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Lecture 17-18

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Lecture 17-18

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anutyo
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Lecture 17-18

Ajay Kumar
[email protected]

September 21, 2023


Dimension
Definition
The dimension of a vector space V, denoted by dim V, is the number
of vectors in any basis of V.
Example
dim Rn = n, dim R2×2 = 4, dim Rm×n = mn, dim Rn [x] = n + 1.
Definition
A non-zero vector space V is called finite dimensional vector space if
it contains a finite set of vectors that forms a basis of V. Otherwise it
is called infinite dimensional vector space.
Example
1. Rn , Rm×n , Rn [x] are finite dimensional.
2. Let R(x) denotes the set of all polynomials with real coefficients.
Then R[x] is a vector space under usual addition and scalar
multiplication of polynomials and {1, x, x2 , . . .} is a basis of R[x].
Hence R[x] is an infinite dimensional vector space.
Plus-Minus Theorem
Let S be a nonempty set of vectors in a vector space V.
1. If S is a linearly independent set, and v ∈ V such that v ∈
/ span(S),
then the set S ∪ {v} is still linearly independent.
2. If v ∈ S and v ∈ span(S \ {v}), then S \ {v} spans the same space
i.e. span(S) = span(S \ {v}).
Proof. Exercise.
Theorem B
Let V be an n-dimensional vector space and S = {v1 , . . . , vn } ⊂ V.
Then S is a basis for V if either S spans V or S is linearly independent.
Proof.

a). Let span(S) = V. Suppose that S is linearly dependent. Then


there exist a vector vj ∈ S such that v ∈ span{v1 , . . . , vj−1 }, i.e.,
vj = c1 v1 + · · · + cr−1 vj−1 . Then by Plus-Minus Theorem,
span(S) = span(S \ {vj }). By continuing this process, we get a set
T ⊂ S such that T is linearly independent and span(S) = span(T).
Note that |T| < n gives a contradiction to the fact that dim V = n.
b). Let S be a linearly independent set and v ∈ V. We claim that
v ∈ span(S). On the contrary, assume that v ∈ / span(S). By
Plus-minus theorem, we get S ∪ {v} is a linearly independent set.
This is a contradiction to the fact that the number of elements in
any linearly independent set is less or equal to dimension of the
vector space.
Theorem C
Let S be a finite set of vectors in a finite dimensional vector space V.
1. If S spans V but not a basis, then S can be reduced to a basis for
V by removing appropriate vectors from S.
2. If S is linearly independent set that is not a basis, then S can be
enlarged to a basis for V by inserting appropriate vectors into S.

Proof. Exercise.
Theorem
Every subspace W of a finite dimensional vector space V is again
finite dimensional and dim W ≤ dim V. Moreover, if dim W = dim V,
then V = W.
Sum of two Spaces

Definition
Let V be a vector space over F and W1 , W2 subspaces of V. Then
W1 + W2 = {w1 + w2 : w1 ∈ W1 , w2 ∈ W2 } is called the sum of W1 and
W2.

Remark
• W1 + W2 is again a subspace of V.
• As 0 ∈ W2 , W1 be a subspace of W1 + W2 . Similarly, W2 be a
subspace of W1 + W2 .
• W1 + W2 is the smallest subspace which contains W1 ∪ W2 .
• If V is finite dimensional, then so W1 + W2 .
Theorem
Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over F, and W1 , W2 be
subspaces of V. Then
dim(W1 + W2 ) = dim(W1 ) + dim(W2 ) − dim(W1 ∩ W2 ).
Proof. Since V is finite dimensional, W1 , W2 , W1 ∩ W2 are finite
dimensional. Assume that dim(W1 ) = m, dim(W2 ) = n and
dim(W1 ∩ W2 ) = r. Note that r ≤ m and r ≤ n. Let B = {v1 , . . . , vr } be
a basis for W1 ∩ W2 . Since B is linearly independent set in W1 , B can
we extend to a basis for W1 , say B1 = {v1 , . . . , vr , u1 , . . . , um−r }.
Similarly, B2 = {v1 , . . . , vr , w1 , . . . , wn−r } is a basis for W2 . We claim
that B3 = {v1 , . . . , vr , u1 , . . . , um−r , w1 , . . . , wn−r } be a basis for
W1 + W2 . Note that |B3 | = m + n − r. Hence to prove the theorem it is
enough to prove the claim.
Proof of claim: Exercise
Consequence

Corollary
Let P1 and P2 be two planes passing through origin in R3 . Then
dim(P1 ∩ P2 ) ≥ 1.
Proof. Since dim(P1 ) = 2 = dim(P2 ) and dim(R3 ) = 3,
2 ≤ dim(P1 + P2 ) ≤ 3. By the above theorem,

dim(P1 + P2 ) = dim(P1 ) + dim(P2 ) − dim(P1 ∩ P2 ),

and hence 3 ≥ 2 + 2 − dim(P1 ∩ P2 ). This gives that dim(P1 ∩ P2 ) ≥ 1.


Definition
Let V be a vector space over F and W1 , W2 subspaces of V. If
W1 ∩ W2 = (0), then W1 + W2 is called the direct sum of W1 and W2
and it is denoted as W1 ⊕ W2 .
Note that since W1 ∩ W2 = (0), we have
dim(W1 ⊕ W2 ) = dim(W1 ) + dim(W2 )
Example
Let V = R2 , W1 = {(x, 0) : x ∈ R} and W2 = {(0, y) : y ∈ R}. Then
R2 = W1 ⊕ W2

Exercise
Let l1 and l2 be two distinct lines passing through origin in R2 . Then
show that R2 = l1 ⊕ l2 .

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