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CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

International General Certificate of Secondary Education
HISTORY 0470/01
Paper 1
October/November 2003

1 hour 45 minutes
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Answer three questions.

Section A (Core Content): Answer any two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies): Answer any one question.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page.

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SECTION A (Core Content)

Answer any two questions from this Section.

1 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

The proclamation of a republic in Paris in February 1848 brought an extraordinary variety and
strength of emotion both in France and throughout Europe, emotion which ranged from the most
extravagant hopefulness and enthusiasm, to the deepest alarm and anxiety. The young Prince de
Broglie wrote, ‘Country, family, honour, ambition, property, personal security – all threatened at
once.’

(a) Describe the course of the revolution in France during 1848. [5]

(b) Why were there mixed reactions in France to the February revolution of 1848? [7]

(c) To what extent were other revolutions in Europe in 1848 the consequence of the revolution in
France? Explain your answer. [8]

2 Study the cartoon, and then answer the questions which follow.

An American cartoon of 1868, with the title ‘One Vote Less‘. It was published
after an incident in which a black man was killed when going to vote.

(a) What were the aims of Reconstruction after the American Civil War? [5]

(b) Why did Reconstruction cause bitterness? [7]

(c) To what extent were black Americans better off as a result of the Civil War? Explain your
answer. [8]

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3 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

A group of samurai, led by Saigo Takamori of Satsuma, proclaimed in January 1868 a provisional
government in the name of the Emperor. Keiki’s forces resisted, but were defeated. The imperial
court moved into the Shogun’s castle at Yedo, which in future was to be known as Tokyo. The Meiji
restoration was complete.

(a) What were the (i) daimyo, and (ii) samurai? [5]

(b) Why was the Meiji restored? [7]

(c) How important was the Emperor Meiji in the transformation of Japan between 1868 and
1889? Explain your answer. [8]

4 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

The next milestone on the road to war was the sudden annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina by
Austria in 1908. Austria had in fact administered them for thirty years but her action infuriated
Serbia and nearly sparked off war between Austria and Russia. Up came the German Emperor
again to tell the world that Germany stood behind her ally. Russia backed down. The Kaiser was
very pleased with himself. He did not realise how dangerous it was to humiliate a Great Power.

(a) Describe the Moroccan crisis of 1905. [5]

(b) Why did the crisis over Bosnia-Herzegovina not bring war to Europe? [7]

(c) How far was Germany to blame for the coming of war in 1914? Explain your answer. [8]

5 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

Article 16: Should any member of the League resort to war, it shall be regarded as having
committed an act of war against all other members of the League, and this will end immediately all
trade and financial relations with that member.

From the Covenant of the League of Nations.

(a) How did the League of Nations hope to prevent future wars between nations? [5]

(b) Why did the League of Nations fail to restrict the aggression of Japan in the 1930s? [7]

(c) How far was the League of Nations a failure? Explain your answer. [8]

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6 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

I now have to inform the House that in the event of any action which clearly threatened Polish
independence and which the Polish Government accordingly considered it vital to resist with their
armed forces, His Majesty’s Government would feel themselves bound at once to lend the Polish
Government all support in their power. They have given the Polish Government an assurance to
this effect.

British Prime Minister Chamberlain speaking in the House of Commons, 31 March 1939.

(a) When Hitler came to power, what did he hope to achieve in foreign policy? [5]

(b) Why did Britain go to war over Poland in 1939? [7]

(c) How far was the Treaty of Versailles to blame for the outbreak of war in 1939? Explain your
answer. [8]

7 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

From Stettin on the Baltic to Trieste on the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the
continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe –
Warsaw, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia. All these famous cities and
the population around them lie in the Soviet sphere and are subject, not only to Soviet influence,
but to a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow.

Winston Churchill speaking in Fulton, Missouri, USA in 1946.

(a) What was decided at the Yalta Conference? [5]

(b) Why was Eastern Europe largely in the hands of the USSR by 1946? [7]

(c) ‘Only Stalin of the Allies achieved what he wanted as a result of the war with Germany.’ Do
you agree? Explain your answer. [8]

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8 Study the map, and then answer the questions which follow.

The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962.

(a) Describe the Bay of Pigs incident. [5]

(b) Why did the USSR install missile bases in Cuba? [7]

(c) ‘The Cuban Missile Crisis was not as serious as it appeared at the time.’ Do you agree?
Explain your answer. [8]

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SECTION B (Depth Studies)

Answer any one question from this Section.

DEPTH STUDY A: GERMANY, 1918–45

9 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

As soon as I received my salary, I rushed out to buy the daily necessities. My daily salary, as editor
of a magazine, was just enough to buy one loaf of bread and a small piece of cheese. An
acquaintance of mine, a clergyman, came to Berlin from a suburb with his monthly salary to buy a
pair of shoes for his baby. By the time he arrived, he could only afford to buy a cup of coffee.

