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Lecture 7-Transport Mechanism

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Elaizah Lorraine
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11 views21 pages

Lecture 7-Transport Mechanism

Uploaded by

Elaizah Lorraine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Transport

Mechanism
Homeostasis & Cellular Transport
•Function of the Cell Membrane:

• Cell membrane separates the


components of a cell from its
environment—surrounds the
cell

• “Gatekeeper” of the
cell—regulates the flow of
materials into and out of
cell—selectively permeable

• Cell membrane helps cells


maintain
homeostasis—stable internal
balance
The Cell Membrane
& Homeostasis
• The cell membrane is
responsible for
maintaining homeostasis
within the cell
• Homeostasis is a stable,
internal environment
• The cell membrane
maintains homeostasis
through balancing the pH,
temperature, glucose
(sugar intake), water
balance
• It does this through active
and passive transport
In homeostasis, everything is PERFECT
Cell Membrane aka “The Phospholipid Bilayer”
• ALL cells have a cell membrane made of Phosphate,
proteins, and lipids
•That’s why it’s called the Phospholipid Bilayer

protein channel

Layer 1
Cell Membrane
Layer 2

lipid bilayer protein pump

All Cells have a cell (plasma membrane):


• Prokaryotes (have a cell wall + cell membrane)
• Eukaryotes:
• a) Animal Cells ( cell membrane only)
• b) Plant cells (cell membrane + cell wall)
The cell membrane in detail
Hydrophilic head
It’s a double layer (bilayer) of
phosphates, and fats (lipids)

A single phospholipid has Hydrophobic tails


hydrophilic (water loving) phosphate
heads AND hydrophobic (water
hating) fatty acid tails

The cell membrane both repels and


attracts water through the
membrane at the same time
Passive Transport
A process that does not require energy to move
molecules from a HIGH to LOW concentration

Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion (uses proteins to push


particles across)

Osmosis
• Facilitated Diffusion requires the help of carrier and
channel proteins
These particles move from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration.

outside of cell

inside of cell
DIFFUSION
Examples of diffusion: spraying aerosols, and perfumes.

High concentration (inside of the can)—the molecules are packed tightly together….

To a LOW concentration – when sprayed, the molecules are released to a more free environment

The particles SPREAD OUT

HIGH to LOW concentration


• Osmosis is the movement of water through a selectively
permeable membrane like the cell membrane

Water moves across the cell membrane from an area of


high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Semi-permeable
membrane is
permeable to water,
but not to sugar
Hypertonic Solutions: contain a high concentration of solute
relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When
a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses
out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel.

Hypotonic Solutions: contain a low concentration of solute


relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When
a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water diffuses
into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode.

Isotonic Solutions: contain the same concentration of solute


as another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is
placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and
out of the cell at the same rate. The fluid that surrounds the
body cells is isotonic.
Osmosis Concentration
• Hypertonic: the water or solution OUTSIDE of
the cell is saltier than the INSIDE of the cell.
• Hyper = “more” or “above”
• This will cause it to shrivel, and shrink
• Ex. Pouring salt on a slug will cause it to shrink
Osmosis Concentration
• Hypotonic: the water or solution OUTSIDE of
the cell
• Hypo means “less than” or “below”
• A hypotonic solution will cause the cell to take
in water, and swell
Osmosis Concentration
• Isotonic: the water outside of the cell has an
EQUAL amount of salt as the water INSIDE of
the cell.
• Iso means “equal”
• Will cause NO CHANGE in cell size
Interactive Red Blood Cell
Types of Active Transport
Exocytosis = how materials
Active transport uses
EXIT the cell (how the cell
ENERGY (ATP)
uses the bathroom)

Endocytosis = how Pinocytosis = how small


materials ENTER the cell materials ENTER the cell
(cell eating/engulfing) (cell eating/engulfing)

Phagocytosis = how larger


materials ENTER the cell
(cell eating/engulfing)
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis
Active Transport
Active transport is the movement of molecules from LOW to HIGH
concentration.
Energy is required as molecules must be pumped against the
concentration gradient.
Proteins that work as pumps are called protein pumps.
Ex: Body cells must pump carbon dioxide out into the surrounding
blood vessels to be carried to the lungs for exhale. Blood vessels are
high in carbon dioxide compared to the cells, so energy is required
to move the carbon dioxide across the cell membrane from LOW to
HIGH concentration.
outside of cell Carbon Dioxide
molecules

inside of cell
ANALOGY: Passive Transport vs. Active Transport

Active Transport: like going


UPHILL

ENERGY NEEDED:
Active Transport

NO ENERGY NEEDED:
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion

Passive Transport: Like


going DOWNHILL

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