JEE - PHYSICS

7
Alternating Current
ALTERNATING CURRENT where A = area of the coil (in m2)
B = magnetic field ( in tesla)
AC AND DC CURRENT :
A current that changes its direction periodically is N = number of turns in the coil
called alternating current (AC). If a current maintains 2
its direction constant it is called as direct current (DC).  = angular frequency   2f (in rad s-1)
T
I I
f = frequency (in hertz)
0 = initial phase angle.

With the change of time cos  t  0  changes

constant dc periodic dc

I I
consequently an emf V is induced. According to
Faraday’s law

variable dc ac dφ d
V  [ NBA cos(t  0 )]
I dt dt
 NBA  sin(t  0 )

ac
V  V0 sin(t  0 )
If a function suppose current, varies with time as Here V0 = voltage amplitude of sinusoidal
I = 0sin (t+), it is called sinusoidally varying
function.Here 0 is the peak current or maximum current voltage or the peak value of ac voltage
and I is the instantaneous current. The factor (t+) is where V0  NBA
called phase.is called the angular frequency, its unit
is rad/s.Also =2f, where f is called the frequency, its AVERAGE VALUES OF AC VOLTAGE AND AC CURRENT :
unit is s–1 or Hz. Also frequency f = 1/T where T is average volue of voltage (from t = t1 to t = t2 ) =
called the time period.
t2 t2
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF AC GENERATION:
Alternating voltage is generated by rotating a coil of  V(t) dt
t1
 V(t)
t1
dt
conducting wire in a strong magnetic field. The 
t2
t 2  t1
magnetic flux linked with the coil changes with time 
t1
dt
and an alternating emf is thus induced. Instantaneous
flux linked with coil is
 AC voltage or currrents are commonly sinusoidal (sine
  N ( B. A)  NBA cos(t  0 ) or cosine function) and their mean values for complete
cycle is zero.

(i) Average value for positive half cycle (or rectified
average value):
V = V0 sinωt
B
=t
T/2
n̂
 V sin t dt
0
 (V)av  0
T/2
0
dt

Alternating Current
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T/2 SOLVED EXAMPLE

2 2
=
T 0
V0 sin t dt 

V0  0.637V0 .
Example-1
If a domestic appliance draws 2.5 A from a 220-V, 60- Hz
This is also known as the rectified average value of a
power supply, find
sinusoidal voltage (a) The average current for full cycle
(ii) Root Mean Square Value (Vrms or Irms ) : (b) The average of the square of the current
(c)The current amplitude
t2
(d) The supply voltage amplitude.
 V (t)
2
dt
t1 Sol. (a) The average of sinusoidal AC values over any
t2
Vrms (from t = t1 to t = t2) = whole number of cycles is zero.
 dt
t1 (b) RMS value of current = I rms = 2.5 A
 (I 2 )av  (Irms )2  6.25A 2
rms value for a complete cycle of sinusoidal voltage
I0
V  V0 sin t (c) I rms 
2

T  Current amplitude  2 I rms  2(2.5 A) = 3.5 A

 V02 sin 2 t dt
V0 V0
(d) Vrms  220V 
0
Vrms  
T 2 2
 Supply voltage amplitude
rms value for a complete cycle of sinusoidal current
V0  2(Vrms )  2(220V ) = 311 V..
I = I0 sin t
AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO A RESISTOR :
T
A resistor connected to a source  of ac voltage as
I
2 2
0 sin t dt
I0 shown in the ciruit digram . The symbol for an ac source
and
I rms  0
 in a circuit diagram is . For simplicity, we consider a
T 2
source which produces sinusoidally varying potential
difference across its terminals. Let this potential
Peak value difference, also called ac voltage, be given by
or RMS value =
2 V = V0 sin t …(i)
where V0 is the amplitude of the sinusoidal voltage
How do we measure sinusoidally varying voltage or
and  is its angular frequency..
current?
Moving coil galvanometer measure steady currents but
if we pass sinusoidal current through them, the needle
may wiggle at low fequency but its average deflection V R
is zero. Hot wire instruments are commonly used to
measure the rms values (also known as virtual values).
It must be emphasied here that meters used for ac AC voltage applied to a resistor
voltage and current measurement are always calibrated The instantaneous potential drop across the resistor
to read rms values, not peak (or maximum) or rectified R is
average values. The usual domestic power supply “220 V0 sin t = IR
- volt ac” has rms voltage of 220 V. The voltage V0
amplitude or peak value is or I  sin t
R
V0  2Vrms  2(220V)  311V . I = I0 sin t …(ii)

Alternating Current
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where I is the instantaneous current and the current Similarly, we define the rms voltage or effective
amplitude I0 is given by voltage
From equation [iii], we have
V0
I0  …(iii) V0 = I0 R …[vi]
R
V0 I
Equation (iii) is just Ohm’s law which for resistors work or  0 R …[vii]
2 2
equally well for both ac and dc voltages. The voltage
across a pure resistor and the current through it, given or Vrms  I rms R …[viii]
by equation (i) and (ii) are plotted as a function of time In terms of rms values, the equation for power and
in figure. Note, in particular that both V and I reach relation between current and voltage in ac circuits are
zero, minimum and maximum values at the same time. essentially the same as those for the dc case.
Clearly, the voltage and current are in phase for a circuit
containing pure resistance. In fact, the I rms or rms current is the equivalent dc
current that would produce the same average power
loss as the alternating current. Equation [vii] can also
V0 V be written as
I0 I 2
P  Vrms
2
/ R  I rms
rmsVRrms (since Vrms  I rms R ) …[ix]
O   t
SOLVED EXAMPLE

Example-2
In a pure resistor, the voltage and current
are in phase. The minima with zero and A bulb is rated 60 W at 220 V/50 Hz. Find the maximum
maxima occur at the same respective times.
value of instantaneous current through the filament?
We see that, like the applied voltage, the current varies Sol. V0  220 2  311 V
sinusoidally and has corresponding positive and
negative values during each cycle. Thus, the sum of 2202 220  220 2420
R    806.67 
the instantaneous current values over one complete P 60 3
cycle is zero, and the average current is zero. The fact
V0 311
that the average current is zero, however, does not mean I0    0.39A
that the average power is zero and that there is no
R 806.67
dissipation of electrical energy. As you know, joule
Example-3
heating is given by I 2 R and depends on I 2 (which is
A light bulb is rated at 200 W for a 220 V supply. Find
always positive whether I is positive or negative) and (a) The resistance of the bulb;
not on I. Thus there is Joule heating and dissipation of (b) The peak voltage of the source; and
electrical energy when an ac current passes through a
(c) The rms current through the bulb.
resistor.
Sol. (a) We are given P = 100 W and Vrms = 220 V. The
The instantaneous power dissipated in the resistor is
resistance of the bulb is
P = I2 R = I02 R sin2 t …[iv]
The average value of Power P over a cycle is 2
Vrms (220V) 2
R   242
1 2 P 200W
P I 0 R = I2rms R …[v ]
2 (b) The peak voltage of the source is
Where the bar over a letter(here, P) denotes its average
value. VVm0  2Vrms  311V
To express ac power in the same form as dc power
(c) Since, P  I rms Vrms
(P  I 2 R) , as special value of current is used. It is
called, root mean square (rms) or effective current and P 200W
I rms    0.90A .
is denoted by I rms . Vrms 220V

Alternating Current
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REPRESENTATION OF AC CURRENT AND VOLTAGE BY

dI
ROTATING VECTORS – PHASORS: VL 0 …[x]
dt
In the previous section, we saw that the current through
a resistor is in phase with the ac voltage. But this is not
so in the case of an inductor, a capacitor or a
combination. In order to show phase relationship
between voltage and current in an ac circuit, we use V L
the motion of PHASORS. The analysis of an ac circuit
is facilitated by the use of a phasor diagram. A phasor
is a vector which rotates about the origin with angular
An AC source connected to an inductor
speed  , as shown in figure. The vertical components
of phasors V and I represent the sinusoidally varying where the second term is the self-induced emf in the
quantities V and I. The magnitudes of phasors V and I inductor; and L is the self-inductance of the coil.
represent the amplitudes or the peak values V0 and I0 of Combining equation [i] and [x], we have
these oscillating quantities. Figure (a) shows the
dI V V0
voltage and their relationship at time t1 for the case of   sin t …[xi]
dt L L
an ac source connected to a resistor i.e., corresponding
to the circuit show in figure. The projection of voltage V0
and current phasors on vertical axis, i.e., V0 sin t and I0 dI  sin t dt
L
sin t, respectively represent the instaneous value of
voltage and current at that instant. As they rotate with V0
frequency  , curves in figure(b) are generated which I– cos(t )
L
respresent the sinusoidal variation of voltage and
current with time.  
Using  cos(t)  sin  t   , we have
 2
V0 sin  t1 V
 
V I I  I0 sin  t –  …(xii)
I
t  2
O t1   t
I0 sin t1 V0
where I 0  is the amplitude of the current. The
L
quantity L is analogous to the resistance and is
(a) (b)
(a) A phasor diagram for the circuit in figure
called inductive reactance, denoted by XL:
(b) Graph of V and I versus t. X L  L  2fL …(xiii)
The dimension of inductive reactance is the same as
From figure (a) we see that phasors V and I for the
case of a resistor are in the same phase. This is so for that of resistance and its SI unit is ohm () . The
all times. This means that the phase angle between inductive reactance limits the current in a pure inductive
the voltage and the current is zero. circuit in the same way as does the resistance in a pure
resistive circuit. The inductive reactance is directly
AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor: proportional to the inductance frequency of the voltage
An ac source connected to an inductor as shown in source.
the circuit below. Usually, inductors have appreciable A comparison of equation (i) and (ii) for the source
resistance in their windings, but we shall assume that voltage and the current in an inductor shows that the
this is ideal inductor (having zero resistance). Thus, 1

the circuit is a purely inductive ac circuit. Let the current lags the voltage by or one-quarter  
voltage across the source be V = V0 sin t. Using the
2 4
cycle. Figure shows the voltage and the current phasors
Kirchhoff’s loop rule.  (t)  0 , and since there is in the present case at instant t1. The current phasor I is
no resistor in the circuit.
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 SOLVED EXAMPLE
behind the voltage phasor V. When rotated with
2
Example-4
frequency  counter-clockwise, they generate the
A pure inductor of 50.0 mH is connected to a source of
voltage and current given by equation [i] and [xii],
220 V. Find the inductive reactance and rms current in
respectively and as shown in figure (b)
the circuit if the frequency of the source is 50 Hz.
Sol. The inductive reactance.

