Hindawi

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

Volume 2022, Article ID 5706699, 7 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5706699

Research Article
Promotion and Protection of Feminism Creativity for Public
Environment: The Integration of Ecofeminism and
Public Environment

1,2 2
Wanjin Dong and Soonbae Kim
1
Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang 473000, China
2
Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea

Correspondence should be addressed to Soonbae Kim; [email protected]

Received 15 June 2022; Revised 11 July 2022; Accepted 18 July 2022; Published 21 November 2022

Academic Editor: Ping Gao

Copyright © 2022 Wanjin Dong and Soonbae Kim. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
Each of us leaves a trace of our consumption on the environment. Take a step back, though, and consider how much infuence
people have had on the Earth. Te Anthropocene, sometimes known as the era of humans, refers to how signifcantly we have
changed the Earth’s systems. Tis is the grand view of humanity’s impact on the Earth. In this article, we plan to introduce and
explain ecofeminism. Because of the natural connection with nature and the social role as housekeepers, women often have
empathetic power when expressing their demands for the public environment, thus becoming a vital force in public envi-
ronmental protection. Facing the public environmental forces spurting from ecofeminism, we study the dissemination of
ecofeminism with the help of mass media. However, in present-day China, as pointed out by ecofeminism, the predatory
exploitation of nature and the catastrophic killing of plants and animals make the fate of women challenging to control. Terefore,
we study the theory of multicultural ecofeminism and public environmental protection. Finally, based on the integration of
ecofeminism and the public environment, we interpret Lawrence’s famous work, Sons and Lovers, and analyze the relationship
between men and women and the public environment in this work from the perspective of ecofeminism. In human socialization,
ecofeminism has provided strong support for protecting the public environment, and at the same time, it has also improved.

1. Introduction of oppression rooted in man’s eforts to control nature,

especially the oppression of women. To eliminate the in-
In the 1970s, ecofeminism emerged with the environmental equality imposed on women by the patriarchal society, it
movement in Western society and developed rapidly in the struggles to give women the same free and equal social power
West. Ecofeminism maintains that the question of “nature” as men. It strives to realize the cooperation and joint de-
and “woman” is naturally related. Its core argument is that velopment between men and women. Te essence of eco-
there is a historical isomorphism between “belittling nature” feminism points to the protection of harmonious cultural
and “belittling women” [1, 2]. Te reason why ecofeminists ecology and cultural environment. Its activists strive for
pay attention to “nature” is that they try to construct a new equality between men and women in the sense of cultural
relationship between man and nature by analyzing the root ecology and environmental protection. Tey not only
of the contradiction between man and nature, so as to realize achieve equality in social status and human rights but also
the liberation of nature and women [3]. Certainly, eco- realize women’s reasonable status and legal rights in per-
feminists try to overcome the ecological crisis faced by sonality and culture.
mankind with the restoration of “female principles.” Te Like other feminists, ecofeminism strives for the equality
emergence of ecofeminism has led to a green revolution and harmonious development of men and women in society.
[4–6]. It reveals the connections between the myriad forms In 1974, Françoise d’Eaubonne frst used ecofeminism and
2 Journal of Environmental and Public Health