The recollections of a woman who lived in Berlin during 1923.

(a) Describe the effects of the hyperinflation of 1923 on the lives of German people. [5]

(b) Why did France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr in 1923? [7]

(c) How far did Stresemann restore pride and prosperity to Germany? Explain your answer. [8]

10 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

The Reich Press Law of 4 October 1933 ordered that all editors had to be German citizens, of
Aryan descent, and not married to a Jew. They had to keep out of their newspapers ‘anything
which in any manner is misleading to the public, tends to weaken the strength of the German
Reich, or offends the honour and dignity of Germany’.

(a) What was the Enabling Law of March 1933? [5]

(b) Why did Hitler seek to control all forms of the media? [7]

(c) How far had Hitler’s policies gained the support of the German people by 1939? Explain your
answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY B: RUSSIA, 1905–41

11 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

The platoon entered the village, seized the Bolshevik committee, and put the members to death.
After the executions the houses were burned and the male population whipped soundly. Then the
people were ordered to deliver, without payment, the best cattle, pigs, chickens and bread for the
whole detachment of troops.

From the diary of a White officer in the Russian Civil War.

(a) What was the ‘war communism’? [5]

(b) Why were the Reds successful in the Civil War? [7]

(c) How far did the New Economic Policy prove that the Bolsheviks had failed to establish a
Communist state in Russia? Explain your answer. [8]

12 Study the photograph, and then answer the questions which follow.

Threshing on a collective farm.

(a) What were the advantages of collective farming? [5]

(b) Why was collectivisation opposed by many peasants? [7]

(c) How successful were Stalin’s economic policies? Explain your answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY C: THE USA, 1919–41

13 Study the statistics, and then answer the questions which follow.

1920 1929

Kms of surfaced roads 620 000 1 000 000

Motor cars 9 000 000 26 000 000
Telephones 13 000 000 20 000 000
Radios 60 000 10 000 000

(a) In what ways did the ‘boom’ of the 1920s make life easier for Americans. [5]

(b) Why did some industries expand rapidly in the 1920s? [7]

(c) To what extent was the end of the ‘boom’ caused by ignorance and greed? Explain your
answer. [8]

14 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

In the Presidential election of 1936 the Republicans put up Alf Landon. They spent more than the
Democrats and spread scares and anti-semitic lies. It was suggested that FDR was a Communist
who would set up a guillotine to execute his enemies. A furious FDR turned on these ‘desperate
men’ saying, ‘Never before in all of our history have these forces been so united against one
candidate as they are today. They are unanimous in their hate of me – and I welcome their hatred.’
Roosevelt won by one of the greatest-ever percentages of the popular vote, beating Landon by 61
per cent to 37 per cent.

(a) What opposition was there to the ‘New Deal’? [5]

(b) Why did FDR win such a great victory in the election of 1936? [7]

(c) ‘Roosevelt was not an outstanding President in his first two terms of office.’ Do you agree?
Explain your answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY D: CHINA, 1945–c.1990

15 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

In the second half of 1955 tens of millions of peasant families swung into action. At the call of the
Party Central Committee they formed co-operatives. Over 60 million of the peasant families in all
parts of the country have already joined co-operatives. By the end of this year the forces of
Communism will have won another great victory.

From a book published by the Chinese Communist Party in 1956.

(a) How was a co-operative farm organised? [5]

(b) Why did the Communists introduce land reforms as soon as they came to power? [7]

(c) How successful were the agricultural policies of Mao’s government in the first fifteen years of
Communist rule? Explain your answer. [8]

16 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

At a meeting of Warsaw Pact countries in February 1959, Khrushchev announced that Soviet
nuclear expertise would not be put in the hands of madmen (i.e. China). In July the USSR warned
that within one month the 1390 Soviet experts in China would be withdrawn.

(a) Describe relations between China and the USSR from 1949 to 1953. [5]

(b) Why did relations between China and the USSR worsen? [7]

(c) Had China become a superpower by 1990? Explain your answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY E: SOUTHERN AFRICA IN THE 20TH CENTURY

17 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

Either you are the boss, or the equal, or the inferior. One of the three. If you are not the boss, you
must be a man’s equal. If you say that you do not want to dominate the native, it simply means that
you stand for a policy of equality.

From a speech to the South African Assembly in January 1948 by J Strydom (who later
became Prime Minister).

(a) In what ways was South Africa changed by the Second World War? [5]

(b) Why did the National Party win the election of 1948? [7]

(c) How far did the policy of apartheid make life worse for South Africans? Explain your answer.
[8]

18 Study the photograph, and then answer the questions which follow.

A photograph showing a protestor outside the inquest which cleared South African police of causing
Steve Biko’s death, 1977.