V0 sin  t V
V I X L  2fL  2  3.14  50  50  103 
t t  15.7 
O   t The rms current in the circuit is
I
I0 sint Vrms 220V
I rms    14.01A .
X L 15.7
(a) (b)
(a) A phasor diagram for the circuit in figure
(b) Graph of V and I versus t. AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO A CAPACITOR:
An ac source  connected to a capacitor only, a
We see that the current reaches its maximum value later purely capacitive ac circuit is as shown.
than the voltage by one-fourth of a period
A B
T / 2
 4    . You have seen that an inductor has
 
reactance that limits current similar to resistance in a dc
V C
circuit. Does it also consume power like a resistance?
Let us try to find out.
The instantaneous power supplied to the inductor is
An ac source connected to a capacitor
 
PL = IV = Im sin  t –  V0 sin (t) = –I0 V0
 2 When the capacitor is connected to an ac source, as in
figure, it limits or regulates the current, but does not
I 0 V0
cos (t). sin (t) = – – sin (2t) completely prevent the flow of charge. The capacitor is
2 alternately charged and discharged as the current
So, the average power over a complete cycle is zero reverses each half cycle. Let q(t) be the charge on the
capacitor at any time t. The instantaneous voltage V(t)
since the average of sin(2t) over a complete cycle across the capacitor is
is zero. q(t)
V(t)  …(xv)
C
Thus, the average power supplied to an inductor
over one complete cycle is zero. From the Kirchhoff’s loop rule, the voltage across
the source and the capacitor are equal,
Physically, this result means the follows. During the q
first quarter of each current cycle, the flux through the V0 sin t =
inductor builds up and sets up a magnetic field and
C
energy is stored in the inductor. In the next quarter of
dq
cycle, as the current decrease, the flux decreases and To find the current, we use the relation I 
the stored energy is returned to the source. Thus, in dt
each half cycle, the energy which is withdrawn from
d
the source is returned to it without any dissipation of I ( V0C sin t ) = CV0 cos(t )
power. dt
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The instantaneous power supplied to the capacitor is

 
Using the relation, cos(t)  sin  t   , we PC = IV = I0 cos (t). V0 sin (t)
 2 = I0 V0 cos (t) sin (t)
have I0 V0
= sin( 2t ) …[xix]
  2
I = I0 sin  t   …(xvi) So, as in the case of an inductor, the average power
 2
Since average of sin 2t over a complete cycle is zero.
where the amplitude of the oscillating current is As discussed in the case of an inductor, the energy
V0 stored by a capacitor in each quarter period is returned
I0  to the source in the next quarter period.
(1 / C) Thus, we see that in the case of an inductor. the current
lags the voltage by 90º and in the case of a capacitor,
V0 the current leads the voltage by 90º.
Comparing it to I 0  for a purely resistive circuit,
R
we find that (1/ C) plays the role of resistance. It is SOLVED EXAMPLE
called capacitive reactance and is denoted by XC,
Example-5
XC = 1 /C = 1/2fC …(xvii)
So that the amplitude of the current is 30.0 F capacitor is connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz source.
Find the capacitive reactance and the current (rms and
V peak) in the circuit. If the frequency is doubled, what
I0  0 …(xviii)
XC happens to the capacitive reactance and the current.
Sol. The capacitive reactance is
The dimension of capacitive reactance is the same as
that of resistance and its SI unit is Ohm () . The 1
XC   106
2fC
capacitive reactance limits the amplitude of the current
in a purely capacitive circuit in the same way as does The rms current is
the resistance in a purely resistive circuit. But it is Vrms
inversely proportional to the frequency and the I rms   2.08A
XC
capacitance.
The peak current is

I mI0= 2I rms  2.96A

V V
This current oscillates between 2.96A and – 2.96A and
I is ahead of the voltage by 90º.
t t If the frequency is doubled, the capacitive reactance is
O t   halved and consequently, the current is doubled.
I
AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit :
Figure shows a series LCR circuit connected to an ac
source . As usual, we take the voltage of the source
A comparison of equation (xvii) with the equation of
source voltage equation (i) shows that the current in a VV=VVm0 sin t .
to be
capacitor leads the voltage by  / 2 . Figure shows the
phasor diagram at an instant t. Here the current phasor R


I is rad ahead of the voltage phasor V as they rotate
2
V C
counter clockwise. Figure shows the variation of
voltage and current with time. We see that the current L
reaches its maximum value earlier than the voltage by
one-fourth of a period. A series LCR circuit connected to an ac source
Alternating Current
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If q is the charge on the capacitor and I the current, at 

This relation is represented in figure (b). Since VC0
time t, we have, from Kirchhoff’s loop rule:
and V are always along the same line and in opposite
dI q L0
L  IR   V …(xx) direction, they can be combined vectorilly into a single
dt C
 
We want to determine the instantaneous current I and phasor (VC  VL ) which has a magnitude
its phase relationship to the applied alternating voltage   
V. We shall solve this problem by two methods. First, | VC0 – VL0 | . Since, V0 is represented as the
we use the technique of phasors and in the second hypotenuse of a right- angle triangle
method, we solve equation [xx] analytically to obtain
V02  VR0
2
 (VC0 – VL0 )2
the time –dependence of I.
Substituting the values of VR0, VC0 and VL0 from
Phasor-Diagram Solution : equation [xxii] into the above equation, we have
From the circuit shown in figure we see that the resistor, V02 = (I0R)2 + (I0 XC – I0 XL)2
inductor and capacitor are in series. therefore, the ac = I02 [R2 + (XC – XL)2]
current in each element is the same, having the same V0
amplitude and phase. Let it be or I0 = … (xxv (a))
I = I 0 sin (t + ) … (xxi) R  (X C – X L )2
2

where  is the phase difference between the voltage By analogy to the resistance in a circuit, we
across the source and the current in the circuit. On the introduce the impedance Z in ac circuit :
basis of that we construct a phasor diagram for the V0
present case. I0 = … (xxv (b))
Z
Let I be the phasor representing the current in the
circuit as given by equation [xxi]. Further, let where Z  R 2  (X C – X L ) 2 … (xxvi)
VL , VR , VC , and V represent the voltage across the
Since phasor I is always parallel to phasor VR , the
inductor, resistor, capacitor and the source,
respectively. From previous section, we know that phase angle  is the angle between VR and V and can
be determined from figure:

VR is in phase with I, VC is rad behind I and VL
VC0 – VL0
2
tan  = VR 0

is rad ahead of I. VR , VC and I are shown in from the impedance triangle
2
figure (a) with appropriate phase-relations. XC – XL
tan   … (xxvii)
The length of these phasors or the amplitude of R
VR , VC and VL are :

VR 0  I0R , VC0 = I0 XC, VL0 = I0 XL … (xxii)

Z
XC-XL

The voltage equation (xx) for the circuit can be

written as
V = VL + VR + VC … (xxiii) 
V
I0 C0 -V
L0
R
V R0 VR impedance triangle
V
R0


V

VL0 t+ 
t
V0 Equations (xxvi) and (xxvii) are shown in figure. This is
called Impedance triangle which is a right triangle with
Z as its hypotenuse.
VC0

(a) (b) Equation (xxv (a)) gives the amplitude of the current
(a) Relation between the phasors. (b) Relation between the and figure gives the phase angle. With these,
phasors for the circuit in
equation (xxi) is completely specified.
Alternating Current
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If X C  X L ,  is positive and the circuit is capacitive. C circuit, and not for R-L circuit. Hence the circuit does
not contain an inductor. Thus choices (c) and (d) are
Consequently, the voltage across the source lags the
not possible. For R-C circuit, the phase difference
current.
between E and I is given by
If X C  X L ,  is negative and the circuit is inductive.
1
Consequently, the voltage across the source leads the tan   ..... (1)
RC
current.
Figure shows the phasor diagram and variation of V Given    / 4 . Also   100 rad s 1 . Using these
and I with t for the case X C  X L . values in (1), we get
Thus, we have obtained the amplitude and phase of
 1 1
current for an LCR series circuit using the technique of tan    or RC 
phasors. But this method of analyzing ac circuits suffers  4  100 RC 100
from certain disadvantages. First, the phasor diagram
states nothing about the initial condition. One can take Example-7
any arbitrary value of t and draw different phasors An LCR series circuit with 100  resistance is
which show the relative angle between different connected to an ac source of 200 V and angular
phasors. The solution so obtained is called the steady- frequency 300 rad/s. When only the capacitance is
state solution. removed, the current lags behind the voltage by 60º.

