SS1C | HISTORY ➢ History is constantly changing.

Since
claims to historical facts are based on
History - from the Greek word Historie or Historia personal accounts, documents and
which means “learning, inquiry and or artifacts, a historian makes an analysis
investigation” based only on available sources of data.
➢ a branch of the Social Sciences that The historian cannot conclude
deals with the systematic study of something which is baseless. Unlike other
significant past, a branch of knowledge Social Sciences which can gather actual
that records and explains past events and real time data or conduct
and which concerns people and human experiments to test their hypothesis,
nature. historians have to rely on what is
available. Therefore, when new data are
Historiography - refers to the study of history itself. discovered, previous historical accounts
can be changed.
➢ analyzes the history writer the motives of ➢ History sheds light to truth. Since a
the writer the sources of the writer historian constantly write about previous
➢ the context when the history was written. phenomena using historical sources as
➢ Theories are applied and other historical basis, all claims therefore supports only
methods. the truth base on the data available. This
ELEMENT OF HISTORY however does not preclude the fact that
a historian uses also unwritten sources
Historian - refers to the person writing the history. such as oral accounts and traditions.

Place - The location where the history was written WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY?

Period - Refers to the context of the time when ➢ It provides us with the capacity to
the history was written. analyze previous events and
phenomena which therefore will provide
Sources - Refers to the basis of claims or analysis us with proper basis on how to view the
of the historian such as documents, written or oral present and the future.
accounts. ➢ Will provide us with a strong basis for
providing answers for problems that
NATURE OF HISTORY AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE
pervades at present.
➢ History has no subject matter of its own. ➢ Our historical view will in itself provide us
Of course, the subject matter of history with the manner by which we view the
covers all the persons and all events that present and how we prepare for the
have happened in the past. It is actually future.
very broad since it does cover
everything that has happened in the E. Kent Rogerst
society including all aspects from - To know about the roots of our current
political, economic social, culture etc. culture.
➢ History synthesizes knowledge from other - To learn about human nature by looking
fields. Since it covers all phenomena, at the trend that repeat through history.
History as a branch of the Social - To learn about mistakes of those who
Sciences analyzes the relations of have gone before us.
different events, their cause and effects
using also the knowledge used in other Ambeth Ocampot
fields of the Social Sciences such as
Anthropology, Sociology Economics etc. - History can be a mere narrative of past
➢ History illuminates pieces of the past. events, while kasaysayan is not just a
History provides for explanations of things narrative or salaysay – it must have
that happened in the past. By looking at saysay or meaning.
relationships of different events and
phenomena, it provides explanations for
seemingly unexplainable gaps.
 - Saysay gives us a way or looking at the 4. Archival Material
world, a Filipino viewpoint that influences
the way we see the past, the present, - Archives
and hopefully the future. - Manuscripts
SOURCES OF HISTORY - business and personal correspondence
1. Primary Source - Diaries
- provides direct or firsthand evidence
about an event, object, person, or work - Journals
of art
- the evidences by eyewitnesses or - legal and financial documents
created by people who experienced the - Photographs
said event or phenomena.
- historical and legal documents - Maps
- eyewitness accounts
- results of experiments - architectural drawings
- statistical data
- Objects
- pieces of creative writing, audio and
video recordings, speeches, and art - oral histories
objects.
- Interviews - computer tapes,
- Surveys
- video and audio cassettes
- fieldwork,
- Internet communications via email, 5. Government Documents
blogs, and newsgroups
2. Secondary Source Provide evidence of activities, functions, and
- interpretations of history They describe, policies at all government levels.
discuss, interpret, comment upon,
6. Serials
analyze, evaluate, summarize, and
- Journals
process primary sources.
- Magazines
- products of people or writers who were
- Newspapers
not part of the event or phenomena.
7. Books
- articles in newspaper
8. Visual and Audio Materials
- popular magazines
- Book (except autobiographies) HISTORICAL CRITICISM
- movie reviews
- articles found in scholarly journals that External Criticism - physical examinations of
discuss or evaluate someone else's sources like documents, manuscripts, books,
original research. pamphlets, maps, inscriptions and monuments.
3. Tertiary Source
- Authorship-author’s name in itself can
- Contain information that has been
provide for the test of authenticity
compiled from primary and secondary
- Date and place of publication-correct
sources.
- Textual errors. Unintentional errors
- Almanacs
Intentional errors
- Chronologies
- Meanings of words used-words used
- dictionaries and encyclopedias
usually changes from generation to
- Directories
generation
- Guidebooks
- Indexes Internal Criticism
- Abstracts
- manuals - You must be able to analyze and
- textbooksc interpret the contents of documents
in their real meaning.
TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES
 - You must refrain from making your FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
own conclusions so as not to convey
their own interpretation rather than - Asian goods reached Europe via Silk
the true meaning of the content. Road
- Question the motive of the writer and - Arab-Italian trade route
question the accuracy of the
3 MAJOR REASONS
document.
- Verify the writer of the document. - Economic
- The truthfulness or veracity of the - Political
document should be established - Religion
- *In cases of contradicting records,
the historian should corroborate the IMPORTANT SPICES THAT EUROPEANS SOUGHT
facts from other claims or
AFTER:
documents.
Pepper, ginger, nutmeg, onions, garlic
Authorship
Why do europeans need spices?
- No manuscript for Sa Aking Mga Kabatà
written in Rizal's handwriting exists. The • used as preservatives
poem supposedly wrote in 1869 where
he was only 8 years old then. • enhanced the taste of the food
- The poem contains some very mature
• for medical purposes
insights for an eight-year-old boy – the
“stinky fish” line notwithstanding. ➢ “The Portuguese were a few years
ahead of the Spaniards in the discovery
DATE AND PLACE OF PUBLICATION
of new trade routes.”
The poem was first published in 1906, a decade
Portugal
after his death, in a book authored by the poet
Hermenigildo Cruz. - Prince Henry The Navigator

