Unit 5 Reactances of A.C.

Machines
Basic formulations
Magnetic circuit is analogical with Electric circuit
 F I  G V
 : Permeance (磁導) G: Conductance
For a rectangular object:
a a
 G
l l
where a: area; l: length; µ: permeability (導磁率)
 :flux leakage
L n  2
Inductance: i where n: number of conductors.
(Because:  = n = n F = n (nI) = n2I)
Reactance: X  L X = 1/(w.C)

Ampere’s circuital law:  H  dl   I

l

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5.1 Leakage reactance
 The leakage flux in an a.c. machine consists of the following:
 slot leakage
 overhang leakage
 zigzag leakage
 differential leakage (also called harmonic leakage)

 A smaller leakage reactance in an induction motor will give a larger

pull-out torque, but the starting current will also be increased.
only pass to its coil, not the
second coil

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Slot leakage copy the electrical representation

1. Open slots

does
not link
all
winding
s
Fig. 1a Leakage flux paths for an open slot

As show in Fig. 1a, there are three leakage paths:

(1) through the winding  1
(2) above the winding  2
(3) above the slot  3

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Basic method: assume I  F  H  B    

L  n 2
    /(n I )
2
(because i )
   /(n2 I )  1 /(n2 I )  2 /(n2 I )  3 /(n2 I )
 1  2  3
Since the core is ferromagnetic, the permeability  of the core is much
B
H
larger, the magnetic field intensity  , H is very small, hence the
H in the slot is very small,
mmf drop Hl in the iron core can be neglected. because of this

Fig. 1b
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 Consider path (1), the flux path doesn’t link all the slot conductors.

For an elemental path within the winding of width dx (see Fig. 1b),
 x
F   nI
Hbs, mff in  d1 
where n is the total number of conductors in the slot
the slot x x 0 x
Hbs  F  nI H nI B  0 H  nI
H*air gap lenght = F d1 , d1bs , d1bs
The flux of the strip dx is
x
d  B( Lcdx)  0 nILcdx
d1bs where Lc = net core length
The number of turns linking the strip is (x/d1)n,
2
 x  x 0 xLc  x  0 Lc
d   n d  n nIdx   n  I dx
 d1  d1 d1bs  d1  bs
The total flux linkage across depth of winding d1 is

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 2
 x  0 Lc dx
d1
d1
    n  I  0 Lc n I 
2

0 1 
d bs 3bs (2)

Because:  = n = n F = n (nI) = n I     /(2n 2

I) ,
the equivalent permeance is
Lc
( Lc d1 )  area 
1  0   0  d1
3bs  3(distance)  (3)
bs, for the slot
Note that a factor 1/3 is introduced due to the distributed nature of
conductors within the slot.

For path (2) (above the winding but within the slot), the flux path links all
the slot conductors.
b area
Method: similar to calculating conductance: G  L h   distance
( Lc d 2 )  area 
2  0   0 
Therefore bs  distance (4)
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 Fig. 1b

(c)
For path (3), assume the leakage flux takes the path as shown in Fig. 1c.
The permeance of the elementary path of width dx is

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 ( Lcdx) ( Lc dx)
d3  0  0  area 
x x x  bs 
 0  
 bs   distance (5)
2 2
and the strip links all the slot conductors. Thus the permeance for path (3)
1
bt
2
0 Lc dx 0 Lc  bt 
is
3  0
x  bs



ln 
 2bs
 1
 (6)

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s   i
The total permeance for open slots is i 1
(7)
lambda ,s
2. Semi-closed slot

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 semi-close slot

1, 2, 5: similar to open slot

for

Fig. 2 (a) Leakage flux paths for a semi-closed slot

There are five leakage flux paths as shown in Fig. 2a. We have, from
derivations for open slots,
( Lc d1 )  area  same for open
1  0   0  slot
3bs  3(distance)  (8)

2  0 c 2   0
(L d ) area 
 (9)
bs  distance
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For path (3), we may take the average width as
(b0 + bs)/2. Thus,
( Lc d3 )
3  0  area 
b0  bs   0 
 distance
2
2d3
 0 Lc
b0  bs (10)
For path (4),
( Lc d 4 )  area 
4  0   0 
b0  distance (11)
where b0 is width of the slot opening.