When only the inductance is removed, the current leads
V the voltage by 60º. Calculate the current in the LCR
V circuit.
I  Sol. When capacitance is removed, the circuit becomes L-R
t1 t
with,
O t1  
XL
I tan = i.e., XL = R tan  = 100 3 
R
and when inductance is removed the circuit becomes
(a) (b) C-R with,
(a) Phasor diagram of V and I. (b) Graphs of V and I
versus t for a series LCR circuit where X C > X L. XC
tan = i.e., XC = R tan  = 100 3 
R
SOLVED EXAMPLE as here XL = XC so the circuit is in series resonance and
hence as X = XL – XC = 0,
Example-6
i.e., Z  R 2  X 2  R ,
When an AC source of e.m.f. E = E0 sin (100t) is
connected across a circuit, the phase difference Vrms Vrms 200
between the e.m.f. E and the current I in the circuit is So, I rms    2A
Z R 100
observed to be  / 4 , as shown in the figure. If the Resonance:
circuit consists possibly only of R-C in series. What An interesting characteristic of the series RLC circuit
will be the relation between the two is the phenomenon of resonance. The phenomenon of
elements of the circuit ? resonance is common among systems that have a
tendency to oscillate at a particular frequency. This
I E frequency is called the system’s natural frequency. If
such a system is driven by an energy source at a
frequency that is near the natural frequency, the
t  amplitude of oscillation is found to be large.
For an RLC circuit driven with voltage of amplitude V0
and frequency  , we found that the current amplitude
Sol. Given E = E0 sin (100 t). Comparing this with E = E0 sin V0 V0
is given by I0 = 
t , we have   100 rad s . It follows from the figure
1 Z R  (X C – X L ) 2
2

that the current leads the e.m.f. which is true only for R-
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Therefore, the instantaneous power P supplied to the

with X  1 and X L  L . So if  is varied, then source is
C
C P = VI = (V0 sin t) × [I0 sin (t +)]
at a particular frequency 0 , X C  X L , the V0 I0
impendance is minimum. This frequency is called the = [cos  – cos (2t + )] …(xxxvii)
2
resonant frequency :
The average power over a cycle is given by the average
1 of the two terms in R.H.S. of equation [xxxvii]. Second
then  0 L or   1 … (xxxv)
0 C 0
LC term average is zero, therefore,
At resonant frequency, the current amplitude is
V0I0 V I
V
P cos   0 0 cos 
maximum; I0  0 2 2 2
R
The variation of I0 with  in a RLC series circuit with  Vrms I rms cos  …(xxxviii (a))
L = 1.00 mH, C = 1.00 nF for two values of R: (i) R = 100 This can also be written as,
 and (ii) R = 200  are shown in the figure. For the
P  I2rms Zcos  …(xxxviii (b))
m 0  100 V . 0 for this case is
source appliedVV
So, the average power dissipated depends not only on
 1  the voltage and current but also on the cosine of the
  1.00  10 rad/s.
6
 phase angle  between them. The quantity cos  is
 LC 
called the power factor. Let us discuss the following
1.0
R
cases: from impedence triangle cos  =
z
(i)
0.5
(ii)
I0 , A

Case (I) Resistive circuit:

If the circuit contains only pure R, it is called resistive.
0.0
1.5
In that case   0, cos   1 . There is maximum power
0.5 2.0
 rad/s dissipation.
Variation of I0 with for two cases: (i) R = 100, (ii)R = 200,
L = 1.00mH. C = 1.00nF and V0 = 100V for both cases.
Case (II) Purely Inductive or Capacitive Circuit :
We see that the current amplitude is maximum at the
If the circuit contains only an inductor or capacitor, we
resonant frequency.
know that the phase difference between voltage and

SOLVED EXAMPLE 
current is . Therefore, cos   0 , and no power is
2
Example-8
Resonance frequency of a circuit is f. If the capacitance dissipated even though a current is flowing in the circuit.
is made 4 times the initial value, then find the resonance This current is sometimes referred to as wattless
frequency ? current.

1 1 1 1
Sol. f i.e. f    time Case(III) LCR Series Circuit:
2 LC C 4 2 In an LCR series circuit, power dissipated is given by
XC  X L
Power in AC Circuits: The Power Factor: equation [xxxviii] where   tan 1 . So,  may
R
We have seen that a voltage V= V0 sin t applied to a
series RLC circuit drives a current in the circuit given 
by I = I0 sin (t + ) where be non-zero (except ) in a RL or RC or RCL circuit.
2
V0  X  XL  Even in such cases, power is dissipated only in the
I0  and   tan 1  C 
Z  R  resistor.
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Case (IV) Power Dissipated at Resonance in LCR Circuit: Now when the capacitor is connected to the above
At resonance X C  X L  0 , and   0 . Therefore, circuit in series,

cos   1 , and P = I02z = I02 R. That is, maximum power 1 1 103

As X C    8 
C 50  2500  106 125
is dissipated in a circuit (through R) at resonance.
So, Z  R 2  (X L  X C ) 2  32  (4  8) 2  5 
SOLVED EXAMPLE V 12
and hence I    2.4 A
Z 5
Example-9
Find the power factor of the circuit shown in figure ? R
so, Pav  Vrms Irms cos   (I rms  Z)  Irms   
X=40
C  Z

i.e., Pav  I 2rms R  (2.4)2  3  17.28 W .

R=4 

220V
50Hz
Band Width and Q-Factor:
Angular frequency variation of power in LCR series
X=100 
L
r=40 circuit.
Sol. R = 40 + 40 = 80  , R2
XL – XC = 100 – 40 = 60 =
PP Pm
Pmax
 2  1  
2

 R   L   
Z  R 2  (X L  X C ) 2  80 2  602  100   C  

R 80 Graph between P &  as shown in the figure.

Power factor, cos     0.8 .
Z 100
Pmax
Example-10
A current of 4 A flows in a coil when connected to a 12 Pmax A B
dc source. If the same coil is connected to a 12 V, 50 2
rad/s ac source a current of 2.4 A flows in the circuit. P
Determine the inductance of the coil. Also find the power

r
r 
r 
developed in the circuit if a 2500 F capacitor is 1/ 2
R  2 R2 
connected in series with the coil. 1     r  2  and
2L  4L 
1/ 2
Sol. In case of a coil as Z  R 2  2 L2 R  2 R2 
2     r  2 
2L  4L 
V V
i.e., I  
Z R  2 L2
2 R
Now, 1  2 
L
so when dc is applied
R R
V 12 or (r  )  (r  )  or 2  .
I i.e., R  3 … (i) L L
R 4 The frequency interval between half maximum power
and when ac is applied, points is known as band width.
The ratio of resonance frequency and band width is
V  V   12  known as quality factor (Q).
I i.e., Z    5
Z  I   2.4  r L
 Q  r .
or, R 2  X 2L  52 (as Z  R 2  X 2L ) 2 R
Q factor is a measure of the sharpness of resonance.
so, X  5  R  5  3  4
2 2 2 2 2 2
i.e., X L  4 Resonance will be sharp if the value of bandwidth
L
() is small. This is of course possible only when
X 4
but as X L  L, L L   0.08  the power-frequency curve fall steeply around   r .
 50
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SOLVED EXAMPLE Example-13

A series L-C-R circuit is connected to an AC source of
Example-11
50 Hz. as shown in figure. If the readings of the three
A resistance R and inductance L and a capacitor C all
voltmeters V1, V2 and V3 are 65 V, 415 V and 204 V
are connected in series with an AC supply. The respectively, calculate,
resistance of R is 16 ohm and for a given frequency, the
inductive reactance of L is 24 ohm and capacitive V1
reactance of C is 12 ohm. If the current in the circuit is
5 amp., find 100
(a) The potential difference across R, L and C
V2
(b) The impedance of the circuit 50 Hz
L
(c) The voltage of AC supply
(d) Phase difference between applied source voltage
V3
and current drawn
Sol. (a) Potential difference across the resistance (i) The current in the circuit
VR  i R  5 16  80 Volt (ii) The value of inductor
(iii) The value of the capacitor C and
Potential difference across the inductor
(iv) The value of C (for the same L) required to produce
VL = iXL = 5×24 = 120 Volt
resonance.
Potential difference across the capacitor
VC = iXC = i × (1/C) = 5×12 = 60 Volt Sol. (i) Here VR = irms R,
where irms is the rms value of current in the circuit.
(b) Z  R 2  (X L  X C ) 2
V 65
 i rms  R  100  0.65amp
R
= [(16)  (24  12) ]  20 ohm
2 2

(c) The voltage of AC supply is given by

VL
E = I Z = 5 × 20 = 100 volt (ii) VL  i rms  X L or X L 
(d) Phase angle i rms

 L  (1/ C)   24  12  204

  tan 1   tan 1 
 R 
  16   X L  0.65  313.85
= tan 1 (0.75)  36º 46 ' . XL
Now, X L  L  2fL or L 
2f
Example-12
313.85
Obtain the resonant freqency and Q-factor of a series  L  2 50  1.0 henry
LCR circuit with L = 3.0 H, C = 27F and R  7.4 .
It is desired to improve the sharpness of the resonance VC 415
(iii) X C    638.46
of the circuit by reducing its full width at half maximum i rms 0.65
by a factor of 2. Suggest a suitable way.
1 1
Sol. L = 3 henry, C  27  106 F , R  7.4 XC  
C 2fC
Resonant angular frequency is given by
1
1 1 1  C  5  106  5F
0   rad s 2  50  638.46
LC 3  27  106
(iv) Let ‘C’ be the capacitance of capacitor that will
1 1000 produce resonance with inductor L = 1.0 henry. Then
 rad s 1  rad s 1  111 rad s 1
9  103 9 1 1
f or C '  2 2
0 L 111  3 2 (LC ') 4 f L
Q   45
R 7.4
1
To double Q without changing 0 , Reduce R to 3.7 .   10.1 106 F  10.1F .
4   50   1.0
2 2

Alternating Current
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JEE - PHYSICS