TEXTUAL ERRORS - Batolomeu Dias

In Rizal’s childhood they spelled words with a “c” - Vasco de Gama

rather than “k.” Further, the word “kalayaan”
(freedom) is used twice. Spain

MEANINGS OF WORDS USED - Christopher Columbus

Kalayaan was not a common word in 1869 and ➢ Marriage between Queen Isabella of
there is irrefutable evidence that Jose Rizal Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon
himself did not learn the word until he was 25 IIresulted to in the rise of Spain as a world
years old. Rizal first encountered the word atleast power.Inspired by the success of
by 1872 the years after the execution of Portugal, Spain aspired to have a fair
GOMBURZA share in the spice trade. They started to
explore their options outside the Iberian
Zeus Salazar: “Laya/calayaan was not yet Peninsula, even financed tans-Atlantic
needed in writing before 1864 and even later, voyages of Christopher Columbus.
especially since timawa/catimaoan was still ➢ After these, remarkable voyages,
widely used back then as meaning Portugal and Spain became keen rivals
‘free/freedom.’” in colonizing new lands because of gold,
spices, and other merchandise found in
the Orient.
➢ On May 3, 1493, Pope Alexander VI
issued a papal bull also known as the
Inter Caetera.
 SPANISH ZONE OF EXPLORATION

-West of the imaginary line drawn north to

south, 100 league west of the Azores and
Cape Verde Islands

PORTUGAL ZONE OF EXPLORATION

-All lands east of the demarcation line

TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
The expedition intended to circumnavigate the
- Treaty between Portugal and Spain earth in the service of Spain.
in 1494 in which they decided to
IMPORTANT:
divide up all the land in the
Americas between the two of them, Fr. Pedro de Valderrama-fleet chaplain
no matter who was already living
there. Antonio Pigafetta-chronicler of the expedition
- Move the demarcation line 370
Duarte Barbosa-Magellan’s brother-in-law
leagues west of Cape Verde Islands
and still be guided by the provisions Enrique-Malay slave acting as interpreter
of the papal bull.

