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Engineering Utilities Lecture 12 Part 3

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26 views

Engineering Utilities Lecture 12 Part 3

Uploaded by

Hiiragi Yuno
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 12

Emerging Sustainable
Technologies
Engr. Gerard Ang
School of EECE
Hydropower Systems
• Hydroelectricity – is the term referring to electricity generated by
hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the
gravitational force of falling or flowing water.
• Hydro-power or water power – is power derived from the energy of
falling water and running water, which may be harnessed for useful
purposes.
• Small-scale hydropower systems – generate up to 30 MW.
• Micro hydropower systems – generate up to 100 kW.
• Pico hydropower systems – generate up to 5 kW.
Impoundment Hydropower System
Pumped Storage
Hydropower System
Run-of-the-River
Hydropower Systems
Turbine Output or Developed
• The turbine output in kW from a hydrostation is

𝒌𝑾𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏𝑸𝒉𝜼

Where:
Q = discharge in cu. m/sec for metric system
h = net head of water in meter
η = over-all efficiency of the hydrostation
Power Developed in a Hydrostation
Energy developed in kW-sec from a hydrostation is

𝑬 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝑽 × 𝒉 × 𝜼

Where:
V = volume in cu. m
h = net head of water in meter
η = over-all efficiency of the hydrostation
Sample Problems
1. A hydroelectric power plant operates under an effective head of
50 m and a discharge of 94 m3/s. Determine the power
developed.

Solution:
Output kW = 9.81Qhη
Assume η = 100%
Output kW = 9.81(94)(50)(1)
Output kW = 46,107 kW
Sample Problems
2. A hydroelectric power station is supplied from a reservoir having an area
of 50 km2 and a head of 50 m. If the overall efficiency of the plant be
60%, find the rate at which the water will fall when the station is
generating 30,000 kW.

Solution:
A = 50 km2 = 50 x 106 m2
P = 9.81Qhη kW
Q = P/[9.81hη] = 30,000/[(9.81(50)(0.60)] = 101.94 m3 per second

Rate of fall of water level = Q/A = 101.94/(50 x 106)


Rate of fall of water level = 2.04 x 10-6 m/sec
or (2.04 x 10-6 m/sec) x (3,600 sec/1 hr) x (1,000 mm/1 m)
Rate of fall of water level = 7.34 mm per hour
Sample Problems
3. A hydroelectric station has to operate with a mean head of 50 m. It makes
use of water collected over a catchment area of 200 km2 over which the
annual rainfall is 420 cm with 30% loss due to evaporation. Assuming the
turbine efficiency as 85% and the alternator efficiency as 80%, calculate the
average power that can be generated.

Solution:
V = catchment area x average annual rainfall x (1 – loss due to evaporation)
V = (200 x 106)(4.2)(1 – 0.3) = 588 x 106 cu. m

E = 9.81 x V x h x η kW-sec
E = 9.81(588 x 106)(50)(0.85)(0.80) = 1.96 x 1011 kW-sec
E = 1.91 x 1011 kW-sec x 1 hr/3,600 sec = 54.44 x 106 kWh

P = 54.44 x 106 kWh/(24 hrs/1 day)(365 days/year)


P = 6.21 MW
Rainwater Harvesting

• Rainwater can provide clean, safe, and reliable water so long as the
collection system is properly constructed and maintained, and the
water is treated appropriately for its intended use.
• Rainwater collection/harvesting systems – intercept and collect storm
water runoff and detain or retain it for later use. Harvested water can
be used for toilet flushing, car washing, indoor plant watering, pet and
livestock watering or washing, and lawn/garden irrigation.
Rainwater Harvesting Systems
Design of a
Rainwater Harvesting System

Factors to be considered:
1. Water Consumption Rate – how much water is needed and when
2. Amount of Rainfall
3. Rainwater Collected
4. Required Catchment Area
5. Cistern Size
Cistern – it is a waterproof receptacle for holding liquids, usually
water. Cisterns are often built to catch and store rainwater.
6. Gutter/Downspout Size
Rainwater Collected
• The approximated annual rainwater collected (R), is given by:

𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 × 𝑨 × 𝒓 × 𝜼

Where:
R = annual rainwater collected in gallons/year
A = catchment area in sq. ft.
r = average rainfall for the period under consideration
η = system efficiency
Required Catchment Area
• The minimum required catchment area meet a specific daily rate of
consumption is given by:

𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 × 𝑫
𝑨𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 × 𝒓 × 𝜼

Where:
Amin = minimum required catchment area
Qtotal = daily consumption rate in liters/day
D = number of days in period under consideration
r = average rainfall for the period under consideration
η = system efficiency
Cistern Size

• The required cistern storage capacity (ST) can be approximated by:

𝑺𝑻 = 𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 × 𝑫𝒅𝒓𝒚−𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒍𝒍

Where:
ST = required cistern capacity
Qtotal = daily consumption rate in liters/day
Ddry-spell = longest average dry spell in day
Sample Problems

1. A home in Denver, Colorado, has a catchment area equivalent to the


2400 sq. ft roof footprint (including the roof overhangs). The home
will have 4 occupants and a water consumption rate of 55 gal per
person per day. Denver Colorado, receives an average rainfall of 15.40
in/year. Calculate:
a. Rainwater collected over a year. Assume an efficiency of 85%.
b. Required cistern storage capacity. Assume the longest average dry
spell will be 4 weeks.
c. Minimum required catchment area
Solution:
(a) For the approximated rainwater collected over a year. Assume an
efficiency of 85%
𝑅 = 0.60 × 𝐴 × 𝑟 × 𝜂 = 0.60 2,400 15.40 0.85
𝑹 = 𝟏𝟖, 𝟖𝟒𝟗 𝒈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓

(b) For the approximated required cistern storage capacity. Assume the
longest average dry spell will be 4 weeks

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 55 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 4 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 220 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑆𝑇 = 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 × 𝐷𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 220 4 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑠 7 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠/𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘

𝑺𝑻 = 𝟔, 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒔
(c) For the approximated minimum required catchment area

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 220 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 × 𝐷 220 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠


𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =
0.60 × 𝑟 × 𝜂 𝑔𝑎𝑙
0.60 2 15.40 0.85
𝑓𝑡

𝑨𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟐𝟐𝟒. 𝟎𝟗 𝒇𝒕𝟐


Gutter/Downspout Size
• Rainwater captured in the catchment area can be conveyed to the
cistern through gutters and downspouts. Most gutters come in several
sizes and shapes called profiles. These include a U-shaped trough (a
half-round channel shape) and a K- or ogee-shaped configuration (a
front that looks like the letter K).

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