Group 9
The human being is composed of millions of cells in the body.
These constitute all the organs, the blood supplying oxygen to the
organs, the nervous system, circulatory system of chromosomes.
However, two specialized cell contail only 23 chromosomes;
Egg Cells
Sperm
Sperm cells are microscopic male gametes with 23 chromosomes,
including one that determines the baby's sex. If a sperm carries an X
chromosome, a female is born (XX), and if it carries a Y chromosome, a
male is born (XY). Sperm can survive for up to 24-48 hours after
ejaculation, with millions released, but only around 200 make it to the
uterus, and only one is needed to fertilize the egg. Many sperm die due
to the vagina's acidity, while others are lost in the cervix. The primary
goal of sperm is to transfer their DNA to the egg.
The hypothalamus
plays a vital role in monitoring testosterone levels in the blood. When it detects low
testosterone, it releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). GnRH travels to the
pituitary gland, where it prompts the production of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH). LH then stimulates Leydig cells in the testicles to produce
testosterone, while FSH helps concentrate testosterone within the seminiferous tubules for
sperm formation. Spermatogenesis begins as germ cells undergo mitotic and meiotic
divisions, eventually developing into mature sperm cells.
The Structure of
the Sperm
NOTE:
That figure show the structure of the sperm.
The sperm cell is consisting of three major parts;
The distinctive head
The midpiece (body)
The Tail
A normal sperm cell has three main parts: the head, midpiece, and tail. The head
is oval and contains the nucleus with genetic material (23 chromosomes) needed
for reproduction. The midpiece, comprising about 10 percent of the sperm's
length, contains densely packed mitochondria, which provide energy for
swimming. Between the head and midpiece, there's a structure called the
centriole, which plays a role in sperm aster and zygote aster formation during
fertilization.
The sperm tail, which makes up about 80 percent of the sperm's
length, is essential for the movement of the pronuclear during union
with the female genome. It consists of several parts, including the
connecting piece, midpiece (containing mitochondria for energy),
principal piece (axial filament), and end piece. The principal piece and
end piece of the flagella work together to generate the waveform that
enables the sperm's movement.
THE EGG CELL
(Ovum)
The Female Internal Reproductive Organ
NOTE:
That figure show the internal reproductive organ
of females with the major parts:
vagina
cervix
uterus
fallopian
tube
the two ovaries
The fertilize ovum is also presented which took
place in the fallopian tube
The egg or ovum
Is a cell released by the ovaries. Naturally, the female
body will release only one matured egg per month
however there are a total of one to two million eggs
stored in the ovaries which means that the supply
exceeds the demand. Females have primitive eggs or
eggs present at birth which is about one to two million
however this only becomes 300,000 by
the time of puberty.
?
This means that the present age of the woman is also the age of the
egg. Further, many studies show that birth defects and abnormalities
are affected by the age of the woman because it decreases the quality
of the egg.
OVUM
The ovum is round and stiff as a jelly. It is a lot bigger than the sperm;
The size of the ovum is like the diameter of the pen or the period at the end of
the sentence. The ovum lives shorter than the sperm, it lives only for 12 to 24
hours and then shortly dies.
The death of the ovum results in the crying or bleeding uterus called
menstruation. During the reproductive years, the uterus prepares for conception
thus the thickening of the uterine wall or endometrium.
This results in the change in the size of the uterus every month. When there is not
conception to occur, the thickened uterine wall is shed out resulting in the uneasy
feeling or sometimes pain in the lower abdomen.
Like in the process of reproduction, a follicle-stimulating hormone is released by
the pituitary gland, which promotes the growth of an egg (ovum). Once the egg
matures, another hormone called luteinizing hormone is released, triggering
ovulation, where the egg is released from the ovary. The egg then travels through the
fallopian tubes, aided by muscular contractions, to reach the uterus for potential
fertilization. The egg contains the female's genetic material within its nucleus,
consisting of 23 chromosomes, which, when combined with the genetic material
from a sperm cell, determines the characteristics of the future child. Surrounding the
nucleus is a cell plasma or yolk that provides essential nutrients for the developing
egg cell.
If an egg remains unfertilized for more than 24 hours
after ovulation, it starts to degenerate. Once fertilized,
the egg undergoes cell division. If it splits into two parts
at an early stage, identical twins are formed. Incomplete
divisions can lead to the birth of Siamese twins who are
physically joined. Fraternal twins, on the other hand,
occur when two separate eggs are released and
independently fertilized.
THANK YOU