FERDINAND MAGELLAN
REDISCOVERY OF THE PHILIPPINES
- a Portuguese explorer who organized
the Spanish expedition to the East Indies. First island: Zamal March 16, 1521 They saw the
- One of his main objectives was to search towering heights of Samar and named the island
for a new maritime path to the Spice “Islas de San Lazaro”
Islands that would not violate Spain’s
- Present day: Samar
Treaty with Portugal (Treaty of
- Encountered natives sailing to “Zuluan”
Tordesillas).
- Encountered a drink called
- In 1505, Magellan, sailed with a fleet
“uraca/arrack” (palm wine or coconut
carrying the first Portuguese viceroy to
wine)
the East Indies in 1506 and from there,
- Described the uses of coconut-
was sent to Malacca in the Malay
oil,wine,vinegar,milk
Peninsula and the spice markets of
- Natives are naked and are covered with
Ambon and Banda in Western Indonesia.
tattoos
- Magellan proposed to the King of
- Their natives where called “balanghai“
Portugal his plan to travel a westward
route to the Moluccas. Second Island: Humuno March 17, 1521 They
- Magellan presented his plan to King landed on the small uninhabited islet of Humunu
Charles I of Spain and got his support. (Homonhon) found at the mouth of Leyte Gulf
and built two tents for the sick.
MAGELLAN’S NEW ROUTE TO THE EAST
- Present day “Homonhon Island, Eastern
Magellan left the port of San Lucarde
Samar
Barrameda, Spain on September 20, 1519 with
- Pigafetta described the place as
around 235 men and five ships namely
“Acquada dali beuni segnali” (The
Watering-place of Good Signs)
- The island was inhabited
- Resting and gathering fresh food and
water
March 18, 1521 ➢ Rajah Humabonand Datu Zula of
Mactan welcomed the Spaniards but
They met nine natives from the neighboring not Lapu-lapu another chieftain of
island of Suluan who arrived in a boat. Mactan.
March 28, 1521 ➢ Cali Pulacuis Lapu-lapu’sreal name
➢ Lapu-lapu refused to accept the new
The fleet landed in Masao, Butuan, Agusan del political system and pay tribute. He
Norte or Limasawa, island in Southern Leyte. decided to break away from Rajah
Humabon.
Rajah Kolamburowed to where the European
were. Context of the battle

PIGAFETTA’SACCOUNT ON MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE Magellan alliance-Rajah Humabon

IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
Conflict- lapu lapu Datu Zula

April 27, 1521

Magellan invaded Mactan.

He led an army of 60 steel-clad Spaniards in

three vessels and 1,000 Cebuano warrior in 30
boats.
March 29, 1521
➢ Magellan was wounded in battle. A
The rajah sealed their new friendship by means of
poisoned arrow hit his right leg and then
kasi-kasi or blood compact ceremony.
a bamboo spear struck his face.
March 31, 1521 ➢ May 1, 1521-the natives of Cebu carried
out the plan to massacre them.
A mass was held with Fr. Pedro de Valderrama
officiating. Juan Sebastian Elcano

Magellan named the country Islas de San Lazaro. May 2, 1521 –they abandoned and burned the
ship Concepcion, the fleet reduced to Victoria
April 7, 1521 and Trinidad fled westward to Palawan.

Magellan together with Rajah Kolambuand the June 21, 1521 –left Palawan and sailed to Borneo
Spanish and native fleets landed on and eventually reached Moluccas Island.
Sugbu(Cebu).
December 18, 1521 –they left Moluccas Island for
Humabonmade a blood compact with Magellan Spain.
after the latter had won his trust and friendship.
Trinidad sprang a leak and unable to repair, was
APRIL 14, 1521 abandoned.

A mass on the shore of Cebu was held with Rajah September 6, 1522 –the Ship Victoria retuned to
Humabonand his people attending the Spain after crossing the Indian and Atlantic
ceremony. Ocean.

Almost 800 locals were baptized RELEVANCE

Pigafetta showed the Queen an image of our ➢ The Magellan expedition proves that the
Lady, a very beautiful wooden child Jesus, and a earth is not flat but an oblate sphere.
cross ➢ Magellan and his men completed the
first circumnavigation of the world.
She asked for the little child Jesus to keep in
➢ It confirmed that the Portuguese route is
place of her idols and this image of child Jesus is
not the only way to Spice Islands.
now known as the Sto. Nino found in Cebu.
➢ Bought to the attention of Europeans
that on the other side of American
 continent exist a large body of water
which they named Mar Pacifico (Pacific
Ocean).
➢ Enriched Philippine historiography
because it contains important details
about the Visayan Islands in the
16thcentury.
➢ The prominent leaders were identifying,
economic activities, social and cultural
practices, and religious beliefs.
➢ It is the main historical information about
the beginning of Christianity in the
Philippines.
➢ It showed the reaction of the natives
when they first met the Spaniards.
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN | By Emilio Jacinto During the first election, the following officers of the
Supreme Council were chosen:
The Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) - is arguably the most President- Deodato Arellano (later replace by
important organization formed in the Philippine Roman Basa in 1893)
history.
Comptroller-Andres Bonifacio
Before KKK La Liga Filipina is founded
Fiscal-Ladislao Diwa
The two principal aims of the KKK as gathered from
the writings of Bonifacio: Secretary-Teodoro Plata

1. Unity of the Filipino people Treasurer-Valentin Diaz

2. Separation from Spain through revolution

July 7, 1892 - Bonifacio and his friends met secretly In 1895, Andres Bonifacio was elected Supremo
at Deodato Arellano’s house at no.72 Azcarraga (President)
Street (now Claro M. Recto) near Elcano Street in
Tondo Manila.

