http://hdl.handle.
net/1813/56139
New York State Sesame and Sesame Oil Profile
Integrated Pest Management Cornell Cooperative Extension
Program
Sesame and Sesame Oil Profile
Active Ingredient Eligible for Minimum Risk Pesticide Use
Brian P. Baker and Jennifer A. Grant
New York State Integrated Pest Management, Cornell University, Geneva NY
Active Ingredient Name: Sesame (including U.S. EPA PC Code: 072401 (Sesame oil)
ground plant) and Sesame Oil 128970 (Sesame plant)
Active Components: Lignins; Sesamin and CA DPR Chem Code: 2585 (Ground Sesame)
Sesamolin 1221 (Oil of Sesame)
CAS Registry #: 8008-74-0 (Sesame Oil) Other Names: Sesame, Oil of Sesame, Ground
607-80-7 (Sesamin) Sesame Plant, Sesame Oil, Benne Oil, Benniseed,
526-07-08 (Sesamolin) Gingilli Oil, Sextra, Teel Oil, Sesame indicum L.
Other Codes: Caswell 733; RTECS 3940000
Summary: Sesame is an extensively grown food plant producing both edible seeds and oils. Various parts
of the plant are used as pesticides. Sesame oil may be used as an insecticide with suffocating and syner-
gistic modes of action. Ground sesame stalks, sesame chaff, and the sesame cake that is a by-product of
oil manufacturing are either mixed into soil before planting or applied as a mulch around growing plants
to control harmful nematodes.
Pesticidal Uses: Nematicide, insecticide, antimicrobial, fungicide, herbicide, rodenticide.
Formulations and Combinations: Used as a synergist with pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids. Sesa-
me oil may be formulated with essential oils, such as thyme oil; with other vegetable oils, such as corn,
soybean and cottonseed oil; and with emulsifiers, such as lecithin. Sesame chaff and ground sesame cake
may be combined with diatomaceous earth.
Basic Manufacturers: Primary/basic manufacturers: Sesaco, Joyva (US); Dipasa (Mexico); A-Dalamai;
Chee Seng, Iwai, Oh Aik Guan, Marathon Globe (Asia). Fediol, Unilever (Europe).
This document profiles an active ingredient currently eligible for exemption from pesticide registration when used in
a Minimum Risk Pesticide in accordance with the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) section
25b. The profile was developed by the New York State Integrated Pest Management Program at Cornell University,
for the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. The authors are solely responsible for its con-
tent. The Overview Document contains more information on the scope of the profiles, the purpose of each section,
and the methods used to prepare them. Mention of specific uses are for informational purposes only, and are not
to be construed as recommendations. Brand name products are referred to for identification purposes only, and
are not endorsements.
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Sesame and Sesame Oil Profile
Safety Overview: The EPA concluded that given sesame’s long history as a food crop and edible oil, no
adverse effects are expected from use of ground sesame stalks as an active ingredient mixed into soil or
applied as a mulch. No harmful effects have been reported in humans, in livestock that feed on leftover
stalks, or as a result of mixing the stalks into soil after harvesting the seeds (US EPA 2001).
Background
The sesame plant (Sesamum indicum) is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Both
the seeds and the oil are used for food. Other species of Sesamum include S. alatum, S. orientale and S.
radiatum. Sesame is an important food plant, both as a cooking oil and for edible seeds.
In 2013, the leading countries for the production of sesame were China, India, Myanmar and Sudan (FAO
2015). The US is a minor producer of sesame, with about 17,500 acres planted in 2012 (USDA NASS 2015).
Texas was the leading state for production; other states that produced sesame include California, Okla-
homa, Alabama, Florida and South Carolina. Sesame oil ranks the eighth most produced edible oil in the
world (Hwang 2005).
Sesame oil can be extracted a number of different ways, but the traditional method is hot water flotation.
Seeds are ground into a paste and heated to 80-90°C, then boiling water is poured over it. The oil floats to
the top, where it is physically separated from the water (Warra 2011). Another method is to cold press the
seed and expel the oil. Industrial scale production generally involves the use of hexane as a solvent for
extraction, although supercritical carbon dioxide can also be used.
