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35 views

Theory

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rprsingh.29
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Theory

INVENSION:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831 though it may have
been anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry
made a similar discovery, but did not publish his findings until later.

Induced e.m.f:
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f. will be generated in the coil. This effect was
first observed and explained by Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered
that an e.m.f. could be generated either by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or
(b) By changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux.

Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is changing.

For example, consider two coils as shown in Following Figure.

Working and Construction

Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through a magnetic field because the magnetic
lines of force are applying a force on the free electrons in the conductor and causing them to move.
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the conductor in a changing magnetic
field is called induction. This is called induction because there is no physical connection between the
conductor and the magnet. The current is said to be induced in the conductor by the magnetic field.
One requirement for this electromagnetic induction to take place is that the conductor, which is
often a piece of wire, must be perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force in order to produce the
maximum force on the free electrons. The direction that the induced current flows is determined by
the direction of the lines of force and by the direction the wire is moving in the field. In the
animation above the ammeter (the instrument used to measure current) indicates when there is
current in the conductor.

Lenz’s Law:
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to Faraday’s Law, the polarity of
the induced emf is such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes the change which
produces it. The induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux
in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is increasing, the induced field acts in
opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the induced field acts in the direction of the applied field to try to
keep it constant.
Lenz’s Law

Application of Electromagnetic Induction

Electrical Generator:
The EMF generated by Faraday’s law of induction due to relative movement of a circuit and a
magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying electrical generators. When a permanent magnet is
moved relative to a conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire is
connected through an electrical load, current will flow, and thus electrical energy is generated,
converting the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy.

Electrical transformer:
The EMF predicted by Faraday’s law is also responsible for electrical transformers. When the electric
current in a loop of wire changes, the changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A second
wire in reach of this magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic field as a change in its
coupled magnetic flux, dΦB/dt. Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the second loop called
the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop are connected through an electrical
load, current will flow.
Electric Transformer

Observation

 Magnet is moved at certain rate and certain voltage is produced.

 Magnet is moved at faster rate and creating a greater induced voltage.

 Magnet is moved at same speed through coil that has greater number of turn and greater
voltage is induced.

Application of Electromagnetic Induction in Real Life

The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in many devices and systems, including:

 Electrical generators

 Induction motors

 Induction sealing

 Inductive charging

 Transformers

 Wireless energy transfer

 Wireless charger

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