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For path (5), let us assume that the flux lines are circular (Fig. 2b).
Permeance of the elementary path of radius r and width dr is
( Lc dr )  area 
d5  0   0 
r  distance (12)

Fig. 2 (b)
Therefore,
s
2
dr 1  
5   0 Lc  0 Lc ln  s 
b0 r   b0  (13)
2

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5 may be neglected in induction motors in which the air gap length is
small.

3. Round slot

Fig. 3 Leakage flux paths for a closed slot

There are three flux paths as shown in Fig. 3. For path (1), assume that
the flux crosses the slot in straight lines, it can be shown that the
permeance is independent of the slot diameter and is given by

1  0.623 0 Lc (14)
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 Lc h4
4  0 lambda,4
b0 (15)
1  s 
5  0 Lc ln   lambda, 5
  b0  (16)

The permeances for other slot shapes may be deduced in a similar manner.

Xs =w*Ls
reactance

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Overhang leakage (the leakage of end windings)

1 turn of
the coil

Fig. 4 Overhang leakage

 The overhang (end conductors) is usually wound in various shapes and

hence the leakage flux is difficult to estimate.
 Accurate solution is possible only with numerical techniques such as
finite difference method (FDM) or finite element method (FEM).
 For a rectangular overhang width dimensions shown in Fig. 4, the
following empirical formula for overhang leakage gives acceptable
results:

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   L0  
0  0 0.336 ln    0.11
lambda already accounts for both sides, so no need to times 2

 b  (17)
Eqn. (17) accounts for leakage flux on both sides of the coil.

Total permeance

The total permeance per coil is (one coil has two sides)
  2s  0 (18)
where s: slot leakage permeance (one slot);
0: overhang leakage permeance (both sides of the coil).
or n = conductors per slot
For a coil of n turns, the leakage inductance per coil is
(each slot has n conductors)
L  n 2 (19)

If N = number of coils per phase, then the leakage inductance per phase is
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or N = slots per phase
 Lp  Nn2 (20)

and the leakage reactance per phase is

X p  Lp  Nn 2  2fNn2 (21)

 needs to be modified for the induction machine due to the presence of

differential (harmonic) leakage and zigzag leakage.

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Zigzag leakage

Fig. 5 Zigzag leakage

This is due to the flux threading across and along the air gap, utilizing the
relatively high tooth tip permeances (Fig. 5). Its magnitude depends
upon the air gap length. but the equation does not need any air gap length data lmao

One empirical expression giving the zigzag leakage reactance in terms of

the reactance offered to the main flux by the winding, i.e. magnetizing
reactance Xm , is
5  1 1 
X z  X m  2  2 
6  g1 g 2  (22)
where g1 = S1/(2p) = number of slots per pole of stator
and g2 = S2/(2p) = number of slots per pole of rotor
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Differential (harmonic) leakage

The higher order space harmonics:

 can also induce the emf with the fundamental frequency
f in the stator winding: for th order harmonic:
p n (p)(n / ) pn
f     f
60 60 60
 can pass through the airgap to the surface of the rotor
tooth;
 but it’s pole pitch is very small, it cannot link the rotor’s
winding.
 so it belongs to leakage.

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An empirical expression for the differential leakage
reactance is
X h  X m (kh1  kh 2 ) (23)

where kh1 and kh2 are obtained from Fig. 7 (due to Alger).

Fig. 8 Fig. 7

Fig. 5 – 8 taken from Ref. [1].

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Slot leakage factor

 The chording (short-pitch) of a winding not only

affects its winding factor but also the leakage flux
because some slots will hold conductors belonging
to different phases.
 The effective current in a slot is now the phasor
sum of currents from different phases.
 The effective slot leakage permeance is reduced by
the factor k, which can be read from Fig. 8 (see
Induction Machines by Alger).