July 7, 1892 (same day) -They decided to form a

secret revolutionary society called Kataastaasan, THE CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOG (RELASCION DE LAS
Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng COSTUMBRES DE LOS TAGALOS)
Bayan (KKK) or Katipunan, dedicated through
national independence through armed revolution. Juan de Plasencia

Triangle Method-mode of recruiting members - Friar of the Franciscan Order in the

Philippines
Payment of Entrance Fee - Real Fuerte (25centavos) - Founded towns such as Laguna & Tayabas
Quezon
Monthly Due -Media Real (about 12centavos) - authored several religious and linguistic
Katipunan was a government itself with a books, most notably the Doctrina Cristiana
constitution promulgated in 1892, and another (Christian Doctrine), the first book ever
constitution replacing the first one in 1894. printed in the Philippines
- lived up to his pledge, leading a lifestyle
devoid of any luxury and in constant
contact with the people he was trying to
POSITIONS convert to Christianity.
Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council)- - He was also known to be a defender of the
central government native population, looking after the poor, ill,
or neglected, and standing up for their
Sagguniang Bayan (Provincial Council)-province rights on numerous occasions
Sagguniang Balangay (Popular Council)-town Frey Diego De Oro Pesa
Sagguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council) - Joined wih Plascensia in missionary

Domingo Salazar
THREE GRADE MEMBERS OF KATIPUNAN - First bishop in the Philippines and dito
humingi approval si Plascensia sa kanyang
educational centers

➢ Other works attributed to him are the

"Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos"
(1589), that not only helped understand and
preserve many of the traditional ways of the
local population, but also provided the first
form of Civil Code, used by local governors
to administer justice.
 ➢ A mystical work which he entitled "La - Create and execute laws.
Santina", was an Opus number on prayer
and contemplation entirely done in the The barangay
Tagalog language so the natives who did - Political system (30-100 families)
not know Spanish could also engage in the Started out as a single clan comprised of
spiritual exercises of their teachers. parents, children, their extended family
➢ Juan de Plasencia died in Liliw, Laguna in members, and their slaves.
1590. - Each barangay was independent,
THE CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS although some entered into alliances.
- Alliances are formed through blood
o The Bisayans are accustomed to paint their compact or sandugo.
bodies with some very elegant tattoos. They
do this with iron or brass rods, the points of Maharlicas
which are heated on fire. - Nobles/Freeman
o These are done in the manner illuminations,
paintings all parts of the body, such as the - They do not pay taxes
chest, the stomach, legs, arms, shoulders,
hands, and muscles, and among some, the - Freeborn
posteriors. - Must accompany the Datu in war, at their
o Also called “Pistados” own expense, but divide the spoils.
o A Tagalog Noble couple dressed in gold
accessories. "The dress of the women is not - Warriors, rich traders, and craftsmen.
as neat nor as elegant as that of the
Commoners or Timawa
Bisayans, because they wrap a cotton or
taffeta mantle. They wear jackets and skirts - Lower ranking than the Maharlika
in the same way we have described of the
Bisayans. - Also called Aliping namamahay.
o They also wear their dress skin-tight,
- Everyday folks, forming the majority of the
gathering it at the waist and breast
population.
because they use no chemise or stockings
o All carry over their dress some small mantles, - They pay taxes and served the Datu as well
which reach to the waist, these are of as the Maharlikas.
colored cotton, and some are of satin,
taffeta, and damask obtained from China. - They live in their own houses and are lords of
o Tagalog common men. "The Moros their property and gold.
(Islamized Tagalogs) are dressed in clothes
Aliping sa Guiguilir
of cotton and are not naked like the
Bisayans from the calves of the knees they - Could not own anything.
wear many chainlets often made of brass,
which they call bitiques (bitik). These are - Usually, captives of war or sentenced
worn only by the men who regard them as criminal.
very stylish.
- Could be bought or sold at will.
SOCIAL STATUS: TAGALOG SOCIETIES PRACTICE THE
- Couldn’t enter a contract or marriage.
CASTE SYSTEM
- Used in sacrificial ceremonies and could be
Caste system - A person is considered a member of
buried alive upon the death of their masters, to
the caste into which he or she is born and remains
continue serving them in the after life.
within that caste until death.
SLAVERY
SOCIAL CLASSES

Dato (Datu)

- Also known as Chieftain that governs the

barangay and captain of wars.

