : [ −7, 0] → R be continuous on
continuous on [ 0,1] and differentiable on ( 0,1) . Then [ −7, 0] and differentiable on ( −7, 0 ) . If f ( −7 ) = −3
for every f in S, there exists ac ∈ ( 0,1) , depending on f, and f / ( x ) d // 2 , for all x ∈ ( −7,0 ) , then for all such
such that
functions f, f / ( −1) + f ( 0 ) lies in the interval
(a) f ( c ) − f (1) < (1 − c ) f / ( c )
(a) (−∞, 20] (b) [ −3,11]
f (1) − f ( c ) (c) (−∞,11] (d) [ −6, 20]
(b) = f / (c)
1− c
57. Let S be the set of points where the function,
(c) f ( c ) + f (1) < (1 + c ) f / ( c ) f ( x ) = 2 − x − 3 , x ∈ R , is not differentiable. Then

∑ f ( f ( x ) ) is equal to ____________.
(d) f ( c ) − f (1) < f / ( c ) x∈S

ANSWERS
1. (d) 28. (c) 54. (d)
2. (b) 29. (b) 55. (c)
3. (a) 30. (c) 56. (a)
4. (b) 31. (d) 57. (c)
5. (a) 32. (d) 58. (b)
6. (c) 33. (d) 59. (c)
7. (d) 34. (a) 60. (b)
8. (b) 35. (d) 61. (d)
9. (b) 36. (c) 62. (d)
10. (a) 63. (b)
37. k = 12 ( log 4 )
3
11. (b) 64. (b)
38. (d)
12. (b) 65. (a)
39. (d)
13. (b) 66. (b)
40. (d)
14. (d) 67. (d)
41. (a)
15. (d) 68. (b)
42. (b)
16. (b) 69. (b)
43. (b)
17. (c) 70. (b)
44. (b)
18. (b) 71. (b)
45. (c)
19. (c) 72. (d)
46. (d)
20. (d) 73. (a)
47. (b)
21. (d) 74. (c)
48. (b)
22. (b) 75. (a, c)
49. (c)
23. (b) 76. (a, d)
50. (b)
24. (a) 77. (b, c)
51. (a)
25. (d) 78. (a ,d)
52. (c)
26. (a) 79. (a, b, c, d)
53. (a)
27. (a) 80. (a, b, c)

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81. (a, c, d) 91. (a, b, d) 101. (c, d)

82. (a, c) 92. (a, b, c) 102. (a, c)
83. (a, b, d) 93. (b, d) 103. (a, d)
84. (a, b, c) 94. (c, d) 104. (a, d)
85. (a, c) 95. (a, b, d) 105. (a, b, c)
86. (a, c) 96. (b, c, d) 106. (a, b)
87. (a, c, d) 97. (a, b) 107. (a, c)
88. (a, b, c, d) 98. (b, d) 108. (a, b, c, d)
89. (b, c) 99. (a, b, c, d) 109. (a, c, d)
90. (a, b, c) 100. (a, c, d) 110. (b, d)

QUESTIONS ASKED IN IITJEE (1996 TO 2014):

1. Domain : x∈R − [ −1, 0 )

f is discontinuous at x = I − {0} , where I is set of integers.

2. Continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
3. f ( x ) fails to be continuous at x = 2

f ( x ) fails to be differentiable at x = 2 .
4. a, c, d
5. d
6. d
7. c
8. To Prove
9. a
10. d
11. d
12. To Prove
13. d
14. gof ( x ) = x + a , x < −a

= ( x + a − 1) + b , −a ≤ x < 0
2

= ( x − 1 − 1) + b , x ≥ 0
2

If gof ( x ) is continuous then a = 1 , b = 0

Yes for a = 1, b = 0 gof is differentiable at x = 0 .

15. f / ( −a − ) = 0 19. g / ( 0 ) = 0 24. b, c

25. b
2 20. b
16. 1− 26. b
π 21. c
17. a = 1 22. b
18. y − 2 = 0 23. a

C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
 [106]

QUESTIONS ASKED IN AIEEE (2002 TO 2020):

1. b 20. c 39. d
2. c 21. c 40. b
3. d 22. a 41. a
4. c 23. c 42. b
5. c 24. b 43. c
6. d 25. c 44. 8
7. c 26. d 45. d
8. c 27. a 46. b
9. c 28. a 47. 5
10. a 29. d 48. a
11. c 30. a 49. a
12. a 31. d 50. b
13. b 32. d 51. 10
14. d 33. c 52. a
15. d 34. b 53. c
16. b 35. c 54. a
17. b 36. a 55. bonus
18. b 37. a 56. a
19. c 38. b 57. 3

C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n