revealed that the oppression of women by patriarchy was ECOFEMINISM

directly related to the oppression of nature, including his-
torical, empirical, symbolic, and theoretical connections,
which led to an ecological and environmental humanistic
ECO FEMINISM
revolution [7–10]. In ecofeminism, as shown in Figure 1, the
prefx eco comes from ecology or the study of living or-
ganisms and their environment, and feminism in its basic
sense relates to the advocacy for gender equality in women’s
rights. Ecofeminists have sharply criticized and sought to
subvert the patriarchy that caused these oppressions and the
erroneous concept of duality between nature and culture,
pointing out that it is a feature of patriarchal society. Tey
extend the inequality of hierarchy between men and women
to the separation of culture and nature and the diference of Figure 1: Schematic diagram of ecofeminism.
opposing hierarchies. Patriarchy, just like the oppression
and coercion of women, starts to plunder and control nature
to show the superiority and hegemony of patriarchy. that separate and oppose men from women, nature, and
Ecofeminism is richer than any other branch of femi- culture must be completely eliminated. Second, ecofeminism
nism in that it strives to expose the connections between the tries to safeguard the potential of women. It further points out
myriad forms of oppression rooted in man’s eforts to the patriarchy’s discrimination against nature, biology, and
control nature. Ecofeminism is also a decisive understanding women, which separates and antagonizes them from the
of feminism and environmental ethics [11–15]. It discovers human social culture-men. Tird, ecofeminism strives to
the tragic reality of the patriarchal misconception that eliminate such inequality and unreasonable reality, strives for
separates animals from humans, men, and women. Tere are social and cultural power, and creates equal and harmonious
many branches of ecofeminism, which can be divided into relations and culture. In essence, it is a cultural, ecological
two types: the ecofeminism of social constructionism and public environment protection theory. Te contributions of
the ecofeminism of naturalism. Te so-called ecofeminists of this study are summarized as follows:
social constructivism regard the connection between women
(1) Facing the public environmental forces spurting
and nature, men and social culture as their subordination to
from ecofeminism, we study the dissemination of
women (or women to men) and human predation of nature.
ecofeminism with the help of mass media
Tey believe this idea of patriarchy is so powerful that
women, like men, believe that women belong only to the (2) We study the theory of multicultural ecofeminism
private sector, where they use their hands and thoughts to public environmental protection
raise their children. While men belong to the public domain, (3) Based on the integration of ecofeminism and public
where productive and creative work takes place; men use environment, we interpret Lawrence’s famous work,
their machines and computers to build society. For feminists Sons and Lovers, and analyze the relationship be-
of social constructivism, the position taken by some chal- tween men, women, and public environment in this
lenges the idea that women are detached from the limited work from the perspective of ecofeminism
connection between nature and reproduction, that there is
Te rest of the article is organized as follows. In Section
absolutely no idea that nature is inferior to culture, or that
2, the ecofeminist movement and dissemination of ideo-
reproduction is less valuable than production. Te special
logical trend helped by mass media is studied. Section 3
qualities of women stem from their biological connection to
studies multicultural ecofeminist public environmental
the reproduction process of nature, not from the denial of
protection. In Section 4, the ecofeminism in Sons and Lovers
their connection to nature. Women should unwaveringly
is interpreted. Section 5 concludes this article.
adhere to nature rather than culture. Reproduction, not
production, is an absolute necessity for life [16–19]. Eco-
feminism believes that women tend to value relationships 2. Ecofeminist Movement and Dissemination of
and special individuals because of their nature and female Ideological Trend Helped by Mass Media
experience. Tey emphasize care, nurturing, and afection,
and they strive to reset conficting and individual claims in a Before the formation of social movements, women had
cooperative and communal way. already been deeply involved in the feld of public envi-
Te theoretical and practical signifcance of ecofeminism ronment due to ontological experiences and concern for
lies in the following: First, it tries to end the sexist oppression family life [20–25]. In the 1960s, in the United States, women
and discrimination against women and nature. Androcen- started their own environmental activism to address the
trism includes any concept that controls the dominance or health and public environment problems they and their
subordination of women, which results in the existence of families faced. At the beginning, faced with the cruel be-
oppression of sexist. Additionally, sexist bias exists in lan- havior of human beings, especially men, who randomly hurt
guage as well as in many other felds, including employment, animals in the name of developing science and technology,
education, and so on, and the erroneous thoughts and realities women instinctively linked the fate of animals with their
Journal of Environmental and Public Health 3