Both the seed coat and the oil are rich in polyphenolic compounds with anti-oxidant properties known as
lignans (Grougnet et al. 2011; Sacco and Thompson 2011). Lignans do not react to strong bases to make
salts of fatty acids, and are thus part of the unsaponifiable portion of the oils. The lignan found in greatest
quantity in sesame is sesamin, which makes up about 0.1-0.6% of sesame oil (Kamal-Eldin 2011). Sesamin
is considered one of the more biologically active constituents with respect to insects and nematodes, as
discussed further in the efficacy section. For this reason, where values are missing for the parameters and
available for sesamin, the values of sesamin are reported.
The oil can be applied to foliage. The chaff created from separating the seeds, as well as the sesame cake
that is a by-product of removing the oil from the seed, can both be soil applied to suppress soilborne
pests and diseases.
Chemical and Physical Properties
The chemical and physical properties of sesame, sesame oil, and the active constituent sesamin are sum-
marized in Table 1.
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Table 1
Physical and Chemical Properties of Sesame, Sesame Oil and Sesamin
Property Characteristic/Value Source
Molecular Formula: Sesamin: C20H18O6 (ChEBI 2015)
Molecular Weight: Sesamin: 354.35 g/mol (Sigma-Aldrich 2014)
Percent Composition: Sesame seed: 50% oils, 23% carbohydrates, 18% (Sacco and Thompson 2011;
protein, 12% total dietary fiber Kamal-Eldin 2011)
Sesame oil: Triacylglycerols (95%), diacylglycerols
(2.6%), free fatty acids (0.1%), other lipids, including
phospholipids and other unsaponifiables (2.3%)
Physical state at 25°C/1 (Oil) liquid (Merck 2015)
Atm. (Ground plant) solid
Color Pale yellow (Merck 2015)
Odor Almost odorless (Merck 2015)
Density/Specific Gravity Relative Density (Oil): 0.920 g/mL @ 25˚C (Sigma-Aldrich 2015)
Melting point/Solidifica- (Sesame oil) -5°C (USP 2008; Royal Society of
tion point (Sesamin) 123° C Chemistry 2015)
Boiling point (Sesamin) 504°C (Royal Society of Chemistry 2015)
Solubility Soluble in petroleum ether, slightly soluble in (Merck 2015)
alcohol, insoluble in water
Vapor pressure (Sesamin) 2.07 x 108 mm Hg at 25°C (EPI 2012)
pH Not found
Octonol/Water (Kow) 0.68 (EPI 2012)
coefficient
Viscosity η = 60 mPa∙s (Thomas 2000)
Miscibility Miscible with chloroform, solvent hexane, carbon (Merck 2015)
disulfide
Flammability Flash Point: >255˚C (US EPA ACTOR 2015)
Storage stability Stable, incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, (Sigma-Aldrich 2014)
unstable in excess heat or light.
Corrosion characteristics Not corrosive in presence of glass (ScienceLab 2013)
Air half life (Sesamin) 2 hr (EPI 2012)
Soil half life (Sesamin) 1,900 hrs (EPI 2012)
Water half life (Sesamin) 900 hrs (EPI 2012)
Persistence (Sesamin) 997 hrs (EPI 2012)
Sesame oil is relatively high in unsaponifiable matter, meaning that, when reacted with a strong alkali
solution such as sodium or potassium hydroxides, a significant portion of between 2 and 3% does not
react to form soap (Hwang 2005). These lipids are in the form of sterols and lignans. Roasting the seeds
before extraction increases the yield and saponifiable matter, but also reduces the amount of antioxi-
dants and turns the oil brown.
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Sesame and Sesame Oil Profile
Human Health Information
The EPA reported no harmful effects have been reported from the use of ground sesame stalks despite
sesame’s long history as a cultivated crop, and no risks to humans are expected from such use (US EPA
2001). Sesame oil has a long history of use as a food.
Acute Toxicity
The acute toxicity values of sesame oil are reported in Table 2.
Table 2
Acute Toxicity of Sesame Oil
Study Results Source
Acute oral toxicity LD50-mouse: >50g/kg bw (EPA ACTOR 2015)
Acute dermal toxicity LD50-rabbit- >2000mg/kg (Sigma Aldrich Co. 2015 MSDS)
Acute inhalation Not found
Acute eye irritation Not found
Acute dermal irritation Skin irritation/corrosion-human-mild irrita- (Sigma Aldrich Co. 2015 MSDS)
tion-3h
Skin sensitization Not found
Sub-chronic Toxicity
The sub-chronic toxicity values of sesame and sesame oil are reported in Table 3.