- Obeyed and revered by the members of

the barangay.
FAMILY AND SOCIAL STATUS LAWS AND PUNISHMENT

➢ Investigations made and sentences passed

by the datu must take place in the
presence of those in his barangay.
➢ If any of the litigants (being sued) felt himself
aggrieved, an arbiter (judge) is unanimously
selected from another village.
➢ A man of low birth who insulted the
daughter or wife of the Datu will be
➢ Maharlikas could not, after marriage move condemned to death.
from one village to another, without paying ➢ Witches were killed, and their children and
a certain fine of gold, as arranged among accomplices becomes slaves of the Datu.
them. ➢ All other offenses were punished by fines in
➢ This fine is larger or smaller according to the gold, which is not paid in promptness,
inclination of the different villages, running expose the culprit to serve until the payment
from one to three taels and banquet to the should be made.
entire barangay.
➢ Failure to pay the fine might result in a war WORSHIP OF THE TAGALOGS
between the barangay where the person
left and one which he entered. Pandot - a celebration of festival or worship which is
➢ This applied equally to men and women held at the large house of the Datu. Also called
except that when one married a woman of “Misa”
another village, the children were divided Sibi - a temporary shed to shelter the people during
equally to two barangays. worship
DOWRIES AND DIVORCE Sorohile - small lamps to illuminate the sibi during
Dowries worship

- Dowries are given by men to women’s Naagnitos - the act of worshipping that unites the
parents. whole barangay and families.

- If the women’s parents are living, they will

enjoy the use of it. At their death, provided the TAGALOG GODS AND DEITIES
dowry has not been consumed, it is divided like the
rest of the estate, equally among the children. 1. Bathala- all powerful, maker of all things

- If the wife, at the time of her marriage has 2. Mayari (Moon)- especially when it was new
neither father, mother, nor grandparents, she enjoys which they had great rejoicing, adoring it and
her dowry. bidding its welcome.

➢ In case of a divorce before the birth of 3. Apolaki- Sun was also worshipped and is being
children, if the wife left the husband to accounted for its beauty, and it is universally
marry another, all her dowry and an equal respected and honored
additional amount goes to the husband; but
if she left him, and did not marry another, 4. Tala- the morning star
the dowry is returned. 5. Mapolon- the God of season, medicine and
➢ When the husband left his wife, he lost half health
of the dowry, and the other half is returned
to him. 6. Dian Masalanta- goddess of love, conception
➢ If the husband possessed children at the and childbirth and the protector of lovers.
time of his divorce, the whole dowry and
7. Lacapati- identified as the most important fertility
fine will be given to the children and held
for them by their grandparents or other deity. The goddess of cultivated land
responsible relatives. 8. Balactic- The greater Bear
➢ There are fine stipulated in the contract,
that he who violates it shall pay a certain 9. Lic-Ha- images with different shapes, sometimes
sum which varies according to the practice worshipped with little importance
of the village and the affluence of the
10. Idianale- the goddess of labor and good deeds.
individual.
Note: Tagalog deties are fluid genders, she was also Tigbalang- phantoms
known as a female deity of animal husbandry, and
a male deity of agriculture. Deity of craftmanship Patianic- the lament, which can be heard at night,
of a woman died during childbirth. She and her
ANCIENT TAGALOG COUNTERPART OF HELL child suffered punishment

Sitan - The guardian of Kasamaan and the keeper

of all souls therein. In a 1589 record, Sitan and
Bathala is said to have once waged a war with RELEVANCE
each other to determine who should rule the realms Disapproves the claim of some Spaniards that when
intended for ancestral souls. they arrived in the Philippines, Filipinos were still
Catolonan- one of the priestess of the devil uncivilized and lacking culture.

Manisilat or Mansisilat- she was tasked to destroy Filipinos were already politically and economically
and break very happy and united family. organized.