own fate and called for the protection of animals’ survival Public Environmental Exploitation
rights. Afterwards, women’s concerns about the public
environment directly prompted their participation in urban
environmental reform activities. During this period, most of
the women tended to achieve environmental protection
through political channels. Tey were committed to pro-
moting environmental laws and administrative orders to
ensure healthy public environment for their families. Out of
maternal concern for the public environment and concern
for family life, women instinctively raised their voices for
improving the public environment by conducting investi-
gations, making speeches and seeking the help of govern-
ment departments by making use of their infuence,
mobilizing the participation of public people in improving
public environment from an individual perspective, and Gender Oppression
eventually pushing for government environmental policy Figure 2: Whole context for ecofeminism.
and laws. Tese kinds of women’s conscious behaviors di-
rectly popularized and spread the concept and knowledge of
protecting urban health. Using gender as a vantage point, events and information in a popular way, widely popular-
ecofeminism examines the conditions that cause and per- izing the concept of environmental protection. Tey pur-
petuate the subordination of both women and nature. It can posefully stimulate and guide public sentiment and public
be thought of as a lens for examining intersections of op- opinion, thus infuencing the progress of environmental
pression; harmful practices that exploit the environment and events and environmental movement. Under the infuence
social structures that oppress women among other groups of mass media, social resources have been highly mobilized
have an overlap, and that is what ecofeminism is all about, as and integrated, and civil environmental protection forces
shown in Figure 2. have efectively united and entered the environmental
Women’s protection of the public environment shows movement, thus forming a wave of social movement, which
their close connection with nature and strengthens their has a crucial impact on the formulation of government
social role as “family caregivers,” but at the same time, they public environmental policies and the implementation of
are satirized and attacked by the patriarchal civilization. environmental protection measures.
Tey believe that these women’s environmental behavior is Aware of the media’s communication advantages, eco-
purely out of personal emotions and concern for their in- feminists began to actively use the mass media to expand
dividual lives, lacking rationality and technology, and their infuence. Tey consciously seized the media’s right of
lacking sublime and applicability [26–28]. In the face of all speech, sought resource mobilization and support nation-
kinds of criticism and scrutiny, female public environmental wide, and infected other classes and groups of society with a
protection activists with ecofeminist consciousness began to positive attitude to protect the environment, resulting in
realize that women’s marginal status is the main reason universal linkage and imitation of social efects. In this
behind men despising and belittling women’s environmental process, driven by some women scholars and sportsmen, the
protection behavior. In a male-centered patriarchal society, expression of ecofeminism has become more and more
women’s true meaning and value are diminished or even mature, and the perspective of ecofeminism has begun to
totally denied. Tey are imprisoned in the private sphere of become familiar to ordinary people through the mass media,
family life for a long time, unable to participate in the and is gradually becoming known to the public through the
discussion and decision-making of public afairs, and mass media.
eventually become victims of male activities just like nature. For ecofeminists, the public environment communica-
Terefore, ecofeminism gradually shows a strong color of tion activities carried out by means of mass communication
publicity, which emphasizes that women must act against fnally expanded the activities with self-liberation signif-
the oppression of patriarchal social culture, change their cance to a broader public stage. With the reports and
position, seek equal social status and speech rights with men, propaganda of mass media, women show advanced envi-
and then gain a place in the public sphere. As there is a ronmental concepts, keen perception, and strong environ-
natural afnity between women and nature, public envi- mental protection power in the feld of social life, which also
ronmental problems can link family life and public society. makes the movement of women outside the private feld
Hence, ecofeminists consciously take the intervention of prominent enough to be recognized by the public [29, 30]. At
environmental issues as an important way for women to the same time, the success of these campaigns has also
resist male chauvinism and compete for public power. accumulated experience for women public environmental-
At the same time, as the disadvantages of industrial ists in developing feminist ecology. Tis is because women’s
civilization become more and more obvious and the de- involvement in public environmental issues, on the one
velopment of mass media becomes more and more mature, hand, enhances and amplifes their advantages and abilities
environmental problems begin to gain more attention in the in perceiving environmental hazards and achieves the initial
mass media. Media disseminates and reports environmental goal of public environmental protection. On the other hand,
4 Journal of Environmental and Public Health

