12/30/20
Reproductive Anatomy
and Physiology
Study Guide
Organs of the
Male Reproductive System
• Testes (gonads)
• Sperm, _________
• Duct system
• Sperm storage, transport
• Maturation
• Exiting the body
• Accessory sex glands
• Adds secretions to
____________
• Supporting structures
• Penis
• _____________
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Testes
• Seminiferous tubules
• Site of __________ production
• Spermatogenic cells
• Sperm-forming cells
• ________ cells
• ‘Blood-testis barrier’
• Nourish spermatogenic cells
• Fluid for _____________
• Inhibin production
• ________ cells
• Produce testosterone
Spermatogenesis
1. Spermatogonia (2N): stem cells that
give rise to 4 sperm
• Dormant in childhood, active after puberty
• Undergo mitosis
• Some go through blood-testis barrier to
become:
2. ___________ spermatocyte (2N)
• DNA replicatesà Meiosis I begins, forms:
3. Secondary spermatocytes (n)
• BUT, EACH CHROMOSOME STILL HAS TWO
CHROMATIDS
• So, Meiosis II occurs to yield:
4. 4 spermatids (n)
• Then, we see the process of:
5. _________________:
• Spermatids develop into mature sperm (n)
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The HPG axis
again!
Semen Composition
qAlkaline
qMilky appearance (prostate
secretion)
qSticky (seminal vesicles and
bulbourethral glands)
§Components:
§ _____________
§ ________________
§ Prostaglandins
§ Immunosuppressants
§ Enzymes
§ Antibiotics
§ Mucus
§ Clotting factors
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The penis
•Major functions:
• Excretion of _________
• Ejaculation of __________
•3 basic parts:
• Glans penis
• Root
• ____________
• Erectile tissue
• Corpus cavernosa (2)
• Corpus spongiosum
•Erection
1. Sexual stimulation
2. Increased blood flow
3. Dilation of blood vessels
4. Widening of blood sinuses
Female reproductive system
•Ovaries
•Uterine (_______) tubes
•Uterus
•Vagina
•_________ (external organs)
•Mammary glands
• Integumentary and
reproductive system
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Cyclic in nature
Female
◦ Ovarian cycle – follicular and luteal phases
◦ Uterine cycle – proliferative and secretory
Reproductive
phases Cycle
Normal cycle (humans), ~28-35d
◦ Menstruation 4-5d
◦ Follicular phase 10-16d
◦ Ovulatory phase ~36hr
◦ Luteal phase ~14d
Relatively few gametes released
◦ 1 million - birth, 250K - puberty, ~400
ovulated
Ovaries
◦ ___________ production
◦ __________ production
Uterus
◦ Maintaining ____________
Ovarian Cycle
Ovaries
◦ Located in body cavity
◦ Two phases:
1. __________ (before ovulation)
2. Luteal (following ovulation)
◦ Interstitial tissue
◦ ___________ production
◦ Follicles
◦ __________ and surrounding
cells
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OVARIAN CYCLE FOR ONE EGG
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Oogenesis
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Ovulation
LH and estrogen levels
spike prior to ovulation
◦ __________ feedback of HPG
axis!
◦ Follicle gets to 1-2cm in size
prior to ovulation
Granulosa becomes less
cohesive
Portion of _________ wall
disassociates
◦ 24hrs after LH surge
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Ovarian Cycle:
Luteal phase
Follicle collapses after ovulation, but still active
◦ Corpus ______________
LH acts on granulosa and theca interna cells to
maintain secretion of ___________ and
progesterone
◦ Inhibits GnRH secretion
◦ Active for 5-8d (humans) then begins degeneration
◦ Pregnancy vs. no pregnancy
◦ Degeneration and menstruation
◦ Follicular and luteal cycles begin again
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After ovulation:
1. Egg is ferried into
___________via fimbriae
◦ Ciliated walls
2. Makes its way into uterus
3. If fertilized, it _____________
4. If not, it dies
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Uterine cycle: 2 phases
Getting ready for possible implantation
◦ Leads to monthly preparation of uterus
◦ Sets-up uterus to accommodate fertilized
ova
1. _____________________
◦ Coincides with follicular phase of ovary
◦ Build up of ____________ lining
◦ Estrogen is predominant
2. Secretory phase
◦ Coincides with luteal phase of ovary
◦ Maintains uterine lining
◦ Now see estrogen AND _______________
Menstruation
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Menstruation
If pregnant:
◦ Corpus luteum still
functions
◦ Menstruation does
_________ occur
If not pregnant:
◦ Corpus luteum
____________
◦ Estradiol and progesterone
drop
◦ Functional layer of
endometrium lost
◦ Spiral vessels
______________
◦ 1st day of menstruation is
the ___________ of a new
28-d cycle
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Combine ovarian and uterine cycles
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