EXERCISE-I

Average peak and RMS value Q.6 A coil has reactance of 100. When frequency is 50Hz.
Q.1 The r.m.s. value of alternating current is : If the frequency becomes 150 Hz., then the reactance
will be :
(1) Double of peak value (1) 100  (2) 300 
(2) Half of peak value (3) 450  (4) 600 
1 1000
(3) times of peak value Q.7 In a circuit the frequency is f = Hz and the
2 2
(4) Equal to peak value
inductance is 2 henry, then the reactance will be :
Q.2 The peak value of alternating potential is E0 then r.m.s. (1) 200  (2) 200 
value of the same will be : (3) 2000  (4) 2000 
E
(1) 0 (2) E 0 Q.8 Which one of the following has not the same unit
2
E0 1
(3) (4) E 0 2 (1) LC (2)
2 LC

Q.3 The variation of the instantaneous current (I) and the L

instantaneous emf (E) in a circuit is as shown in fig. (3) RC (4)
R
Which of the following statements is correct

E I Q.9 An inductor and a resistor in series are connected to

an A.C. supply of variable frequency. As the frequency
/2 3/2 of the source is increased, the phase angle between
O  2 t
current and the potential difference across source
L
(1) the voltage lags behind the current by /2
(2) the voltage leads the current by /2
(3) the voltage and the current are in phase ~ R
(4) the voltage leads the current by 

AC source with RLC connected in Series will be :

Q.4 In an A.C. circuit, the reactive reactance XL is : (1) First increase and then decrease
1 (2) First decrease and then increase
(1) 2 f L (2) (3) Go on decreasing
(2f L)
(4) Go on increasing
f L 2
(3) (4)
2 f L
Q.10 If the current through an inductor of inductance I, is
Q.5 If an inductive circuit the equation of A.C., is i = i0 sin given by I = I0 sin t, then the voltage across inductor
t then : will be :
   
(1) E = E0 sin  t   (1) I0 L sin  t  
 2  2
 
(2) E = E0 sin  t    
 2 (2) I0 L sin  t  
 2
(3) E = E0 sin t
(4) None of the above (3) I0 L sin (t – )
(4) None of these
Alternating Current
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 JEE - PHYSICS

Q.11 The figure shows variation of R, XL and XC with Power consumed in an AC circuit
frequency f in a series L, C, R circuit. Then for what
frequency point, the circuit is inductive Q.15 If a choke coil of negligible resistance works on 220V
source and 5mA current is flowing through it, then the
XC
XL loss of power in choke coil is :
(1) Zero (2) 11 watt
R (3) 44 × 103 watt (4) 1.1 watt

f Q.16 In which of the following case power factor will be

AB C
negligible :
(1) A (2) B
(3) C (4) All points (1) Inductance and resistance both high
(2) Inductance and resistance both low
Q.12 In given LCR circuit the voltage across the terminals of
a resistance and current will be (3) Low resistance and high inductance
(4) High resistance and low inductance
V

R=50 400V 400V Q.17 In a circuit having a resistance of 100 connected is

A
100V. 50Hz series with a capacitive reactance of 100 to an
~ alternating voltage source, the current :

(1) 400 V, 2A (2) 800 V, 2A (1) Leads voltage by 90º

(3) 100 V, 2A (4) 100V, 4A (2) Leads voltage by 45º
(3) Lags behind voltage by 90º
Q.13 The readings of ammeter and voltmeter in the following
circuit are respectively (4) Lags behind voltage by 45º

L C 100
Q.18 The current I, potential difference VL across the
inductor and potential difference V C across the
A 200V 200V V
capacitor in circuit as shown in the figure are best
represented vectorially as
~
220V, 50Hz
(1) 2A, 200V (2) 1.5 A, 100 V
(3) 2.7A, 220 V (4) 2.2 A, 220 V

Q.14 In the circuit shown in figure neglecting source

resistance the voltmeter and ammeter reading will
respectively be
V
(1) (2)

R=30 XL=25 XC=25

A

~
240V (3) (4)
(1) 0V, 3A (2) 150 V, 3A
(3) 150 V, 6A (4) 0V, 8A
Alternating Current
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EXERCISE-II

Q.1 The peak value of an alternating e.m.f given by E = Q.8 A 100 volt AC source of angular frequency 500 rad/s is
E0 cos t, is 10 volt and frequency is 50 Hz. At time t connected to a LCR circuit with L = 0.8 H, C = 5 F and
= (1/600) sec, the instantaneous value of e.m.f is : R = 10 , all connected in series. The potential difference
(1) 10 volt (2) 5 3 volt across the resistance is
(3) 5 volt (4) 1 volt 100
(1) volt (2) 100 volt
2
Q.2 An AC voltage is given by :
(3) 50 volt (4) 50 3
2 t
E = E0 sin
T 175
Q.9 In an L-R series circuit (L = mH and R = 12), a
Then the mean value of voltage calculated over time 11
interval of T/2 seconds :
(1) is always zero (2) is never zero variable emf source (V = V0 sin t) of Vrms = 130 2 V
(3) is (2e0/) always (4) may be zero and frequency 50 Hz is applied. The current amplitude
in the circuit and phase of current with respect to voltage
Q.3 An alternating current changes from a complete cycle are respectively.(Use = 22/7)
in 1s, then the frequency in Hz will be– (1) 14.14A, 30°
(1) 10-6 (2) 50 5
(3) 100 (4) 106 (2) 10 2 A, tan-1
12
Q.4 An ac circuit, the current is given by i = 4 sin (100t + 5
30º) ampere. The current becomes maximum first time (3) 10 A, tan-1
12
(after t = 0) at t equal to –
(1) (1/200) sec (2) (1/300) sec 5
(4) 20 A, tan-1
(3) (1/50) sec (4) None of the above 12

Q.5 The value of alternating e.m.f. is e = 500 sin 100t , then Q.10 In an AC circuit the potential differences across an
the frequency of this potential in Hz is– inductance and resistance joined in series are
(1) 25 (2) 50 respectively 16 V and 20 V. The total potential difference
(3) 75 (4) 100 across the circuit is
(1) 20 V (2) 25.6 V
Q.6 The average value or alternating current for half cycle (3) 31.9 V (4) 53.5 V
in terms of I0 is
2io io Q.11 A resistor R, an inductor L, a capacitor C and voltmeters
(1) (2) V1, V2 and V3 are connected to an oscillator in the circuit
 
as shown in the adjoining diagram. When the frequency
io of the oscillator is increased, upto resonance frequency,
(3) (4) 0 the voltmeter reading (at resonance frequency) is zero
2 in the case of :

Q.7 The phase difference between the alternating current

and voltage represented by the following equation 
= 0 sin t, E = E0 cos (t +  / 3), will be –
 4
(1) (2)
3 3
(1) voltmeter V1
 5 (2) voltmeter V2
(3) (4) (3) voltmeter V3
2 6
(4) all the three voltmeters
Alternating Current
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 JEE - PHYSICS

Q.12 A coil of inductance 0.1 H is connected to an alternating Q.19 In LR circuit the a.c. source has voltage 220 V. If the
voltage generator of voltage E = 100 sin (100t) volt. potential difference across the inductance is 176 volts,
The current flowing through the coil will be –
the p.d. across the resistance will be :
(1)  = 10 2 sin (100t) A (1) 44 V (2) 396 V

(2)  = 10 2 cos (100t) A (3) 132 V (4) ( 250  176 ) V

(3)  = – 10 sin (100t) A
(4)  = – 10 cos (100t) A
Q.20 The potential difference V across and the current 
Q.13 Alternating current lead the applied e.m.f. by /2 when flowing through an instrument in an AC circuit are given
the circuit consists of – by :
(1) only resistance V = 5 cos t volt
(2) only capacitor  = 2 sin t volt
(3) only an inductance coil The power dissipated in the instrument is :
(4) capacitor and resistance both
(1) zero (2) 5 watt
Q.14 A resistance of 50, an inductance of 20/henry and a (3) 10 watt (4) 2.5 watt
capacitor of 5/F are connected in series with an A.C.
source of 230 volt and 50Hz. The impedance of circuit Q.21 A sinusoidal AC current flows through a resistor of
is – resistance R. If the peak current is p, then average power
(1) 5 (2) 50 dissipated is :
(3) 5K (4) 500
1 2
(1) I p2 R cos  (2) Ip R
Q.15 The potential difference between the ends of a 2
resistance R is VR between the ends of capacitor is VC
= 2VR and between the ends of inductance is VL = 4 2 1
3VR, then the alternating potential of the source in terms (3) Ip R (4) 2
I p2 R
 
of VR will be –
(1) 2 VR (2) VR
Q.22 If the frequency of the source e.m.f. in an AC circuit is
(3) VR/ 2 (4) 5VR n, the power varies with a frequency :
(1) n (2) 2 n
Q.16 n a series resonant L–C–R circuit, if L is increased by (3) n/2 (4) zero
25% and C is decreased by 20%, then the resonant
frequency will
Q.23 Power factor may be equal to 1 for :
(1) Increase by 10%
(1) pure inductor (2) pure capacitor
(2) Decrease by 10%
(3) Remain unchanged (3) pure resistor (4) An LCR circuit
(4) Increase by 2.5%

1 1
Q.17 A capacitor is a perfect insulator for : Q.24 If the power factor changes from to then what is
(1) direct current 2 4
(2) alternating current the increase in impedance in AC ?
(3) direct as well as alternating current (1) 20% (2) 50%
(4) None of the above
(3) 25% (4) 100%

Q.18 n an A.C. circuit, a resistance of 3, an inductance coil

of 4and a condenser of 8are connected in series Q.25 A power transformer (step up) with an 1 : 8 turn ratio
with an A.C. source of 50 volt (R.M.S.). The average has 60 Hz, 120 V across the primary; the load in the
power loss in the circuit will be secondary is 104 . The current in the secondary is
(1) 600 watt (2) 500 watt (1) 96 A (2) 0.96 A
(3) 400 watt (4) 300 watt (3) 9.6 A (4) 96 mA
Alternating Current
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JEE - PHYSICS