it is also an essential way for women to participate in the fate of women has become challenging to master due to the
public sphere and compete with the male-centered social predatory development of nature and the catastrophic
structure and institutional culture. slaughter of animals and plants. Terefore, we urgently need
In all kinds of public environment communication ac- the rapid rise and development of ecofeminism and, more
tivities developed through the mass media, women have importantly, emphasize the essence and direction of eco-
actually experienced a tremendous change in environmental logical feminism, cultural ecology, and cultural environ-
perspective and motivation. From the very beginning, they mental protection. Cultural ecology and environmental
only concerned themselves and their families’ living envi- protection should not only overturn and adjust the binary
ronment, and then actively helped other people in society to opposition between men and women, but also between
solve the public environmental problems. In this process, culture and nature and between spirit and body, and achieve
women are no longer trapped in their private lives, but integration and perfection through humanistic revolution.
become important participants in the public sphere and have In thousands of years of human history, patriarchy has
a signifcant impact on social development. Te success of dominated the power of human culture, vigorously excluded
this activity also confrms the core concept of feminist the status of women in culture, completely denied the role of
ecology, that is, women construct a way to resist the gender women in cultural creation, and greatly persecuted the
oppression of patriarchal society in their campaign to cultural ecological balance of human society. Ecofeminism
protect the public environment. reveals the correlation between nature’s oppression and
Driven and motivated by mass media and women, more women’s oppression, and indicates men’s coerciveness and
and more ordinary people begin to pay attention to public hegemonic status in social culture. Tis kind of cultural
health and public environment and try to participate in the monopoly is the characteristic of patriarchy, which produces
process of public environment. With the continuous ex- a series of patriarchal value systems and patriarchal social
posure and development of mass media, the resources and structures. Men are dominant and superior, while women
forces of environmental protection in society have been are subordinate and inferior. Te “three obedience and four
highly mobilized and integrated to the maximum extent, virtues” of the Chinese feudal society denied the status and
thus forming a wave of social movement. Ecofeminism and identity of women as social and cultural subjects, and only
public environmental communication gradually break regarded women as a tool for bearing children and carrying
through the limitations of groups and go to the public arena, on the family line, depending on men.
becoming a common topic in the public feld. At this time, Ecofeminism is a multicultural ecological public envi-
the social movement initiated by the women’s public en- ronment protection theory, which points out the crisis and
vironmental protection movement and other groups trap that human beings are facing in public environment
resisting the oppression of social system began to have a [32]. Ecofeminism has made positive eforts in multicul-
theoretical and practical connection, and the feminist eco- turalism. It not only pays attention to women’s human and
logical trend of thought was ready to give theoretical support cultural ecological public environment, but also emphasizes
to the public environmental justice movement. the cultural ecological environmental protection of women’s
Originally, the patriarchal society oppressed not only spirit. Tere are three aspects of women’s spiritual and
women and nature, but also vulnerable groups such as cultural ecological protection. (1) the spirit of promotion, (2)
colored people and low-income people. Like women, they paying attention to the cultivation of inner nature, and (3)
are also excluded from the public sphere, lack the corre- having a conscious sense of regeneration. In essence, the
sponding science and technology and the opportunity to combination of spiritual and social dimensions is a con-
participate in public decision-making, and thus cannot enjoy scious act to protect the cultural ecological environment.
equal environmental welfare and become victims of the Harmonious cultural ecological environmental protec-
public environmental crisis. In addition, when faced with tion is a harmonious cooperative system of equal symbiosis
environmental problems, the cries for help from other formed by the internal and external elements and their
vulnerable groups like women are often not taken seriously. interaction of the humanistic interactive system consciously
Ordinary people’s accusations about chemical pollution or realized through humanism. Cultural ecology is a world
other public environmental problems are considered to be created for humans, more systematic than nature or con-
too emotional or ignorant. Teir beliefs and voices expressed ceptual natural ecology. It not only includes the transfor-
in public forums are often defned by government ofcials as mation of people’s ideological and moral quality, but also
unseemly or inappropriate. includes people’s scientifc and cultural quality. It has the
tradition of thousands of years of historical and cultural
3. Multicultural Ecofeminism Public accumulation, but also faces the impact of foreign culture,
Environmental Protection with the important task of cultural innovation.

In the process of China’s rapid modernization, the status of 4. Ecofeminist Interpretation of Sons
women has witnessed a downward trend. Although they and Lovers
have participated in a lot of work, the status and role of
women have not been recognized much, and women’s 4.1. Sons and Lovers Review. Author, poet, and essayist
employment and development are also faced with difculties David Herbert Lawrence was born in England. His works are
[31]. In present-day China, as ecofeminism points out, the primarily based on his early experiences in
Journal of Environmental and Public Health 5

