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Module 2 Intellectual Revolutions

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6 views

Module 2 Intellectual Revolutions

Uploaded by

ericarose
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

MODULE 2:
Intellectual Revolutions

Student Name
Section
Schedule
Program
College
Professor
Module Duration

GE07 – Science, Technology, and Society


RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Intellectual Revolutions that Shaped Society

Learning Outcomes

1. Identify the Intellectual Revolutions that shaped society’s perception of science


and technology across time; and
2. Discuss how intellectual revolutions changed the way modern science was
understood and approached.

Topic Presentation

INTRODUCTION

This section discusses the intellectual revolutions that shaped the society by
means of science and technology. Primarily, it focuses on the three significant
intellectual revolutions: Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian.
In Science and Technology, intellectual pertains to series of events that led to
the emergence of modern science and the progress of scientific thinking across
critical periods in history. Although there are many intellectual revolutions, this
section will only tackle the three most important revolutions that changed the
perception of society. Such revolutions include Copernican, Darwinian, and
Freudian.

I. Copernican Revolution
The Copernican revolution, started at 16th century, was a paradigm shift in the
field of astronomy particularly in the Ptolemaic understanding of Geocentrism as a
model in the universe. It was named after the Polish Mathematician and
Astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus.
He formulated the Heliocentric model which opposes the
Ptolemaic understanding of the universe proposed by
Claudius Ptolemy. He even published his model in his
paper, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (The
Revolution of the Celestial Spheres), in 1543. He
introduced his model in a 40-page outline titled
Commentariolus. However, this model was not easily
accepted by the society, particularly the church. Despite
the problems with the model and the persecution of the
Church, the heliocentric model was soon accepted and

GE07 – Science, Technology, and Society


RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

even backed up by some scientists, most profoundly,


Galileo Galilei.
This model served as a catalyst that sway scientific
thinking, and marked the beginning of modern
astronomy. It became an important intellectual revolution
because it plays a vital role in the study of cosmology
and astronomy.

II. Darwinian Revolution

Darwinian Revolution was coined after Charles Darwin, an English


naturalist, biologist and geologist, who took a voyage and introduced his theory
of evolution, where population pass through a process of natural selection in
which whoever fit and adapt to the environment, is most likely to survive (natural
selection). The publication of Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species in 1859
presented a new era of intellectual history of humanity. Yet, it is considered as
one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time.

“One general law leading to the advancement


of all organic beings, namely, multiply, vary, let
the strongest live and the weakest die.”
-Charles Darwin

III. Freudian Revolution

Sigmund Freud, an Australian


neurologist, was credited for stirring an
important intellectual revolution in the 20th
century, the Freudian Revolution, which
was named after him.
He founded Psychoanalysis, a school of
thought in psychology which served as a
center of Freudian revolution.
Psychoanalysis is defined as a method of
understanding inner and unconscious
conflict embedded within personality,
dreams and fantasies of an individual.

GE07 – Science, Technology, and Society


RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Just like Copernican and Darwinian, Freudian revolution also shot into controversy.
However, amidst controversies, Freud’s Psychoanalysis dominates psychotherapeutic
practice in the early 20th century. Particularly, it largely informed those psychodynamic
therapies that treat myriad of psychological disorders.

Discussion / Forum

Aside from the three important intellectual revolutions discussed in this


section, there are also other intellectual revolutions that took place across history in
many parts of the world such as Meso-America, Asia, Middle East and Africa.
Discuss the following revolutions by using the guide questions below:
1. What is the revolution all about?
2. Who are the significant people behind that revolution?
3. How did the revolution advanced scientific thinking?
4. What challenges did the revolution meet?

Prepared by:
MS. JAMIELOU C. BUSTARDE
Instructor, STS

GE07 – Science, Technology, and Society

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