EXERCISE-III

MCQ/COMPREHENSION/MATCHING/NUMERICAL Q.5 An AC source supplies a current of 10 A (rms) to a

Q.1 In a series LCR circuit with an AC source (Erms = 50 V circuit, rms voltage of source is 100 V. The average
power delivered by the source :
and  = 50/ Hz), R = 300 , C = 0.02mF, L = 1.0 H, (A) must be 1000 W
Which of the following is correct (B) may be less than 1000 W
(A) the rms current in the circuit is 0.1 A (C) may be greater than 1000 W
(B) the rms potential difference across the capacitor is (D) may be 1000 W
50 V Q.6 11 kW of electric power can be transmitted to a distant
(C) the rms potential difference across the capacitor is station at (i) 220 V or (ii) 22000 V. Which of the following
14.1 V is correct
(D) the rms current in the circuit is 0.14 A (A) first mode of transmission consumes less power
(B) second mode of transmission consumes less power
(C) first mode of transmission draws less current
Q.2 A pure inductance of 1 henry is connected across a 110 (D) second mode of transmission draws less current
V, 70Hz source. Then correct option are
(Use = 22/7): Comprehension-1 (Q.7 to Q.9)
A voltage source V = V0 sin (100 t) is connected to a
(A) reactance of the circuit is 440  black box in which there can be either one element out
(B) current of the circuit is 0.25 A of L, C, R or any two of them connected in series.
(C) reactance of the circuit is 880 
Black Box
(D) current of the circuit is 0.5 A

Q.3 In an AC series circuit when the instantaneous source

voltage is maximum, the instantaneous current is zero.
Connected to the source may be a V=V0sin(100t)

(A) pure capacitor At steady state. the variation of current in the circuit
(B) pure inductor and the source voltage are plotted together with time,
using an oscilloscope, as shown
(C) pure resistor
(D) combination of pure an inductor and pure capacitor

Q.4 In the circuit shown in figure, if both the bulbs B1 and

B2 are identical :

Q.7 The element(s) present in black box is/are :

(A) only C (B) L C
(A) their brightness will be the same (C) L and R (D) R and C
(B) B2 will be brighter than B1
Q.8 Values of the parameters of the elements, present in the
(C) as frequency of supply voltage is increased the
black box are -
brightness of bulb B1 will increase and that of B2 (A) R = 50 , C = 200 µf
will decrease. (B) R = 50 , L = 2mµ
(D) only B2 will glow because the capacitor has infinite (C) R = 400  , C = 50 µ f
(D) None of these
impedance
Alternating Current
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 JEE - PHYSICS

Q.9 If AC source is removed, the circuit is shorted for some Q.11 To increase resonant frequency of the circuit, some of
time so that capacitor is fully discharsed and then a battery the changes in the circuit are carried out. Which
of constant EMF is connected across the black box. At change(s) would certainly result in the increase in
t = 0, the current in the circuit will - resonant frequency ?
(A) increase exponentially with time constant = 0.02 (A) R is increased.
sec. (B) L1 is increased and C1 is decreased.
(B) decrease exponentially with time constant = 0.01 (C) L2 is decreased and C2 is increased.
sec. (D) C3 is removed from the circuit.
(C) oscillate with angular frequency 20 rad/sec
(D) first increase and then decrease Q.12 If the ac source G is of 100 V rating at resonant frequency
of the circuit, then average power supplied by the
Comprehension-2 (Q.10 to Q.14) source is -
An ac generator G with an adjustable frequency of (A) 50 W (B) 100 W
oscillation is used in the circuit, as shown. (C) 500 W (D) 1000 W

R=100
L1=1.6mH Q.13 Average energy stored by the inductor L2 (Source is at
C3=2.5F resonance frequency) is equal to
G S C1=3F
C2=
4.5F
(A) zero (B) 1.2 mJ
L2=2.4mH (C) 2.4 mJ (D) 4 mJ

Q.10 Current drawn from the ac source will be maximum if its

Q.14 Thermal energy produced by the resistance R in time
angular frequency is -
duration 1 s, using the source at resonant condition,
(A) 105 rad/s
is
(B) 104 rad/s
(A) 0 J
(C) 5000 rad/s
(B) 1 J
(D) 500 rad/s
(C) 100  J
(D) not possible to calculate from the given information
Q.15 Match the Physical quantities given in column-I with the parameters they depend on as given in column-II.
Column I Column II
(A) Inductance of a coil (p) Depends on resistivity

(B) Capacitance (q) Depends on shape

(C) Impedance of a coil (r) Depends on medium inserted

(D) Reactance of a capacitor (s) Depends on external voltage source

Q.16 A steady current 4 A flows in an inductor coil when connected to a 12 V DC source as shown in figure 1. If the same coil
is connected to an ac source of 12 V, 50 rad/s, a current of 2.4 A flows in the circuit as shown in figure 2. Now after these
1
observations, a capacitor of capacitance F is connected in series with the coil as shown in figure 3 with the same AC
50
source :
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JEE - PHYSICS

Column-I Column-II
(in S.I units)
(A) The inductance of the coil (nearly) (p) 24

(B) The resistance of the coil (q) 3

(C) Average power (nearly) (r) 0.08

(D) Total reactance

NUMERICAL VALUE BASED and  = 53°. What will be the impedance (in ) in
Q.17 An RLC circuit includes a 1.6 H inductor and a 250 F the chain, if the same voltage is applied between points
capacitor rated at 400 V. The circuit is connected across A and C? Round off to nearest integer.
a sine-wave generator whose peak voltage is 32V. What A B C
minimum resistance must the circuit have to ensure
that the capacitor voltage does not exceed its rated
Q.19 A coil is connected to an alternating emf of voltage
value when the generator is at the resonant frequency?
24 V and of frequency 50 Hz. The reading on the ammeter
Fill 10R in OMR sheet.
connected to the coil in series is 10 mA. If a 1µF capacitor
is connected to the coil in series the ammeter shows 10
Q.18 If an AC voltage 100 V is applied between points A and
mA again. What would be the approx reading on a dc
B, then current of 1 A and phase difference between
ammeter (in A) if the coil was connected to a 180 V dc
current and voltage will be = 37°. If the same voltage
voltage supply? (Take 2 = 10)
is applied between points B and C, then current of 5 A

EXERCISE-IV

JEE-MAIN Q.2 An arc lamp requires a direct current of 10 A at 80 V to

PREVIOUS YEAR’S function. If it is connected to a 220 V (rms), 50 Hz AC
Q.1 A series LR circuit is connected to a voltage source supply, the series inductor need for it to work is close
with V(t) = V0sin t. After very large time, current (t) to: [JEE Mains - 2016]
 L (1) 80 H (2) 0.08 H
behaves as  t 0   : [JEE Mains - 2016] (3) 0.044 H (4) 0.065 H
 R

Q.3 A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283 V and angular

I(t)
I(t) frequency 320/s is applied to a series LCR circuit. Given
that R = 5, L = 25 mH and C = 1000 F. The total
(1) (2) t impedance, and phase difference between the voltage
t = t0 t t = t0 across the source and the current will respectively be :
[JEE Main-2017]
I(t) I(t)
 
5
(1) 10  and tan–1   (2) 7  and 45°
3
(3) (4) t = t0
t 8 5
t = t0 (3) 10  and tan–1   (4) 7 and tan–1  
3 3
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Q.4 A small circular loop of wire of radius a is located at the

centre of a much larger circular wire loop of radius b. I2
The two loops are in the same plane. The outer loop of Q.9
C R2
radius b carries an alternating current I = I0 cos(t).
L R1 I1
The emf induced in the smaller inner loop is nearly :
[JEE Main-2017]

 0 I 0 a 2  0 I0 a 2 ~
(1)   sin(t) (2)   cos(t)
2 b 2 b

a2  0 I 0 b 2 3 3
In the above circuit, C = F, R2 = 20, L = H
(3) 0 I 0  sin(t) (4)  cos(t) 2 10
b a
Q.5 For an RLC circuit driven with voltage of amplitude vm and R1 = 10. Current in L-R1 path is I1 and C-R2 path is

1 I2. The voltage of A.C. source is given by V = 200 2 sin

and frequency 0 = the current exhibits (100t) volts. The phase difference between I1 and I2 is
LC
resonance. The quality factor, Q is given by : [JEE Main-2019 (January)]
[JEE Main-2018] (1) 60° (2) 30°
(3) 90° (4) 0°
0 R R
(1) (2) ( C) Q.10 An alternating voltage v(t) = 220 sin 100t volt is applied
L 0 to a purely resistance load of 50 . The time taken for
CR the current to rise from half of the peak value to the
0 L
(3)  (4) peak value is: [JEE Main-2019 (April)]
0 R
(1) 2.2 ms (2) 5 ms
(3) 3.3 ms (4) 7.2 ms
Q.6 In an a. c. circuit, the instantaneous e.m.f. and current
are given by e = 100 sin 30 t Q.11 A circuit connected to an ac source of emf e = e0sin(100t)
with t in seconds, gives a phase difference of
 
i = 20 sin  30t  
 4 
between the emf e and current i. Which of the
In one cycle of a.c., the average power consumed by 4
the circuit and the wattless current are, respectively. following circuits will exhibit this ?
[JEE Main-2018] [JEE Main-2019 (April)]
1000 50 (1) RC circuit with R = 1 k and C = 1F
(1) ,10 (2) ,0 (2) RL circuit with R = 1 k and L = 1m
2 2
(3) RL circuit with R = 1 k and L = 10 m
(3) 50, 0 (4) 50, 10
(4) RC circuit with R = 1 k and C = 10 F

