Programming 01 PRELIMINARIES

GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE
1ST GENERATION “MACHINE LANGUAGE”
6 STAGES OF IN DEVELOPING - uses binary codes that consist of string of
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING only zeroes and ones
Defining the problem - these are languages that a computer can
Designing a solution to the program understand and execute directly
Writing the program - machine dependent
Compiling, debugging, and testing the - low-level language
program 2ND GENERATION “ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE”
Documenting the research program - uses mnemonics or very short words for
Maintaining the program commands
WHY DO WE PROGRAM? - program written in assembly language must
To make life easier be converted by an ASSEMBLER
Let’s take election for example. Back in - low-level language
the day, it takes days to determine a victor in - TASM, MASM
government elections. So, they posed a solution 3RD GENERATION “HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE”
in which they would automate the elections for a - more or less independent of a particular type
hassle free process. Now, it approximately takes of computer
only one day to determine newly elected officials. - closer to human languages and they are
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING ERRORS easier to read, write, and maintain
- uses a COMPILER to translate the source
SYNTAX ERRORS
code into machine readable code
errors due to the fact that the syntax of the
- FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, PASCAL, C, C++,
language is not respected
ALGOL, ADA, JAVA
SEMANTIC ERROR
4TH GENERATION “OBJECT-ORIENTED
errors due to the improper use of program
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE”
statements
- organize coding around objects
LOGICAL ERROR
- event-driven event triggers the the outcome
errors that occur when the specification is not
of the program
respected
- JAVA, C+, C#, Visual Basic, VB.NET
COMPILE TIME ERRORS
5TH GENERATION “LOGIC PROGRAMMING”
errors that occur during the compilation phase - artificial language
before the program is run; typically caused by - operates on concept of solving problems
incorrect syntax or type-related errors based on constraints or rules that have been
RUNTIME ERRORS declared in the program
errors occur during the execution of the - the focus is on making the computer
program, often due to unexpected conditions program solve the problem for you
like dividing by zero or accessing invalid - uses knowledge bases and expert system
memory - PROLOG, MERCURY, LISP
WHAT IS PROGRAMMING

well
LANGUAGE?
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Artificial language used to communicate IT

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instructions to a machine (computer)

Used to create programs that control the
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behavior of a machine and/or express

algorithms precisely
Software used to create another software
 PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS TYPES OF PROGRAMMING
IMPERATIVE/PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
- expressing an essential order or MACHINE LANGUAGE
command/procedural - binary language (proposed by Gottfried
- describes computation in terms of a program Wilhelm Leibniz which was developed in 1689
state and actions that change the state and published in 1703 but the concept of
- program consists of explicit commander using it for computer calculations was
instructions to be executed, performing pioneered by Dr John Von Neumann )
operations on data and modifying values of - only language that computer understands
program variables and the external - very fast in terms of program execution (not
environment easy to write)
FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING - instructions are directly executed by the CPU
- computations are specified through - widely used in 1940s up to early 1950s
mathematical functions that evaluate input
expressions convert them into output values Central Processing
- “what”-oriented Unit (CPU)
Unique machine language
- declarative programming paradigm where
programs are created by applying sequential LOW-LEVEL OR ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
functions rather than statements - specific to a given microprocessor or CPU of
LOGIC PROGRAMMING the computer
- written in logical statements that describe - deals with a computer’s hardware
the properties that solutions must have components and constraints
- based on the concept of logical deduction in - way higher level language then machine
symbolic logic, or the manipulation of symbols language so its faster, however, it is still hard to
[e.g. && (and), || (or), > (greater than), = write and read
(equal)] HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING - more or less independent of a particular type
- data structures are seen as objects; of computer
programmers create relationships between - closer to human language
“objects” - easier to understand, modify, and debug
- CLASS is a group of objects that have same - allow programmers to focus on solving the
properties and behaviors problem
CURRENT AND DISTRIBUTED PROGRAMMING
COMPILER VS INTERPRETER
- allows for execution of 2 or more operations
translates a program written a program that directly
at the same time in high-level language executes the instructions in a
(source code) and translates high-level language, without
- is concurrent (occurring at the same time), into machine language converting it into machine
processes run in tandem using shared (object code) code
The first compiler was Lisp interpreter was written
resources written by Grace Hopper in in 1958 by John McCarthy's
the early 1950s. She also student Steve Russell
- parallel suggests that the processes run coined the term “compiler”.
side-by-side yet operate independently;
TWO TYPES OF PROGRAMMING
parallel processing is a sub-set of concurrent
PARADIGM
processing
STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING

an do it! - enhance lucidity, caliber, and creation

c efficiency of a computer program by

leveraging a plethora of subroutines, block
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structures, and looping constructs like for

and while
- procedural programming that uses Top
Design Principle
- Dr. Edsger W. Dijkstara is a Dutch computer
scientist who developed the paradigm of
structured programming for writing computer
programs.
 Gosling envisioned the language to resonate
CONTROL SEQUENCE
SEQUENCE with both system and application programmers,
SELECTION/CONDITIONAL LOGIC
INTERATION/ LOOPING MECHANISM
which is why he infused it with a syntax style
that is familiar with C and C++
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING In 1995, Sun Microsystems debuted the first
- revolves around objects public version of Java 1.0 embracing a “Write
- the idea was first introduced by computer Once, Run Anywhere” (WORA) philosophy
scientists Alan Kay and Adele Goldberg in the In 1998, Java evolved into Java , first known as
late 1960s J2SE 1.2., it offered several configurations for
- the first OOP language is called SIMULA different platforms
which was created by Ole-Johan Dahl and Java 2 Enterprise Edition (JEE) incorporated
Kristen Nygaard at the Norwegian Computing technologies and APIs tailored for server-side
Center in Oslo, Norway in the 1960s apps, while JAVA 2 Micro Edition (J2ME) was
optimized for mobile apps
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
In 1997, Sun Microsystems sought
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
standardization of Java from the ISO/IEC JTC 1
OBJECT and Ecma International but eventually pulled
CLASS back. Despite this, Java has remained a de
INHERITANCE facto standard, controlled through the Java
POLYMORPHISM Community Process.
ABSTRACTION
ENCAPSULATION On November 13, 2006, Sun Microsystems
released most of its Java virtual machine
(JVM) as free and open-source software under
the terms of the GNU General Public License
(GPL)
BRIEF HISTORY OF JAVA On May 8, 2007, Sun Microsystems made all of
One of the most popular and widely used its JVM’s core code available under free
programming languages software/open-source distribution terms.
written and developed by Dr. James Gosling Rich Green, executive vice president of
and his colleagues in the 1990s at Sun software at Sun Microsystems envisioned Sun
Microsystems Microsystems as a Java “evangelist”
it was released in 1995 as part of Sun Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems in 2009-
Microsystems’ Java platform 2010 and positioned itself as the “Steward of
based in terms of syntax and structure in C and Java Technology”
C++ James Gosling resigned from Oracle on April 2,
open source freely available over the internet to 2010
download and use
l f w a y
uses classes, methods, and object to create
’ r e ha
apps
W e
e l i m s!
apps written in Java can run on many different
u g h pr
operating systems with little or no modification
of the code thro
HISTORY OF JAVA
spearheaded by James Gosling, Mike Sheridan,
and Patrick Naughton; they initiated the Java
language project in June 1991
purposed for interactive television
initially called OAK because of the oak tree
visible from Gosling’s office window
also called GREEN before JAVA (inspired by a
coffee from Indonesia)
 TYPES OF JAVA APPLICATIONS BENEFITS OF JAVA
1. Serves as an introductory programming
1. JAVA APPLET - refer to Java programs
language for students; widely employed by
downloaded from the internet and executed
seasoned professionals in the industry.
inside your web browser by a JVM that is
2. In Java, variables must be initialized before
typically part of the browser
they are used, which is a key difference from C.
2. APPLICATION - used to describe Java
This requirement helps prevent errors that can
programs running locally, standalone on a
arise from using uninitialized variables.
computer, much like programs on Windows
3. In Java, every method that is not declared as
(notepad for example)
void (methods that do not return value) must
3. JAVA ARCHIVE (JAR) - a package file format
return a value of the specified type. This
used to aggregate many Java class files and
ensures that the method’s behavior is
associated metadata and resources into one
predictable and consistent.
file for distribution
4. One of Java’s primary assets is its
4. SERVLET - run on a server and handle requests
comprehensive API (Application Programming
and responses in web applications; key
Interface), providing an extensive selection of
component of Java web development
pre-built classes and methods.
5. SWING APPLICATION - Desktop applications
5. Always maintain the same size in terms of bit
that use the Swing toolkit for building graphical
count.
user interfaces (GUIs)
6. Java was considered slower than C due to its
6. ENTERPRISE JAVA BEANS (EJB) - A server-
reliance on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) for
side component that encapsulates business
execution, which introduces some overhead
logic of an application; used in large-scale
compared to C’s direct compilation to machine
enterprise applications to handle transactions,
code. However, this performance difference
security, and scalability
has become less significant over time.
CHARACTERISTICS OF JAVA 7. Java handles error conditions, including
1. Simple input/output (I/O) errors, using a mechanism
2. Object-oriented called exceptions. When an error occurs, Java
3. Distributed throws an exception, which can be caught and
4. Interpreted handled to prevent the program from crashing.
5. Robust 8. Java’s “Write Once, Run Anywhere” (WORA)
6. Secure approach is its standout feature. This concept
7. Architecture-neutral means that Java code can be written once and
8. Portable then run on any platform without needing
9. High Performance modifications.
10. Multithreaded
11. Dynamic