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Total leakage reactance

For an induction motor, the total leakage reactance

per phase referred to the stator is
X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X
e1 1 2 s1 s2 o (24)
z h

where Xs1 = stator slot leakage reactance and

Xs2 = rotor slot leakage reactance referred to the stator
= (kw1Tph1/kw2Tph2)2Xs2 kw: winding factor
Xo = overhang leakage reactance
Xz = zigzag leakage reactance
Xh = differential (harmonic) leakage reactance

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5.2 Magnetizing reactance

Only for the three-phase windings having balanced iA, iB, iC.

The basic method:

Assume the armature current I
 armature m.m.f.
 B in air gap
 The magnetic flux per pole 
 The e.m.f. E a due to armature reaction
Ea
Xm 
 The magnetizing reactance I

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 For a three-phase machine, the peak value of the armature fundamental
m.m.f. per pole is
3 2 k wT ph
Fa  I
 p (25)
B
F  Hg   g
According to 0 , the peak value of flux density in air gap
due to Fa is
g': effective air gap
0 Fa
Ba  length
g (26)
Ks: slotting effect Carter's coefficient
where g   K s  g = effective air gap. Kd: ventilation effect Carter's coefficient

Because of sinusoidal m.m.f. along the air gap, we assume sinusoidal flux
density distribution, the average Bav: average RMS(u can see root and
square, different than average)
2
Bav  Ba

The flux per pole is
average value: total/average 23
RMS: root of (mean of square value)
so RMS and average is different
   Bav  area of airgap per pole 
(Dg  Lc )  2  Dg Lc Ba Dg Lc 0 Fa Dg Lc 0 Fa
 Bav    Ba    Ba 
2p   2p p p  g
(as g )
(27)
where Dg = mean diameter of air gap.
sqr(2)*pi = 4.44
The e.m.f. due to armature reaction is
Ea  2K wTphf
Substituting (27) into above equation gives
0 Fa Dg Lc
Ea  2K wTph f
p.g  (28)
3 2 k wT ph
Fa  I
Substituting (25)  p into (28) gives

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 2
 K wTph  Dg Lc
Ea  60 f   I
 p  g (29)
The magnetizing reactance per phase is:
2
Ea  K wTph  Dg Lc
Xm   60 f  
I  p  g (30)
The magnetizing inductance per phase is:
2
Xm X m 3  K wTph  Dg Lc
Lm    0  
 2f   p  g  (31)
(For one phase equivalent circuit, only for balanced three-phase currents.)
 For the induction motor, if g  
Xm  smaller magnetizing current reduces the reactive power
 magnetizing current component (I2Z=Q), smaller reactive power, so larger
power factor
 power factor
This explains why induction motors usually have very small air gaps.
 For a given air gap, if with (DgLc) and p
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 Xm 
 bigger and high-speed machines operate at higher power factor.

 For the synchronous generator, however, a large value of Xm will give

poor voltage regulation,
 hence relatively large air gaps have to be used to reduce armature
reaction effect.

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Self inductance and mutual inductance in three-phase windings

It can be shown that the self-inductance of one phase of a three-phase

armature winding (which does not include leakage inductance) is
2
2  K wTph  Dg Lc
Laa , m  0  
  p  g (32)
or
2
Laa , m  Lm
3 (33)
The mutual inductance between any two phases is
2
1 1  K wTph  Dg Lc 1
Lab , m   Laa , m   0     Lm
2   p  g 3
1
Lab,m   Lm
3 (34)

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The negative sign arises in (34) because the flux linkage between two
phases is negative.

A simple check:
If the three-phase winding has symmetric balanced current:

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(Xm = Lm is for balanced three-phase equivalent circuit. Laa,m and Lab,m can
also be used for unbalanced three-phase currents.)

References:
[1] ‘Alternating Current Machines’ by M.G. Say, 5th Ed., ELBS, 1983.
[2] ‘Induction Machines’ by P.L. Alger.
[3] http://ecmweb.com/
[4] http://www.nitrofreeze.com/

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