Nottinghamshire, which had a signifcant impact on his life. Lawrence attempted to awaken human beings’ aware-
His work refects modernity’s and industrialization’s ness of ecofeminism by depicting the oppression of women
dehumanizing efects. Lawrence had spent his entire life and environment, demonstrating the specifc relationship
being concerned about human sexuality; emotional health; between both. Lawrence described the ideal relationship
and relationships between men, women, and nature (public between women and public environment as one of harmony,
environment). His novels and short stories have been peace, and love, and he encouraged humans to create this
reprinted in huge numbers and translated into a variety of kind of ideal relationship.
languages around the world. Sons and Lovers is still one of Men in Sons and Lovers desired to master public en-
the most popular works among the readers [33]. vironment, but men’s inner selves yearn for it as well. Pa-
Sons and Lovers, frst published in 1913, is today regarded triarchy refers to the male-dominated framework of modern
as Lawrence’s early masterpiece and semiautobiographical culture and political institutions. Women’s rights are
novel. Furthermore, it is usually regarded as the frst signif- thought to be jeopardized by such arrangements. However,
icant novel to depict the lives of English working-class people. it has been noted that patriarchal systems of government do
It came ninth on a list of the 100 best novels in English of the not beneft all men of all classes. Te exploiters’ desire for
20th century by the Modern Library in 1999. According to property outweighed their desire for a healthy environment.
Lawrence, the novel’s goal is to depict the tragedy of all British Te working class had no choice but to take whatever came
kids of his generation. Chinese critics and scholars have used a their way and labored to make a living.
variety of theoretical frameworks to understand Sons and Men and women should have common topics, and
Lovers, including postmodernism, Freudian psychoanalysis, should communicate with each other. Te status between
archetypal criticism, ethical critique, and feminist criticism. them should be equal, not be oppressed. In addition, they
Sons and Lovers is examined from an ecofeminist should have harmonious sexual life and spiritual commu-
viewpoint in this section. Public environment and women nication. Lawrence held the opinion that there was no need
are intrinsically intertwined, according to ecofeminism, and to yoke them with any bond at all. Te only morality is to
patriarchy is their common source of domination. Te most have man true to his manhood, woman to her womanhood,
important contribution of ecofeminism is the recognition of and let the relationship form by itself, in all honor. Terefore,
various socioeconomic injustices and oppressions caused by the ideal relationship between man and woman should be
patriarchal ideals. that “both are equal, two in one complete.” A couple should
With its descriptions of public environment, various be equal and love each other, they should depend on each
female characters, and the disharmonious relationship other, overcome the diferences of culture background and
between men and women, Lawrence convincingly con- the difculties in life together, raise children together, and
veys the permanent traumas of public environment, the spend life together.
suppressed helpless existence of women, and the asso- Troughout his life, Lawrence was concerned about the
ciated sorrow of men in Sons and Lovers. Lawrence’s links between women and public environment, men and
statements are all refective of his ecofeminist ideas and public environment, and women and men. He loved the
desire for peaceful and harmonious interactions between environment. Public environment was well described in
men and women, as well as people and the public en- Sons and Lovers. However, the Industrial Revolution had an
vironment. As a result, an ecofeminist reading of the text impact on his hometown. He saw the damaged landscapes
clarifes the book’s complicated public environment and and the vanishing woods. He was also witness to men-
gender concerns. women confrontations. As a result, he pushed for the
preservation of environment and the liberation of women.
He maintained that public environment, men, and women
4.2. Te Ideal Relationship from the Perspective of should all live in harmony. Tis subsection will discuss the
Ecofeminism. Tere were many vivid depictions of public ideal relationships from the perspective of ecofeminism, as
environments in Lawrence’s childhood, which may be ob- well as the origins of Lawrence’s ideas.
served in his novel. Public environment was destroyed as a Lawrence’s enthusiasm for the environment was pri-
result of the Industrial Revolution. Lawrence began to con- marily infuenced by his father, Arthur Lawrence, who was
demn men’s actions and called for preserving public envi- passionate about wildlife and knew a lot about it. He would
ronment after witnessing his beloved environment being occasionally bring fowers or animals home and tell his
destroyed. Lawrence was infuenced by several women during children their names. He would tell his children about the
his life. He admired them. However, women had no status plants and animals when they went on a walk outside.
during his age. Many women participated in women’s Lawrence had a natural passion for the public environment
movements to fght for their rights. Lawrence supported the since he was a youngster, due to his father’s infuence. Te
women’s movements after being infuenced by his female Chambers relocated to the Haggs Farm as teenagers, and
acquaintances. In Sons and Lovers, Lawrence combined Lawrence paid them regular visits. He was enamored by
themes of environmental protection with issues of women’s gardens, houses, trees, fowers, and the countryside.
rights protection. Lawrence’s concepts were in line with Lawrence embraced certain feminist ideals as a result of
ecofeminism’s principles, despite the fact that ecofeminism female infuence. Tese women’s images served as models
had not yet been proposed. His ecofeminist notion was por- for the heroines in his novels. He was a strong supporter of
trayed by his views in the novel. women’s rights movements. He did not like dominant
6 Journal of Environmental and Public Health

women who wanted to be in charge of everything. He ad- ecological nature, refecting their strong potential and power
vocated for women to have the same rights, position, and in public environmental protection. Women’s involvement
opportunities as males. On the other hand, he did not and participation in public environmental issues is their
support women discriminating against men. In his opinion, attempts and eforts to enter the public domain, resist pa-
men and women should depend on each other. Moreover, triarchy, and change social status. Tey show society a
Lawrence hopes for a harmonious relationship flled with unique perspective to solve public environmental issues by
love among the three—men, women, and public respecting diferences and diversity, which provides a new
environment. path for women to participate in public afairs and realize
Lawrence’s views on the interactions between men and their own liberation, and also provides a way for countries
environment, as well as men and women, are ecofeminist. around the world to deal with national and social issues.
Ecofeminists believe that women and public environments
have a direct relationship. Te patriarchal culture, which Data Availability
holds women and public environment to be inferior to
males, is the basis of the same oppressive condition. Tis All data used to support the fndings of the study are in-
system defends men’s dominance and women’s subjection to cluded within this paper.
public environment. Tus men are the masters of all things,
while women and public environment should obey the Conflicts of Interest
orders from men. Te same oppression makes women and
public environment unite together. All authors declare that there are no conficts of interest.
Ultimately, Sons and Lovers is a masterpiece in which
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