Q.7 A power transmission line feeds input power at 2300 V

Q.12 A transformer consisting of 300 turns in the primary
to a step down transformer with its primary windings
and 150 turns in the secondary gives output power of
having 4000 turns, given the output power at 230 V. If
2.2 kW. If the current in the secondary coil is 10A, then
the current in the primary of the transformer is 5A, and
the input voltage and current in the primary coil are:
its efficiency is 90%, the output current woould be :
[JEE Main-2019 (January)] [JEE Main-2019 (April)]
(1) 20 A (2) 40A (1) 220 V and 10A (2) 440 V and 5A
(3) 45A (4) 25A (3) 440 V and 20A (4) 220 V and 20A

Q.8 A series AC circuit containing an inductor (20 mH), a Q.13 In LC circuit the inductance L = 40 mH and capacitance
capacitor (120 F) and a resistor (60) is driven by an C = 100 F. If a voltage V(t) = 10sin (314t) is applied to
AC source of 24 V/50 Hz. The energy dissipated in the the circuit, to the current in the circuit is given as :
circuit in 60 s is: [JEE Main-2019 (January)] [JEE Main-2020 (January)]
(1) 5.65 ×102 J (2) 2.26 ×103 J (1) 0.52 cos 314 t (2) 10 cos 314 t
(3) 5.17 ×10 J
2
(4) 3.39 ×103 J (3) 5.2 cos 314 t (4) 0.52 sin 314 t

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JEE - PHYSICS

Q.14 An inductance coil has a reactance of 100 . When an Q.2 You are given many resistances, capacitors and
AC signal of frequency 1000 Hz is applied to the coil, inductors. These are connected to a variable DC voltage
the applied voltage leads the current by 45°. The source (the first two circuits) or an AC voltage source
self-inductance of the coil is of 50 Hz frequency (the next three circuits) in different
[JEE Main-2020 (September)] ways as shown in Column . When a current  (steady
(1) 6.7 × 10–7 H (2) 5.5 × 10–5 H state for DC or rms for AC) flows through the circuit,
(3) 1.1 × 10 H
–1
(4) 1.1 × 10–2 H the corresponding voltage V1 and V2. (indicated in
circuits) are related as shown in Column . Match the
Q.15 A 750Hz, 20 V (rms) source is connected to a resistance two column. [JEE- 2010]
of 100 , an inductance of 0.1803 H and a capacitance Column  Column 
of 10 µF all in series. The time in which the resistance
(heat capacity 2 J/°C) will get heated by 10°C. (Assume
no loss of heat to the surroudings) is close to
[JEE Main-2020 (September)]
(1) 348 s (2) 418 s (A)   0,V1 is proportional to  (p)
(3) 245 s (4) 365 s
Q.16 An elliptical loop having resistance R, of semi major V
axis a, and semi minor axis b is placed in a magnetic
field as shown in the figure. If the loop is rotated about
the x-axis with angular frequency , the average power
loss in the loop due to Joule heating is
[JEE Main-2020 (September)] (B)   0,V2 > V1 (q)
z
B
x b x
a
y y
(C) V1= 0, V2 = V (r)
abB 2 a 2 b 2 B2 2
(1) (2)
R 2R
2 a 2 b 2 B2 2
(3) Zero (4)
R

Q.17 In a series LR circuit, power of 400 W is dissipated from

(D)   0,V2 is proportional to  (s)
a source of 250 V, 50 Hz. The power factor of the circuit
is 0.8. In order to bring the power factor to unity, a
capacitor of value C is added in series to the L and R.
 n 
Taking the value of C as   F then value of n is
 3 
_____. [JEE Main-2020 (September)] (t)
Q.18 An AC circuit has R = 100 , C = 2 F and L = 80 mH,
connected in series. The quality factor of the circuit
is [JEE Main-2020 (September)]
(1) 20 (2) 2
Q.3 A series R-C circuit is connected to AC voltage source.
(3) 0.5 (4) 400
Consider two cases; (A) when C is without a dielectric
medium and (B) when C is filled with dielectric of
JEE-ADVANCED constant 4. The current IR through the resistor and
PREVIOUS YEAR’S voltage VC across the capacitor are compared in the
Q.1 An AC voltage source of variable angular frequency  two cases. Which of the following is/are true?
and fixed amplitude V connected in series with a (A) I A B
R  IR (B) I A B
R  IR [JEE- 2011]
capacitance C and an electric bulb of resistance R
(C) VCA  VCB (D) VCA  VCB
(inductance zero). When  is increased : [JEE - 2010]
(A) the bulb glows dimmer Q.4 A series R-C combination is connected to an AC voltage
(B) the bulb glows brighter of angular frequency  = 500 radian/s. If the impedance
(C) total impedence of the circuit is unchanged of the R-C circuit is R 1.25 , the time constant (in
(D) total impedence of the circuit increases millisecond) of the circuit is [JEE- 2011]
Alternating Current
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 JEE - PHYSICS

Q.5 In the given circuit, the AC source has  = 100 rad/s. C = 20, R = 10 and the battery is ideal with emf of
considering the inductor and capacitor to be ideal, the 50V, identify the correct statement (s)
correct choice (s) is(are) [IIT JEE-2012] [JEE Advanced -2014]

(A) Magnitude of the maximum charge on the capacitor

(A) The current through the circuit,  is 0.3 A
7
(B) The current through the circuit,  is 0.3 2 A. before t = is 1 × 10–3 C.
6
(C) The voltage across 100 resistor = 10 2 V (B) The current in the left part of the circuit just before

(D) The voltage across 50 resistor = 10V 7

t= is clockwise
Paragraph for Questions (Q.6 & Q.7) 6
(C) Immediately after A is connected to D. the current
A thermal power plant produces electric power of 600 in R is 10A.
kW at 4000 V, which is to be transported to a place 20 (D) Q = 2 × 10–3 C.
km away from the power plant for consumers' usage. It
can be transported either directly with a cable of large
Q.9 ln the circuit shown, L = 1 µH, C = 1 µF and R = 1 k.
current carrying capacity or by using a combination of
They are connected in series with an a.c. source V = V0
step-up and step-down transformers at the two ends.
sint as shown. Which of the following options is/are
The drawback of the direct transmission is the large
energy dissipation. In the method using transformers, correct? [JEE Advanced -2017]
the dissipation is much smaller. In this method, a step-
up transformer is used at the plant side so that the
current is reduced to a smaller value. At the consumers'
end, a step-down transformer is used to supply power ~ VDsin t
to the consumers at the specified lower voltage. It is
reasonable to assume that the power cable is purely
resistive and the transformers are ideal with a power (A) The current will be in phase with the voltage if
factor unity. All the currents and voltages mentioned  = 104 rad.s–1
are rms values. [JEE Advanced-2013] (B) At  >> 106 rad.s–1, the circuit behaves like a
Q.6 If the direct transmission method with a cable of capacitor
resistance 0.4  km–1 is used, the power dissipation (C) The frequency at which the current will be in phase
(in %) during transmission is : with the voltage is independent of R
(A) 20 (B) 30 (D) At  ~ 0 the current flowing through the circuit
becomes nearly zero
(C) 40 (D) 50
Q.7 In the method using the transformers, assume that the Q.10 The instantaneous voltages at three terminals marked
ratio of the number of turns in the primary to that in the X, Y and Z are given by : VX = V0 sint,
secondary in the step-up transformer is 1 : 10. If the  2   4 
VY  V0 sin  t   and VZ  V0 sin  t 
power to the consumers has to be supplied at 200V, the  3   3 
ratio of the number of turns in the primary to that in the An ideal voltmeter is configured to read rms value of
secondary in the step-down transformer is : the potential difference between its terminals. It is
(A) 200 : 1 (B) 150 : 1 connected between point X and Y and then between Y
and Z. The reading (s) of the voltmeter will be
(C) 100 : 1 (D) 50 : 1 [JEE Advanced -2017]

Q.8 At time t = 0, terminal A in the circuit shown in the 3

rms
(A) VXY  V0
figure is connected to B by a key and alternating current 2
(t) = 0cos(t,), with 0 = 1A and  = 500 rad s–1 starts
flowing in it with the initial direction shown in the figure. 1
rms
(B) VXY  V0
7 2
At t = , the key is switched from B to D. Now
6 (C) independent of the choice of the two terminals
onwards on ly A and D are connected. A total charge Q rms
(D) VXY  V0
flows from the battery to charge the capacitor fully. If
Alternating Current
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JEE - PHYSICS

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-I

Q.1 (3) Q.2 (3) Q.3 (2) Q.4 (1) Q.5 (1) Q.6 (2) Q.7 (3) Q.8 (2) Q.9 (4) Q.10 (2)
Q.11 (3) Q.12 (3) Q.13(4) Q.14 (4) Q.15 (1) Q.16 (3) Q.17 (2) Q.18 (4)

EXERCISE-II

Q.1 (2) Q.2 (4) Q.3 (4) Q.4 (2) Q.5 (2) Q.6 (1) Q.7 (2) Q.8 (2) Q.9 (4) Q.10 (2)
Q.11 (2) Q.12 (4) Q.13 (2) Q.14 (2) Q.15 (1) Q.16 (3) Q.17 (1) Q.18 (4) Q.19 (3) Q.20 (1)
Q.21 (2) Q.22 (2) Q.23 (4) Q.24 (4) Q.25 (4)

EXERCISE-III

MCQ/COMPREHENSION/MATCHING/NUMERICAL
Q.1 (A,B) Q.2 (A,B) Q.3 (A,B,D) Q.4 (B,C) Q.5 (B,D) Q.6 (B,D) Q.7 (D) Q.8 (A) Q.9 (B) Q.10 (C)