b e r to
m
Reme k s !
r e a VARIABLES

take b
value that can be changed depending on
conditions or on information passed to the
program
can be reused throughout the program,
instead of having to type out the actual value
all over and over again
VARIABLE DECLARATION
In Java Programming, you can define a
variable with the following format:
Data Type Variable Name = Value
String User_Name = “Juan Dela Cruz”
 Always remember that Java is case IDENTIFIERS
sensitive programming language similar to IDENTIFIERS - names given to various
C languages program elements such as variables,
functions, and arrays
RULES IN USING VARIABLES The following are the guidelines in creating
A VARIABLE CAN: identifiers in Java
Any unicode character that is a letter 1. Consists of letters and digits without space,
(including numeric letters like Roman in any other, except that the first character
numerals) or a digit must be a letter.
Currency sign (such as $) 2. Uppercase and lowercase are permitted but
Connecting punctuation character (such as _) they are not interchangeable. As an
A VARIABLE CANNOT: exception, an underscore may be used as the
Variable names are CASE-SENSITIVE. first character of the identifier.
A variable’s name can be any legal identifier. 3. Reserved words and standard methods must
It can contain unicode letter, digits, and two not be used.
special characters such as underscore and $ Example of Valid Identifiers:
dollar sign.
Length of Variable name can be any number. Salary_Per_Month _area_circle passing_grade75

It is necessary to use alphabet at the start

(however, we can use underscore). Age PESONS_NAME User_Name
Some auto generated variable may contain ‘$’
sign. But try to not use dollar sign.
Grade23 Y passwords
White space is not permitted.
Special Characters are not allowed.
Example of Invalid Identifiers:
A digit at the start is not allowed.
Subsequent characters may be letters, digits, EXAMPLE REASON FOR INVALIDITY
dollar signs, or underscore characters.
Variable name must not be a keyword or 3RD Starts with a digit
reserved word.
RULES IN USING VARIABLES BIR TAX Contains space
variables whose value does not change
during program execution; useful if we want %price Contains special character
to assign value to a variable that is fixed
Final Data Type Variable Name = Value while A reserved word
IMPORTANCE OF COMMENTS ON
PROGRAMS RESERVED WORDS
COMMENTS - variables whose value does not standard predefined words; not allowed to
change during program execution; useful if use as variable names or objects
we want to assign value to a variable that is DATA TYPE
fixed specifies possible range of values of the set,
1. Program documentation contains information the operations that can be performed
that improves the readability of the program. used so that the compiler or interpreter of a
2. Comments are part of the program programming language can be told about the
documentation because they help others read data which is to be used
and understand how the program works. The
compiler and interpreters, however, ignore
comments and they are not translated in
machine language.
TYPES OF COMMENTS IN JAVA
1. MULTIPLE LINE COMMENTS - comments
enclosed by /* and /*
2. SINGLE LINE COMMENTS - comments
placed after // symbols
 JAVA OPERATORS
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

RELATIONAL OPERATORS

LOGICAL OPERATORS

BITWISE OPERATORS
shift the bit value; first (left) operand
represents the value to undergo the shift,
while the second (right) operand defines the
number of positions to shift the buts in the
value
significance of both operands is equal

ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS

I hope you do well in your prelims

made it!
You

From: Gwyneth Zoe L. Basto

11-ITE-04 Block Mayor