Table 3
Sub-chronic Toxicity of Sesame and Sesame Oil
Study Results Source
Repeated Dose 28-day Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: Elevated tocopherol levels (Sesame (Ikeda, et al. 2002)
Rodents seed).
90 day oral toxicity in rodents Not found
90 day oral toxicity in non-rodents Swine: Adverse effects observed at 500 (HSDB 2015)
mg/kg. (Sesame oil)
90 Day dermal toxicity Not found
90 Day inhalation toxicity Not found
Reproduction/development toxicity screening Not found
test
Combined repeated dose toxicity with reproduc- Not found
tion/development toxicity screening test
Prenatal developmental toxicity study Not found
Reproduction and fertility effects Not found
Sesame oil has been studied extensively for its use as a carrier, adjuvant and excipient used in pharma-
ceuticals. Several studies noted that sesame oil and its lignans act as anti-hypertensives (HSDB 2015).
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Rats fed roasted white sesame seeds and the lignans sesamin and sesaminol had significantly lower
levels of tocopherols (Ikeda et al. 2002). Another study found that rats fed a diet containing sesamin at
levels above 0.5% frequently showed enlargement of the liver, although no abnormal tissue changes were
observed (Namiki 1995). A 17-week (119 day) experiment feeding swine brominated sesame oil noted
marked lethargy, ataxia, and elevated levels of blood serum enzymes linked to cellular breakdown at the
highest dosage rate of 500 mg/kg body weight per day. Males fed the highest doses showed marked tes-
ticular atrophy (Farber et al. 1976). According to the authors, some of the toxic effects may have been due
to the accumulation of bromine rather than the sesame oil.
A segment of the population is known to be allergic to sesame (Teuber 2011). The emergence has been
relatively recent, with the first US case reported in 1950 (Rubenstein 1950). World-wide sesame allergies
seem to be increasing both in incidence and severity (Gangur et al. 2005). Sesame allergies are charac-
terized as similar in exposure and symptoms to allergies to peanuts and tree nuts. Symptoms include
abdominal pain (Caminiti et al. 2006; Dano et al. 2015), contact dermatitis (Neering et al. 1974; Pecquet et
al. 1998; Oiso et al. 2008), asthma (Gangur et al. 2005; Dano et al. 2015) and in extreme cases anaphylaxis
(Asero et al. 1999; Chiu and Haydik 1991; Malish et al. 1981). One death by anaphylactic shock in the UK
was attributed to exposure to sesame (Pumphrey and Gowland 2007). Among the most sensitive mem-
bers of the population, the threshold dose may be as low as two seeds (Dano et al. 2015).
Chronic Toxicity
The chronic toxicity values of sesame oil are reported in Table 4.
Table 4
Chronic Toxicity of Sesame Oil
Study Results Source
Chronic toxicity Ames Test: Negative (HSDB 2015)
Carcinogenicity Equivocal (Sheftel 2000)
Combined chronic toxicity & Not found
carcinogenicity
Sesame and sesame oil are not identified as a carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on
Cancer (International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization 2014). Neither appear
on the California Proposition 65 list of known carcinogens (Cal-EPA 1997) or the Toxics Release Inventory
(TRI) Basis of OSHA Carcinogens (US EPA Toxics Release Inventory Program 2015).
However, sesame oil and its constituents are equivocal carcinogens. While most animal model studies
have been negative, some show potential carcinogenicity. Sesame oil injected into mice at 2 g/kg bw/day
for a week yielded the determination it was an equivocal carcinogen by RTECS criteria (Sheftel 2000). An
earlier study found that some rats fed the sesame lignan sesamol developed malignant tumors, while
the control group had no lesions (Ambrose et al. 1958). A broader survey of the literature of sesame and
cancer found mixed results (Mak et al. 2011).
Sesame and its components also have been correlated with reduced cancer incidents. Male rats fed a diet
with 250 and 500 ppm sesamol had results that suggested lower levels of colon cancer (Sheng et al. 2007).
An epidemiological study in Korea showed an inverse relationship between sesame oil consumption and
stomach cancer, but the study noted a number of other foods with similar correlations (Lee et al. 1995).
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Sesame and Sesame Oil Profile
Human Health Incidents
One human health inquiry involving sesame oil was received by the National Pesticide Information Center
(NPIC) between April 1, 1996 and March 30, 2016 (NPIC 2016). The incident was with a registered pesticide
and involved another active ingredient; sesame oil was a synergist.