Q.11 (D) Q.12 (B) Q.13 (B) Q.14 (D) Q.15 (A) q,r (B) q,r (C) p,q,r,s (D) q,r, s
Q.16 (A) r, (B) q, (C) p, (D) q Q.17 [0064] Q.18 [0119] Q.19 [0.1]

EXERCISE-IV
JEE-MAIN
PREVIOUS YEAR’S
Q.1 (4) Q.2 (4) Q.3 (2) Q.4 (1) Q.5 (4) Q.6 (1) Q.7 (3) Q.8 (3) Q.9 (Bonus) Q.10 (3)
Q.11 (4) Q.12 (2) Q.13 (1) Q.14 (4) Q.15 (1) Q.16 (2) Q.17 (400) Q.18 (2)

JEE-ADVANCED
PREVIOUS YEAR’S
Q.1 (B) Q.2 (A) r,s,t ; (B) q,r,s,t ; (C) p,q ; (D) q,r,s,t Q.3 (BC) Q.4 (4) Q.5 (A,C or C) Q.6 (B)
Q.7 (A) Q.8 (CD) Q.9 (CD) Q.10 (AC)

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JEE - PHYSICS

ALTERNATING CURRENT

EXERCISE-I

Q.1 (3) Q.2 (3) Q.3 (2) Q.4 (1) Q.5 (1) Q.6 (2) Q.7 (3) Q.8 (2) Q.9 (4) Q.10 (2)
Q.11 (3) Q.12 (3) Q.13(4) Q.14 (4) Q.15 (1) Q.16 (3) Q.17 (2) Q.18 (4)

5
EXERCISE-II Phase diff. =
6
 1 
Q.1 (2) E = 10 cos  2   50  600  = 5 3
 
Vrms 100
Q.2 (4) If net area of E – t curve is zero for given inteval then Q.8 (2) rms = =
Z  1 
2
average value will be zero. R 2   L  
  C
P.d. across resistance = R rms = 100 volt.

Vrms
Q.9 (4) 0 = 2 rms = 2
Z
Q.3 (4) Given T = 1s = 10-6 s
1 1 2  130 2
f    6  10 6 Hz 0 =
T 10 R 2  (L )2

Q.4 (2) Given i = 4 sin (100 t + 30°) L

tan =
R
at t = 0; i  4 sin30  2A
 L 
  = tan–1  .
 100t  R 
3
1
t sec. Q.10 (2) Vnet = VR2  VL2 = (20)2  (16)2 = 25.6.
300

Q.11 (2) At resonance voltages across C and L are in opposite

phase so net voltage will be zero.
Q.5 (2) e = 500 sin100t So, V2 = 0.
  100 
2f  100 Q.12 (4) XL  L  100  0.1  10 
f = 50
100  
T
i sin 100t     10 cos 100t  A
2
10  2 
I 0 sin  t dt T
2I0  s t  2 2I0
Q.6 (1) Iavg  0
= 
T
T    0  Q.13 (2)
2

 dt 20 5
0
Q.14 (2) Given R = 50  , L = H , C  F
  
Q.7 (2) E = E0 cos (t + ) can be written as
3 20
X L  L  2  50   2000 
   
E  E0 sin  t   
 2 3 1 1
XC    2000 
 5  C 5
 E0 sin  t   2  50   10 6
 6  x
 XL = XC then Z = R
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Q.15 (1) Given potential difference between the ends of the

resistance wire = VR
across capacitor VC = 2VR Q.22 (2)
and across the inductor VL = 3VR
then

VR2   VL  VC 
2
V

VR2  3VR  2VR 

2
  2 VR
R
Q.16 (3) In resonance condition R 1
Q.23 (4) cos = =
z R 2  ( x L  x C )2
1
 Because xL = xC
LC
when L  25% and C  20% then
R
1 1 Q.24 (4)  cos =
new   z
125 80 5 4 1
L C L C cos1 = = z1 = 2R
100 100 4 5 2
1 1
new   new   cos2 = = z2 = 4R
4
LC
4R  2R
% increase = × 100
Q.17 (1) 2R
= 100 %
Q.18 (4) Given R = 3, XL = 4, XC = 8
V2 N2
R 2  X C  X L  8
2
Z= Q.25 (4) V = N =
1 1 1
32  8  4 = 5
2
Z= V2 = 8 × 120 = 960 volt
then 960
= = 96 mA.
R R 104
P  VI cos   VI (cos  = )
Z Z

=V
V R V2 R

EXERCISE-III
Z Z Z Z
50  50  3 Q.1 (A,B) Q.2 (A,B) Q.3 (A,B,D)
  300 watt
55
220
Q.4 (B,C) IC =
2
Q.19 (3) Given VL = 176  1 
R2 +  
V  ωC 
VL Brightness of B1 = IC2 R

220
VR
IL =
R +  ωL 
2 2
2
VR = V  VL2
Brightness of B2 = IL2 R
= (220)2  (176)2 here L > C
VR = 132 V So, B2 will be brighter.

Q.20 (1) Pav = vrms Irms cos 

Q.5 (B,D) Pavr = Irms Vrms cos 
Here  = 90º so Pav = 0
cos  can not be more than 1 so power can not be more
2
than 1000.
 P  2R
Q.21 (2) <P> =  
R =   R P

rms
 2 2 Q.6 (B,D)

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JEE - PHYSICS

Q.7 (D) As current is leading the source voltage, so circuit Q.14 (D)As 1µs time duration is very less than time period T at
should be capacitive in nature and as phase difference resonance, thermal energy produced is not possible to
calculate without information about start of the given
π
is not , it must contain resistor also. time duration.
2
Q.15 (A) q,r (B) q,r (C) p,q,r,s (D) q,r, s
 π π (A) Inductance of a coil depends on its shape and
Q.8 (A) Time delay = =  = magnetic properties of its core (medium inserted)
 400 4
(B) Capacitance of capacitor depends on its shape and
 1  π 1 dielectric properties of medium inserted.
tan–1   =  =R
 RωC  4 (C) Impedance of coil
ωC R 2 + ω2 L2 depends on
resistivity (due to R), shape (for L), magnetic properties
v0
i0 = of core inserted and also depends on angular frequency
2
 1   of external voltage source.
R2 +  
 ωC  1
(D) Reactance of capacitor = depends on shape
C
100 (for C), nature of dielectric medium (for C) and external
2 =  R = 50 
R2 + R2 voltage source (due to ).

1 Q.16 (A) r, (B) q, (C) p, (D) q

and C= = 200 µF
50×100 1 to 2 : When connected with the DC source
12
Q.9 (B) For DC circuit R= =3
4
–
t When connected to ac source
i = i0 e RC and RC = 0.01 sec. V
=
i Z
12
 2.4 =  L = 0.08 H
3 + ω2 L2
2

2
Vrms
1 Using P =  rms V rms cos  = cos  =
Z
t
2
Q.10 (C) Current drawn is maximum at resonant angular Vrms R
frequency. Leq = 4 mH Ceq = 10 F 1 2 = 24 W
R 2 + (ωL – )
Leq = 4 mH Ceq = 10 F ωC

1 Q.17 [0064]
= = 5000 rad/s
LC

Q.11 (D) Ceq decreases thereby increasing resonant frequency.

~
100 V0 V0
Q.12 (B) At resonance irms = = 1A i
100 =
Z R
Power supplied = Vrms Irms cos  (= 0 at resonance)
P = 100 W 1 1
 =
LC 1.6  250  106
1
Q.13 (B) Average energy stored = Li 2rms 1 V0
2 VC = i0 × i0 × =
C CR
1
= (2.4 × 10–3 H) . (1 A)2 = 1.2 mJ
2
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 JEE - PHYSICS

103 EXERCISE-IV
 50
45
JEE-MAIN
32 PREVIOUS YEAR’S
400 
50  250 106  R Q.1 (4) Across a series LR circuit when AC emf is connected,
6 circuit impedance will be
32  10
R=  6 .4   64 Ans. z  R 2  2 L2
50  250  400
and current in circuit is given as = i = i0 sin (t – ),
Q.18 [0119] e0 1  R 
where i0 = and  = cos  2 2 
wL1 R  L
2 2 2
 R  L 
2
3
tan  = = V0
R1 4 = sin(t  )
R  2 L2
2

3
wL1 = R
4 1 V
Q.2 (4) R  8
100 I
1=
9 2 V 220
R  R12 I 
R   L  8   2  50  L 
2 2
16 1
2 2

R1 = 80 L1 = 60  L  0.065 H

wL 2 4 4
  wL2 = R
R2 3 1
3 2 XC 
R XL = L C
Q.3 (2)
100
5=  R2 = 12 ; WL2 = 16
16 2 R=5
R  R 22 XL = L = 320 × 0.025 = 8 
9 2
1 1
XC    3.1 
z= ( wL1  wL 2 ) 2  ( R 1  R 2 ) 2 = 119 C 320 103
Impedence triangle (phasor form)
Q.19 [0.1 ] (X L  X C ) Z
24
3
 z  (L) 2  R 2
10 10

R
2
2  1  Circuit impedence is given as
R 2  (L) 2 = R   L  
 C  Z  R 2  (X L  XC ) 2
1 Z  (5)2   4.9   7
2
(L) = – L +
C from triangle we have
1 1  X  XC  1  4.9  
L= = 6 = 5H
  tan 1  L   tan   
 R   5  4
2 C 2 100 100 10
2

(2400)2 = (500)2 + R2

R= ( 2400) 2  (5 100) 2 a

I = I0 cos t
= 100 (24) 2  25 2 Q.4 (1)
= 10 × 326 ~
 1800 b
I = 0.1A a << b

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Magnitude flux linked with the smaller loop is

