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First Internal Assessment Test (IAT-1)

Subject: Cloud Computing Subject Code: 21CS72
Semester: 07 Max. Marks: 50
Batch: 2024 Duration: 90min
Date of IAT: Teaching Department: ISE
RBT Levels: L1-Remember, L2-Understand, L3-Apply, L4-Analyze, L5-Evaluate, L6-Create

Instruction: Answer the following questions

Q Questions Mark
No s
Summarize the Cloud computing reference model offering services to the cloud
user.
The Cloud Computing Reference Model breaks down cloud services into three
main categories: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS),
and Software as a Service (SaaS).

IaaS provides basic building blocks like virtual machines, storage, and
networks. It's like having the raw materials to build whatever you need in a
virtual space. Examples are AWS EC2 and Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines.
1. 10
PaaS offers a higher level of abstraction, providing you with the tools and
environments to develop, test, and deploy software applications without
worrying about the underlying infrastructure. Think Google App Engine or
Microsoft Azure App Services.

SaaS delivers fully functional, ready-to-use applications over the internet. You
use these apps just like you'd use any traditional software, except it's hosted and
managed by the provider.
Infer the Service oriented computing and its two important fundamental
concepts. 06
Solution: Service-Oriented Computing (SOC) focuses on designing software
solutions as services. These services are reusable, interoperable, and can be
composed to form more complex applications, promoting flexibility and agility.

2a. Two fundamental concepts in SOC are:

Service Composition: Building complex services by combining simpler ones.

Think of it like constructing a LEGO masterpiece from individual bricks.

Service Interoperability: Ensuring different services can work together

seamlessly, regardless of the platforms or technologies they are built on.
2b Elaborate the major revolution introduced by Web 2.0 with examples. 04
. Solution: Web 2.0 marked a shift from static web pages to interactive and user-
 driven content. The revolution here was about fostering participation,
collaboration, and information sharing among users.

One example: social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube,
which allowed users to create, share, and interact with content in ways that were
previously impossible.

Another big change was wikis: collaborative websites where users could add,
modify, or delete content via a web browser. Wikipedia is the most famous
example—essentially, knowledge created and maintained by the masses.

Blogs were also a major Web 2.0 trend, giving individuals a voice on the
internet and enabling real-time dialogue and engagement through comments and
shares.
Explain the characteristics that bring benefits to both Cloud Service Consumers
(CSCs) and Cloud service providers (CSPs) of Cloud computing.
Solution: Cloud computing offers a bunch of win-win characteristics for both
Cloud Service Consumers (CSCs) and Cloud Service Providers (CSPs).

Scalability is a biggie. For CSCs, it means they can scale resources up or down
as needed without massive capital investment. For CSPs, it's an opportunity to
optimize and allocate resources efficiently across multiple clients.

Cost Efficiency is another key factor. CSCs save on upfront hardware costs
and only pay for what they use. CSPs benefit from the economies of scale,
spreading out costs over many customers.
3a. 06
Accessibility is a game-changer. CSCs can access their data and applications
from anywhere, anytime, improving productivity and flexibility. For CSPs, it
means tapping into a global customer base.

Security and Reliability are enhanced as CSPs can invest in robust security
measures and maintain high availability. CSCs benefit from professional-grade
security and uptime without managing it themselves.

Finally, Innovation: CSPs constantly innovate their services, leading to a cycle

of mutual benefit where CSCs get cutting-edge technology and CSPs stay
competitive.
3b Brief out the challenges in Cloud computing. 04
. Solution:
1. Data Security and Privacy.
2. Cost Management

3. Multi-Cloud Environment

4. Performance Challenges
5. Interoperability and Flexibility
 6. High Dependence on Network

Outline any two Computing platforms and technologies with their services to
the End-user.
Solution: prominent computing platforms and technologies with services to
end-users are: Microsoft Office 365 (SaaS), offering productivity applications
like Word, Excel, and PowerPoint accessible from any device with an internet
connection, and Google Cloud Platform (PaaS/IaaS), providing a suite of cloud-
based services including storage, compute power, data analytics, and machine
learning capabilities for application development and deployment.
Microsoft Office 365 (SaaS):
Services to End-User:
 Access to familiar productivity tools like Word, Excel, PowerPoint,
Outlook (email), and Teams (collaboration) from any device with a web
browser.
 Real-time document collaboration with multiple users simultaneously
editing the same document.
4.  Cloud-based storage for documents, allowing users to access files from 10
anywhere.
 Integrated calendar and email management features.
Mobile apps for accessing Office suite on smartphones and tablets.
Google Cloud Platform (PaaS/IaaS):
Services to End-User:
 Compute Engine (IaaS): Scalable virtual machines for running
applications and workloads.
 Cloud Storage: Secure storage for large amounts of data with access
control features.
 BigQuery (Data Analytics): Powerful data analysis tool for large
datasets.
 Machine Learning (ML) Platform: Tools to build and deploy machine
learning models without extensive programming knowledge.
 App Engine (PaaS): Platform to develop and deploy web applications
without managing underlying infrastructure.
5. Explain the major distributed computing technologies that led to Cloud 10
computing?
1. Grid Computing (1990s)
 Linked geographically dispersed computers to share computing power
 Used heavily in scientific research
 Projects like SETI@home popularized the concept
2. Virtualization (1960s, mainstream in 2000s)
 Enabled running multiple virtual machines on a single physical server
 VMware and Xen were pioneers
 Made resource sharing and isolation possible
3. Cluster Computing
 Connected computers to work as a single system
  Provided high availability and load balancing
 Led to technologies like Hadoop for distributed processing
4. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
 Introduced modular, reusable software services
 Enabled loose coupling between systems
 Web services and APIs became standardized
5. Utility Computing
 Pay-per-use model for computing resources
 Similar to electricity or water utilities
 Amazon's early infrastructure services followed this model