Mangagauay- witches who pretends to heal the Filipinos has a functioning government, tax system,
sick set of laws, criminal justice system, indigenous
calendar, and long- standing customs and
Silangan- if they saw anyone clothed in white, it will traditions.
tear out his liver and eat it.
They had the concept of supreme being called
Mancocolam- the only male agent of Sitan, he was Bathala, practiced burial customs and believed in
to emit fire at night and when there was bad life after death.
weather, hence he is referred to as fire god. Fire
caused during bad weather are associated with People then were already wearing garments and
him or Kidlat. gold ornaments, and their houses were decorated
with idols.
Hocloban- could change herself into any form she
desired. She can kill or make people

unconscious simply by greeting them. She could

also kill someone by simply raising her

hand and could heal without any difficulty as she

wished.

Magtatangal- shows himself at night to may

persons without his head or entrails.

Osuang- a flying creature that murders men and

eat their flesh

Mangagayoma- they made charms out of herbs,

stones and woods, which infuse the heart with love.

Sonat- helps someone die

Panatahojan- predicts the future

Bayoguin- a cotquean (masculine woman), a man

whose nature inclined toward that of a woman.

DEATH

Maca- a place of another life of rest. The paradise

or village of rest. Those who go to this place are the
just, the valiant, and those who lived without doing
harm, or who possessed moral virtues.

Casanaan- place of punishment, grief, and

affliction. Which is also called plase of anguish

Vibit- ghost
 SS1C | CHAPTER 6: “THE REVOLUTION OF 1896 AND ITS AFTERMATH” & “MGA GUNITA NG
HIMAGSIKAN” EMILIO AGUINALDO

THE REVOLUTION OF 1896 August 23, 1896

Middle of 1896 - Katipuneros met at Bahay Toro,

Pugadlawin, Balintawak and
- By the middle of 1896, as the
gathered at the residence of
Katipunan busy preparing for a
Melchora Aquino.
revolution, hints about its existence
- Cry of Pugadlawing or Cry of
reached the Spanish authorities.
Balintawak
- Hints about discovery of Katipunan
- Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora)
that led to revolution.
- The Katipuneros tore their cedulas
5 July 1896 Personales at the same time
shouting, "Long Live the Philippines!
- Manuel Sityar reported the Long Live the Katipunan!"
questionable activities of some
filipinos. At Hagdang Bato, Mandaluyong, Bonifacio
- Manuel Sityar (Spanish Lieutenant) gave his last manifesto Katipunang
Mararahas ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Society
13 August 1896 of the Enraged Sons of the Country)
regarding the revolution that would take
- Father Agustin Fernandez wrote to
place in Manila.
Don Manuel Luengo, about the
evening gatherings in his Parish, 29 Aug. 1896
apparently by men plotting against
the Spaniards. - Melchora Aquino was arrested by
the guardia civil at pasong Putik,
19 Aug. 1896 Novaliches, and Jailed at the Bilibid.
- Was accused of helping the
- Teodoro Patiño, a member of the
katipunan
Katipunan betrayed the secrecy of it
to Father Mariano Gil. 30 Aug. 1896(Morning)
- There are 2 spies and after they’re
betrayal they also inform to - Bonifacio led his attack to the
Bonifacio that Katipunan is discover. polverin (powder depot) in San Juan.
- The Battle of the Pinaglabanang
The Spanish Cazadores began making Palpak
hundreds of arrest.
30 Aug, 1896 (Afternoon)
August 21-22, 1896
- Governor General Ramon Blanco
- Bonifacio called for a meeting to issued a decree declaring a state of
issue the call to arms. war on Manila and seven luzon
- The meeting is placed in KangKong Provinces (Cavite. Laguna,
Caloocan Batangas, Bulacan. Pampanga,
- Emilio Jacinto summoned the heads Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac) and placed
of Katipunan Councils to discuss their them under Martial Law.
measures against the Spanish forces. - The decree also mention that if you
are a katipunero and you give up to
the authorities within 48hrs you will be
 compensate and forgiven (but it was - It was called twin because of
a lie and use for interrogaton). combination of “Magdiwang
Faction” & “Magdalo Faction”
August 31, 1896
20 Nov. 1896
- The Katipuneros in Cavite rose in
arms. - Dr- Jose Rizal appeared before
- At Cavite El Viejo, the colonel Francisco Garcia Olive to
Magdalotroops led by Candido Tria answer the charges filed against
Tirona attacked the enemy garrison.
26 Dec. 1896
- The Magdiwang forces pounded the
Spaniards in Noveleta. - The litigation of Rizal took place
before a military court. Two days
September 4, 1896
after, Governor Camilo Polavieja
- Four members of the Katipunan were approved the verdict.
executed at bagumbayan. - The verdict are Sedicion or
Resistance to Lawful Authority &
September 5, 1896
Rebellion and Solicit Association
- Emilio Aguinaldo and his men
30 Dec. 1896
assailed the Spanish troops stationed
at Imus. - Rizal was executed by a firing squad
- Aguinaldo was named Heneral at Bagumbayan Field.
Miong instead of Capitan Miong.
2 FACTION IN KATIPUNAN
- Aguinaldo was not literally
command butt was by General Magdalo
Eusebio (Agire) (Aguirre).
- Headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo
12 Sep 1896 (causing of Aguinaldo)
- Imus is the capital
- 13 people were put to death at
- Kawit, Dasmariñas, Silang, Amadeo,
maze de Armas,
Mendez, Nuñez, Bacoor, and
- 13 Martyrs of Cavite or the “(Trese
Carmen.
Martires)”
Magdiwang
16 Sep. 1896
- Headed by Mariano Alvares (uncle
- 22 prominent residents ot Manila
of Gregoria De Jesus or Ka-oryang or
were imprisoned in the Fort Santiago-
husband of Andres Bonifacio)
28 Sep. 1896 - Noveleta is the capital, then
transferred to San Francisco de
- Rizal was arrested while on his way to
Malabon.
Cuba to serve as a doctor for the
- Rosario, Tanza, Naic, Ternate,
Spanish army. (Got Baited due to
Maragondon, Magallanes, Bailen,
Coding of Katipunan)
Alfonso, Indang, And San Roque.
9-11 Nov. 1896
1 Dec. 1896
- The Spanish regular army were
- Bonifacio went to cavite upon the
tremendously defeated at the twin
invitation of the Magdiwang
battles of Binakayan and Dalahican
provincial in Cavite.
in Cavite
 - Together with Gregoria De Jesus and ➢ The session was presided by Jacinto
sibilings (Ceriaco and Precorpio) and Lumbreras.
Heneral Rofino with 20 soldiers. ➢ Severino de las Alas suggested that
the convention assembled should
31 Dec. 1896
resolve whether there should be a
- The Magdalo council hosted a new government to replace the
general assembly of both factions in Katipunan.
Imus. ➢ Andres Bonifacio presided over the
election.
31 Dec. 1896
President- Emilio Aguinaldo
- Among the issues discused were the
establishment of a revolutionary
Vice President- Mariano Trias
government under the new elected
officials uniting the Magdiwang and Captain General- Artemio Ricarte
Magdalo forces under a single
Command. Director of War- Emiliano Riego de Dios