Environmental Effects Information
Effects on Non-target Organisms
No data was found regarding the effects of sesame and sesame oil on non-target organisms. No incidents
involving non-target organisms exposed to sesame oil were received by NPIC between April 1, 1996 and
March 30, 2016 (NPIC 2016).
No harmful effects for sesame stalks have been reported for wildlife and none are expected (US EPA 2001).
Environmental Fate, Ecological Exposure, and Environmental Expression
Table 5
Environmental Fate, Ecological Exposure, and Environmental Expression
of Sesame and Sesame Oil
Study Results Source
Leaching series Not found
Photodegradation in water Not found
Photodegradation in air Not found
Photodegradation in soil Not found
Ready biodegradability Expected to be readily biodegradable (HSDB 2015)
Environmental Incidents
No studies were found that suggest sesame or sesame oil used as pesticides have any adverse envi-
ronmental impacts. Between April 1, 1996 and March 30, 2016, NPIC received one report of an incident
involving a misapplication of sesame oil in a registered pesticide (NPIC 2016).
Efficacy
Insecticidal Activity
Data on sesame oil’s efficacy as a stand-alone insecticide is limited. However, there is a large body of lit-
erature about the efficacy of sesame oil and its active constituents sesamin and sesamolin as synergists.
Sesame oil was first recognized as a synergist with the botanical insecticides pyrethrin and rotenone on
the common housefly (Musca domestica) (Eagleson 1940). The synergistic effect was enhanced by various
solvents (Simanton 1949). The active components were later discovered to be sesamin (Haller et al. 1942)
and sesamolin (Beroza 1954). Synthetic analogs of sesame were subsequently developed and formulated
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Sesame and Sesame Oil Profile
to be used with both natural pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids (Beroza 1956). More efficient means
were later discovered to concentrate the sesamin and sesamolin (Tracy 1958). While sesame oil is used in
both of these cases as the feedstock, the products of these processes are chemically different.
Nematicidal Activity
Sesame’s effectiveness at suppressing nematodes when used as a rotation crop has been studied in a
number of tropical and subtropical farming systems. Sesame planted in rotation with nematode-sus-
ceptible peanuts and soybeans reduced populations of the peanut root knot nematode (Meloidogyne
arenaria Chitwood), the southern root knot nematode (M. incognita Chitwood), the soybean cyst nema-
tode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe), and inhibited reproduction of the root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus
brachyurus) (Rodriguez-Kabana et al. 1988). Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) intercropped with sesame
had reduced M. incognita penetration compared with a monoculture control (Tanda and Atwal 1988. The
effectveness of sesame chaff as a nematicide is documented. Its mode of action against nematodes does
not appear to be biocidal, and one source posited that it would be more correctly referred to as a root
protectant (McKenry 1994).
Standards and Regulations
EPA Requirements
Both the ground sesame plant and sesame oil can be used as active ingredients in pesticide products
that are exempt from registration [40 CFR 152.25(f)]. Because there are no EPA-registered products made
with sesame plants or ground sesame stalks, the agency announced it was not conducting a registration
review [73 FR 16677].
Sesame and sesame stalks are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance in or on the following
raw agricultural commodities: Almonds, pecans, walnuts; cotton (undelinted seed and gin byproducts);
soybeans (seed, forage and hay); beets (sugar roots and tops); potatoes, tomatoes, bell pepper, eggplant;
squash, cucumbers, melons; strawberry; carrots, radishes, turnips, onions; peas (dry and fresh); grapes;
walnut; apples, grapes, oranges, grapefruit; apricots, cherry, peaches, plums; blackberries, cranberries,
loganberries, mulberries; and aspirated grain fractions [40 CFR 180.1087]. In 2008, EPA affirmed that the
exemptions from tolerance were compliant with the law and further risk assessments and submission of
data were not necessary (Andersen 2008).
FDA Requirements
Sesame seeds and sesame oil are considered foods. The FDA does not require it to be labeled as an aller-
genic food, even in trace quantities (Teuber 2011).
Other Regulatory Requirements
Sesame and sesame oil are non-synthetic and are not on the list of prohibited synthetic substances,
therefore they are allowed under the USDA’s National Organic Program standards [7 CFR 205].
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Sesame and Sesame Oil Profile
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