3
I  a 2 X L  L  100   10 3
  0  a 2  0 I0 cos t 10
2b 2b Phase difference of I 1 with AC source is
emf induced in smaller loop is
XL  10 3 
d  0 I 0 a 2 1  tan 1  tan 1    60(lagging)
e   sin t R1  10 
dt 2b
Phase difference between I2 & I2 is T = 1 + 2 = 89.9° +
60° = 149.9°  150°
0 L None of the given options is correct.
Q.5 (4) Quality factor =
R
Q.10 (3) For pure resistance current is in same phase with V.
Q.6 (1) Pavg = Vrms Irms cos  Phase analysis –
 V0  I 0   100   20 
 cos 45
t = t1 +V0
=   cos  =  
 2  2   2  2  

1000 V0/2 t=0

= watt 
2
I0 20
wattless current = Irms sin = sin  = sin 45°
2 2
= 10 amp.
–V0
Q.7 (3) Power equation of a transformer is given as –
e1i1 ×  = e2i2 V0 / 2 1 
From figure cos  =   
90 V0 2 3
 2300  5   230  i 2
100 
 i2 = 45 A time taken in phase change by is
3
Q.8 (3) Inductive reactance XL = L = 100  × 20 × 10–3 = 2  /3 1
t1     3.33ms
Capacitive reactance  100 300
1 1 103 1000
XC =    
C 100  120  106 12 12 
Q.11 (4) Given phase difference = and  = 100 rad/s
Net reactance of circuit XC – XL 4
=  Reactance (X) = Resistance (R)
1000 1000  242 762 76 now by checking options
 2     6.3  20 Option (1)
12 12 12 12
Circuit impedance 1
R = 1000  and X C  6
 104 
10  100
Z  R 2  (X C  X L ) 2  (60) 2  (20)2  4000  20 10 Option (2)
Average power dissipation in circuit R = 103 and XL = 10–3 × 100 = 10-1 
2 2 Option
V  24  R = 103  and XL = 10 × 10–3 × 100 = 1
Pavg = I R =   R  
2
  60
Z  20 10  Option (4)
Energy dissipated in 60 s is 1
R = 103  and X C   103 
24  24 216  24 10  10 6  100
E = Pavg t =  60  60   5.184  10 2 J
4000 10  option (4) matches the given condition

Q.9 (Bonus) For C-R2 circuit the capacitive reactance is Q.12 (2) Given Np = 300, Ns = 150, P0 = 2200 W
Is = 10A
1 1 2  104 P0 = V0I0  2200 = V0 ×10  V0 = 220V
XC =   
C 3 3 Using transformer equation, we have
100   106
2 Vi N p
   Vi = 2 × 220 = 440V
Phase difference of I 2 with AC source is V0 Ns
XC  2  10 4  1  1000  Also for no loss in transformer, we use Pi = P0 = Vi Ii
2  tan 1  tan 1    tan    89.9(leading)
R2  20  3   3 
For L-R 1 circuit branch, inductive reactance is  Ii = 2200 = 5A
440
Alternating Current
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 JEE - PHYSICS

Q.13 (1)
A 2 B2 2 sin 2 t
L = 40mH C = 100F  <P> =   (A = ab)
R
2 a 2 b 2 B2 2
=
2R
~
V = 10 sin (314t) (250) 2
Q.17 (400) P  cos 
Z
z  R 2  (XC  X L ) 2
R=0 (250) 2
500 
Z = XC – XL Z
1 Z = 125 
  L R = 100 
C XL = 75 
1 1
  314  40  10 –3
3.14  100  10 –6 75 =
2fC
= 31.84 – 12.56
= 19.28  1 1
C= 
2 75  50 7500
i
XC > XL  106 1 
C=    F
 2500 3 
VC – VL
400
V0   C= F
i sin  314t   3
Z  2
V0 10
 i cos(314t)  i cos(314t) 1 L
Z 19.28 Q.18 (2) Q 
R C
 i = 0.52 cos (314t)
1 80  10 3
Q.14 (4) Impedance of coil = 100  =
100 2  106
 = 45°  R = XL = 2 =2
 50 2 =  × L
JEE-ADVANCED
50 2 PREVIOUS YEAR’S
L=  1.1 102 H
2 1000 Vrms
Nearest value given is 1.1 × 10–2 H Q.1 (B) irms =
1
R2 + 2 2
Q.15 (1)H = (Irms) Rt 2
ω c
mST = (Irms)2Rt when  increases, irms increases so the bulb glows
mST brighter
t=
(I rms ) 2 R Q.2 (A) r,s,t ; (B) q,r,s,t ; (C) p,q ; (D) q,r,s,t
2  10 As per given conditions, there will be no steady state
= .....(i) in circuit ‘p’, so it should not be considered in options
(I rms )2 100 of ‘c’.
20
Irms = , XL = 2 ×  × 750 × 1803
(X L  X C ) 2  R 2
1 (p)
XC =
2    750  106
Put value in (i), t come out  348 s V
As  is steady state current
2
ind V1 = 0 ;  = 0
Q.16 (2) <P> =   Hence, V2 = V
R
So , answer of P  C
 d
ind =
dt
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JEE - PHYSICS

So, answer of t  A,B,D

(A) – r,s,t ; (B) – q,r,s,t ; (C) – p,q ; (D) – q,r,s,t
Note : For circuit ‘p’ :
Ldi q di
(q) V– – = 0 or CV = CL + q or 0 =
dt C dt
d 2i dq d 2i 1 dq
LC + or 2 = –
In the steady state ; dt 2 dt dt LC dt
dΙ  1 
V1 = 0 as =0 So, i = i0 sin  t + 0 
dt
 LC 
 V2 = V = R
As per given conditions, there will be no steady state
or V2 
in circuit ‘p’. So it should not be considered in options
and V2 > V1
So , answer of q  B, C, D

Q.3 (B,C) Case I

(r) 2
 1 
Z= R2   
 C 
Inductive reactance XL = L
XL = 6 × 10–1 
and resistance = R = 2
So, V1 = XL Case II
and V2 = R
Hence, V2 > V1
So, Answer of r  A,B,D V
ΙA
R = Z´ < Z
Z
V A
ΙBR = Ι < ΙRB
Z´ R
(s) VRA < VRB
So. VCA > VCB  VR2 + VC2 = V02
Here, V1 = XL, where, XL = 6 × 10–1 
104
Also, V2 = XC, where, XC =
3π Q.4 [4]
So, V2 > V1
V1 
V2  W = 500 rad/s
So, answer of s  A,B,D
2
 1  2
Z=   + R = R 1.25
 ωC 
2
 1 
(t)   + R2 = R2 (1.25)
 ωC 
2
 1  R2
  + R2 = R2 +
104  ωC  4
Here, V1 = R, where, R = 1000  , XC = 
3π 1 R
 =
104 ωC 2
V2 = XC , where, XC = 
3π 2 2
So, V2 > V1 and V1  CR = = sec.
w 500
V2 

Alternating Current
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 JEE - PHYSICS

2 Np 40, 000 200

= × 103 ms Q.7 (A) = =
500 Ns 200 1
2×1000 π
= ms Q.8 (C, D) Charge on capacitor will be maximum at t =
500 2ω
= 4 ms Qmax = 2 × 10–3 C
Q.5 (A,C or C) 7π
(A) charge supplied by source from t = 0 to t =
6ω
1
Since rms =  0.3 A so A may or may not be 7π
7π
10 6ω
7π
sin
 sin500t  6ω
correct.
1
Q=  cos(500t)dt = 
 500 
0
=
500
6
1 0
C = 100 F, = -6 = –1mC
ωC (100) (100×10 )
Just after switching In steady state
XC = 100 , XL = L = (100) (.5) = 50 
Z1 = x C2 +1002 = 100 2Ω

Z2 = x 2L + 502 = 502 + 502

= 50 2
 = 20 2 sin t
Apply KVL just after switching
20 2
i1 = sin (t + /4) Q1
100 2 50 + – ΙR = 0   = 10 A
C
1 In steady state Q2 = 1mC
i1 = sin (t + /4) net charge flown from battery = 2mC
5
20 2 Q.9 (C,D) Current will be in phase with voltage at resonant
I2 = sin (t – /4) frequency.
50 2
1 1
ωL =  ω0 = = 106 sec –1
I= 2
(.2) + (.4) 2 ωC LC
If  > 0 Circuit behaves like
= (.2) 1 + 4
inductive.
1 1 If  ~ 0 Z    I  0
= 5 =
5 5
1 1 10
Q.10 (A,C)  
Vxy  Vx  Vy  Vxy sin  t  1 
0
(I)rms = = =
2 5 10 10 2
 0.3A V 
xy 0  V02  V02  2V02 cos
3
 3V0

V 
(V100)rms = (I1)rms) × 100
 0.2 
=  × 100 =
20
= 10 2 V
V 
xy rms 
xy 0

2

3
2
V0
 2 2 Vyz = Vy – Vz = (Vyz)0 sin (t + 2)
 0.4  20 2
V50)rms = 
 2
 × 50 =
2
= 10 2 V V 
yz 0  V02  V02  2V02 cos
3
 3V0

1 V 
Since rms 
10
 0.3 A so A may or may not be V 
yz rms 
yz 0

2

3
2
V0
correct. Vxz = Vx – Vz = (Vxz)0 sin (t + 3)
Q.6 (B) P = 600 × 1000 = 4000 × I  I = 150 A 4
 Vxz  0  V02  V02  2V02 cos
3
 3V0
dH
dt
= (150)2 × 0.4 ×20 × 2
V  3
 Vxz  rms 
yz 0
= 0.3  30 %  V0
2 2

Alternating Current
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