Director of the Interior- Andres Bonifacio

➢ Magdalo They believed that with the
➢ Daniel Tirona protested Bonifacio’s
outbreak of revolution, the
election saying that his position
Katipunan had ceased to be a
should be occupied by a lawyer.
secret society and therefore should
➢ He suggested a caviteño Lawyer,
be replaced with a new one.
Jose del Rosario, for the post.
➢ Bonifacio declared the election null
➢ Magdiwang They insisted that there
and void.
was no need to create a
➢ From Pasong Santol, Aguinaldo went
revolutionary government because
to Tejeros as informed by a special
the Katipunan was actually a
committee headed by Col. Vicente
government with a constitution and
Riego de Dios.
bylaws recognized by everyone.
➢ Being the new president, he had to
take his oath.
➢ General Edilberto Evangelista tried
➢ He was sworn into office inside the
to reconcile the two groups by
Catholic Church of Santa Cruz
drafting a constitution establishing
Malabon (Tanza) together with other
the Philippine Republic.
newly elected officials.
➢ Due to heated debate arising from
March 23, 1897
the issues, the assembly
accomplished nothing definite. - Bonifacio gathered his followers and
drafted a document called Acta de
Tejeros.
March 22, 1897
- This document rejected the
revolutionary government of
- The next meeting was held at
Aguinaldo
tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon,
Cavite.
- Tejeros Convention
GROUNDS ON WHY THEY REJECTED THE Bonifacio with his wife, Gregoria, his two
REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT: brothers (Ciriaco and Procopio) and loyal
followers fled to Limbon.
• Tejero's convention lacks legality
Upon learning of Bonifacio’s presence at
• There was a magdalo conspiracy to oust Limbon, Aguinaldo summoned Colonels
Agapito Bonzon, Felipe Topacio, and Jose
Bonifacio from leadership Ignacio Paua and some troops to go to
Limbon to arrest Bonifacio.
• The election of officials was fraudulent
Ciriaco Bonifacio and two soldiers were
• The actual pressure has been brought killed, while Bonifacio was wounded in the
left arm and neck.
upon the presidency Bonifacio, Gregoria, and the surviving
soldiers were taken prisoners and brought to
April 19, 1897
Naic.
- At the friar estate house in Naic, May 05, 1897
Bonifacio and his co-conspirators
drew up a document called Naic - Bonifacio’s trial began.
Military Pact. - Placido Martinez-defense attorney
- An army corps under the command for Bonifacio
of General Pio del Pilar was created. - Teodoro Gonzales-defense attorney
- While Bonifacio and his companions for Procopio
were busy conferring, major Lazaro
Makapagal who was held prisoner
downstairs managed to escape and
informed President Aguinaldo.
- Seeing that Aguinaldo’s soldiers had
already surrounded the estate
house, Bonifacio and his Magdiwang
followers left hurriedly except
General Pio del Pilar and general
Mariano Noriel.