Discuss the benefits of virtualization technique?

1. Solution: Resource Optimization
 Better hardware utilization through server consolidation
 Multiple virtual machines can share physical resources
 Reduced energy consumption and cooling costs
2. Cost Reduction
 Lower hardware acquisition and maintenance costs
 Reduced data center space requirements
 Decreased operational overhead
3. Improved Availability & Disaster Recovery
 Easy backup and replication of virtual machines
 Quick recovery from failures
 Live migration capabilities without downtime
4. Enhanced Flexibility & Scalability
 Rapid provisioning of new resources
 Easy testing and development environments
 Dynamic resource allocation based on needs
6a. 04
5. Better Management
 Centralized administration of multiple systems
 Simplified maintenance and updates
 Enhanced security through isolation
6. Development & Testing
 Creation of isolated test environments
 Quick setup of different configurations
 Reduced hardware requirements for testing
7. Legacy Application Support
 Run older applications on modern hardware
 Maintain compatibility without dedicated hardware
 Extended life of legacy systems
8. Environmental Benefits
 Reduced carbon footprint
 Lower power consumption
 More efficient use of physical space

6b Paraphrase the characteristics of virtualized environments? 06

. Solution: 1 Resource Abstraction: Virtualization abstracts physical hardware,
allowing multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical server.
 1. Isolation: Each virtual machine operates independently, ensuring that
processes in one VM do not affect others.
2. Scalability: Virtualized environments can easily scale up or down by
adding or removing virtual machines as needed.
3. Efficiency: They optimize resource utilization, enabling better
performance and reduced costs by consolidating workloads.
4. Flexibility: Virtual machines can be quickly deployed, modified, or
moved, providing agility in managing IT resources.
5. Snapshot and Cloning: Users can create snapshots of virtual machines
for backup or testing purposes and clone them for rapid deployment.
6. Centralized Management: Virtualized environments often come with
centralized tools for monitoring and managing multiple VMs from a
single interface.

Classify the taxonomy of virtualization at various levels.

7. 10

Solution:
 Explain hardware virtualization reference model.

8. 10

9. Analyse how hypervisor techniques are implemented on hardware 10

virtualization.
Hypervisors are essential components in the realm of virtualization, allowing
multiple operating systems to run concurrently on a single physical machine.
They serve as a layer between the hardware and the operating systems,
managing the distribution of hardware resources among the virtual machines
(VMs).
1)Types of Hypervisors
Hypervisors are generally categorized into two types:

Type 1 Hypervisors (Bare-metal): These run directly on the host's hardware

without a host operating system. Examples include VMware ESXi, Microsoft
Hyper-V, and Xen. They have direct access to the hardware, which allows for
better performance and efficiency.

Type 2 Hypervisors (Hosted): These run on top of a conventional operating

 system. Examples include VMware Workstation and Oracle VirtualBox. While
easier to set up and use, they tend to have slightly higher overhead due to the
additional layer of the host OS.
2) Hardware-Assisted Virtualization.
3. Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM).
4)Device Emulation and Pass-through.
5)Security and Isolation Techniques.
6)Management Interfaces and APIs
Examine some of the services provide by Amazon Web Services (AWS) ,
Microsoft Azure, Google AppEngine, Force.com and Salesforce.com.
Solution: WS offers a wide range of cloud services, including:

Compute: Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud), Amazon Lambda (serverless

computing)
Storage: Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service), Amazon Glacier
Database: Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service), Amazon DynamoDB
Networking: Amazon VPC (Virtual Private Cloud), Amazon Route 53
10 AI & Machine Learning: Amazon SageMaker, Amazon Rekognition
10
. Security: Amazon GuardDuty, AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM).
Microsoft Azure
Azure provides a comprehensive suite of cloud services, including:

Compute: Azure Virtual Machines, Azure Functions

Storage: Azure Blob Storage, Azure Files
Database: Azure SQL Database, Azure Cosmos DB
Networking: Azure Virtual Network, Azure Load Balancer
AI & Machine Learning: Azure Machine Learning, Azure Cognitive Services
Security: Azure Security Centre, Azure Active Directory