MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
Page no- 3
1. Which of the following are matter?
Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold-drink, smell
of perfume.
Chair, air, almonds, and cold-drink.
2. Give reasons for the following observation:
The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but
to get the smell from cold food you have to go close.
Since the particles of hot food have more kinetic energy and hence
the rate of diffusion is more than the particles of cold food.
3. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which
property of matter does this observation show?
This shows that the particles of water have intermolecular space
and has less force of attraction.
4. What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?
The characteristics of the particles of matter are:
(1) Particles have intermolecular space.
(2) Particles have intermolecular force.
(3) Particles of matter are moving continuously.
Page no 6
1. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density.
(density = mass/volume).
Arrange the following in order of increasing density: air, exhaust
from chimneys, honey, water, chalk, cotton and iron.
air < exhaust from chimneys < cotton < water < honey < chalk < iron.
2. (a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of
matter.
(a) Difference in the characteristics of 3 states of matter.
(b) Comment on:
(i) Rigidity: The tendency of a substance to retain/maintain their
shape when subjected to outside force.
(ii) Compressibility: The matter has intermolecular space. The
external force applied on the matter can bring these particles
closer. This property is called compressibility. Gases and liquids are
compressible.
(iii) Fluidity: The tendency of particles to flow is called fluidity.
Liquids and gases flow.
(iv) Filling of a gas container: Gases have particles which vibrate
randomly in all the directions. The gas can fill the container.
(v) Shape: Solids have maximum intermolecular force and definite
shape.
Whereas liquids and gases takes the shape of container.
(vi) Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by particles due to their
motion is called kinetic energy. Molecules of gases vibrate
randomly as they have maximum kinetic energy.
(vii) Density: It is defined as mass per unit volume, the solids have
highest density.
3. Give reasons
(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
The molecules of gas have high kinetic energy due to which they
keep moving in all directions and hence fill the vessel completely in
which they are kept.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container
A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container because the
molecules of the gas are in constant random motion due to high
kinetic energy. These molecules constantly vibrate, move and hit
the walls of the container thereby exerting pressure on it.
(c) A wooden table should be called a solid.
The molecules/particles of wooden table are tightly packed with
each
other, there is no intermolecular space, it cannot be compressed, it
cannot flow, all these characteristics are of solid. So wooden table
should be called a solid.
(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through
a solid block of wood we need a karate expert.
It is because the molecules of air has less force of attraction
between them and a very small external force can separate them
and pass through it. But in case of solids, the molecules have
maximum force of attraction, the particles are tightly bound due
to this force. Hence large amount of external force is required to
pass through solid.
4. Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But
you must have observed that ice floats on water. Find out why.
Density of ice is less than the density of water. The low density of
ice can be attributed to the small
pores it has which allows it to trap air hence ice floats on water.
Page no- 9
1. Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale:
(a) 300 K (b) 573 K
(a) 300 – 273 = 27°C (b) 573 – 273 = 300°C
2. What is the physical state of water at:
(a) 250°C (b) 100°C
(a) 250°C = gas (b) 100°C liquid as well as gas
3. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant
during the change of state?
During the change of state of any matter heat is supplied to the
substance. The molecules of this matter use heat to overcome the
force of attraction between the particles, at this period of time,
temperature remains constant. This extra heat is acquired by the
molecules in the form of hidden heat called latent heat to change
from one state of matter to the other state.
4. Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases?
The atmospheric gases are taken in a cylinder with piston fitted on
it. By cooling and applying pressure on them, the gases can be
liquefied.
Page no- 10
1. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
The outer walls of the cooler get sprinkled by water constantly.
This water evaporates due to hot dry weather. Evaporation causes
cooling of inside air of cooler. This cool air is sent in the room by
the fan.
2. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool
during summer?
The earthen pot is porous with lot of pores on it, the water oozes
out through these pores and the water gets evaporated at the
surface of the pot thereby causing cooling effect. This makes the
pot cold and the water inside the pot cools by this process.
3. Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol
or perfume on it?
Acetone, petrol or perfume evaporate when they come into contact
with air. The evaporation causes cooling sensation in our hands.
4. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather
than a cup?
Tea in a saucer has larger surface area than in a cup. The rate of
evaporation is faster with increased surface area. The cooling of tea
in saucer takes place sooner than in a cup. Hence we are able to sip
hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup.
5. What type of clothes should we wear in summer?
We should wear light coloured cotton clothes in summer. Light
colour because it reflects heat. Cotton clothes because it has pores
in it, which absorbs sweat and allows the sweat to evaporate faster
thereby giving cooling effect.
Exercise questions Page -12
1. Convert the following temperatures to the Celsius scale.
(a) 293 K (b) 470 K.
(a) 293 – 273 = 20°C
(b) 470 – 273 = 197°C
2. Convert the following temperatures to the Kelvin scale.
(a) 25°C (b) 373°C.
(a) 25 + 273 = 298 K
(b) 373 + 273 = 646 K
3. Give reason for the following observations.
(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
Because naphthalene balls sublime and directly changes into
vapour state without leaving any solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.
Because perfume contain volatile solvent and diffuse faster and can
reach people sitting several metres away.
4. Arrange the following substances in increasing order of forces of
attraction between the particles—water, sugar, oxygen.
Oxygen —> water —> sugar.
5. What is the physical state of water at
(a) 25°C (b) 0°C (c) 100°C
(a) 25°C is liquid (b) 0°C is solid or liquid
(c) 100°C is liquid and gas
6. Give two reasons to justify
(a) water at room temperature is a liquid.
Because its freezing point is 0°C and boiling point is 100°C.
(b) an iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
Because melting point of iron is higher than room temperature.
7. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the
same temperature?
Ice at 273 K will absorb heat energy or latent heat from the medium
to overcome the fusion to become water. Hence the cooling effect
of ice is more than the water at same temperature because water
does not absorb this extra heat from the medium.
8. What produces more severe bums, boiling water or steam?
Steam at 100°C will produce more severe bums as extra heat is
hidden in it called latent heat whereas the boiling water does not
have this hidden heat.
9. Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram
showing change in its state
A —> Liquefication/melting/fusion
B —> Vapourisation/evaporation
C—>Condensation
D—> Solidification
E —> Sublimation
F —> Sublimation
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