Aguinaldo convoked a revolutionary

assembly in naic.

The following matters were taken up: 5 Day Trial for Bonifacio with charges from
the witnesses (Treason, Conspiracy, and
1.Adoption of the new red flag with a white
Bribary)
sun of eight rays at the center.
May 10, 1897
2.A standard uniform for the soldiers-
rayadilloand a set of new rules fixing military - General Noriel ordered Major Lazaro
ranks and their insignias Makapagal to release the Bonifacio
brothers from Prison.
3.Reorganization of the revolutionary army
- Makapagal and his men executed
the Bonifacio Brothers at Mount
Nagpatong, Maragondon
CHAPTER 7 | DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE 21 Dec. 1898
INDEPENDENCEBY AMBROSIO RIANZARES - Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation by
BAUTISTA President William McKinley.
- The reason behind is America believe in
➢ Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista is the one who
“Manifest Destiny” which means white race
declared independence not Emilio
are obliged to help oppress countries.
Aguinaldo
20 Jan. 1899
PROCLAMATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
- President McKinley appointed the First
➢ 333 years of Spanish occupation
Philippine Commission to make
➢ In Kawit, Cavite, on June 12, 1898, between
recommendations in the administration of
4:00pm-5:00pm, the independence of the
the country.
Philippines was proclaimed.
➢ The Philippine flag was officially unfurled on 4 Nov. 1901
the window of Aguinaldo’s mansion as the
- Taft Commission passed the Sedition Law
Philippine national march was played in
which imposed death penalty or a long
public.
prison term on anyone who advocated
➢ Doña Marcela Agoncillo (Mother), Lorenza
separation from the US even in peaceful
Agoncillo (Daughter), and Delfina Herbosa
means.
de Natividad (Pamangkin ni Rizal) had sewn
the flag in Hongkong. Hare-hawes Cutting Act (December 1931)
➢ Emilio Aguinaldo made the design.
➢ Marcha Nacional Filipina (formerly Marcha - provided the granting of Philippine
Filipina Magdalo) was composed by Julian independence after 12 years but reserving
Felipe. military and naval bases for the United
States.
In 1896 The first hymn proposed was named
“Marangal na dalit ng mga katagalugan” – Juan Tydings-Mcduffie Law (March 24,1944)
Nakpil. Pinili ni Andres Bonifacio kaso na deds.
- provided for ten-year transition period under
➢ Marcha Nacional Filipina was played by San the commonwealth of the Philippines,
Francisco de Malabon band. preparatory to the granting of absolute and
➢ The Act of the Declaration of Philippine complete independence on July 4,1946
Independence was solemnly read by
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista. (Also signed by
95 people).

CHAPTER 8| PHILIPPINE CARTOONS:

POLITICAL CARICATURES OF THE AMERICAN
ERA, 1900-41 BY ALFRED MCCOY
➢ The United States of America, following
Spain, occupied the Philippines between
1899 and 1946. The archipelago was the
largest among the territories that the US took
over from Spain, including Puerto Rico and
Cuba.
➢ 47 years colonization of America.
➢ Treaty of Paris (Dec.10, 1898) - treaty
concluding the Spanish american war.