(a) Describe the happenings in Soweto in June 1976. [5]

(b) Why was the death of Biko important? [7]

(c) By 1977, how successfully had the South African government dealt with opposition to
apartheid? Explain your answer. [8]

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19 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

The missionary says that we are the children of God like our white brothers but just look at us.
Dogs, slaves, worse than the baboons on the rocks. That is how you treat us.

A Herero speaking to a German settler, 1904.

(a) Describe the German colonisation of Namibia to 1900. [5]

(b) Why did the Herero and other Namibians rebel against the Germans? [7]

(c) ‘The people of Namibia benefited from the First World War.’ Do you agree? Explain your
answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY F: ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS, 1945–c.1994

20 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

To the British the mandate was a permanent headache, whilst to the Arabs it was a national insult
and to the Jews it was an opportunity. The Jews achieved, by force of arms, their aim of political
independence. The tragedy was not that they had to fight for independence, but the fact that the
Palestinians were now their enemies.

(a) Describe the events of 1948–9 following the end of the British mandate in Palestine. [5]

(b) Why were Jews and Arabs in Palestine in opposition to each other at that time? [7]

(c) To what extent had the Israelis achieved their aims in the Middle East by 1967? Explain your
answer. [8]

21 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

I am proud he did not die in this refugee camp. The press come here and take our pictures
standing in queues to get food rations. They give the impression that we are a nation of beggars.
This is no life. I am preparing my 18-year-old boy so he can replace my first son and fight for
liberation.

The words of a mother of a Palestinian fighter killed in Israel.

(a) Describe life in Palestinian refugee camps. [5]

(b) Why were so many Palestinians in refugee camps by the 1980s? [7]

(c) ‘The most serious problem faced by the Palestinians up to 1990 was the lack of support they
received from other Arab states.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY G: THE CREATION OF MODERN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

22 Study the picture, and then answer the questions which follow.

An early nineteenth-century drawing of canal barges.

(a) Describe the main problems of moving goods by canal in the early nineteenth century. [5]

(b) Why did many canals fall into disuse in the nineteenth century? [7]

(c) To what extent did the growth of heavy industry in the nineteenth century depend upon
developments in transport? Explain your answer. [8]

23 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

In 1901 the Taff Vale Railway Company sued the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants for
damages of £23 000 for loss of revenue during a strike. The courts found the ASRS liable for the
damages. This verdict meant that no union would now dare to call a strike.

(a) What laws were made to help trade unions between 1875 and 1914? [5]

(b) Why did the number of trade unionists grow significantly between 1875 and 1914? [7]

(c) How successful had trade unions been by 1914? Explain your answer. [8]

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DEPTH STUDY H: THE IMPACT OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM IN THE 19TH CENTURY

24 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

The African knows no lasting peace. One day you may see peace and plenty, well-tilled fields, and
children playing in the sun. On the next you may find the corpses of the men, the bodies of their
children half-burnt in the flames which consumed their village, while the women are the captives of
the victorious raiders. The British rule which shall stop this lawless raiding and constant inter-tribal
warfare will be the greatest blessing that Africa has known.

The view of a British official in Africa in the late nineteenth century.

(a) What agreements over the partition of Africa were made in the second half of the nineteenth
century between the European countries? [5]

(b) Why did European countries want African territories? [7]

(c) Who gained more from the European colonisation of Africa – the Africans or the Europeans?
Explain your answer. [8]

25 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.

By 1880 a generation had passed into manhood with an outlook that made them ideally suited to
govern the Empire and fight its wars. Many showed an aptitude for ‘taking up the white man’s
burden’ in a spirit of self-sacrifice. Throughout the 1890s schoolboys had plenty of popular
magazines, full of the ideas of the new imperialism, written specially for them. They combined
thrilling adventure stories with patriotism and reminders of imperial duty.

(a) What do you understand by the phrase ‘the white man’s burden’? [5]

(b) Why were European countries in the late nineteenth century anxious to add to their overseas
empires? [7]

(c) Did the imperialist ideas of Europeans lead to non-Europeans being helped or being
harmed? Explain your answer. [8]

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BLANK PAGE

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Copyright Acknowledgements:

Section A. Question 1. J. P. Bury, France: 1814–1940. Reproduced by permission of Thomson Publishing Services.
Section A. Question 2. E. Wright. History of the Modern World. Published by Chancellor Press.
Section A. Question 3. E. Wright. History of the Modern World. Published by Chancellor Press.
Section A. Question 4. C. Falls. The First World War. © Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education.
Section A. Question 6. M. Gilbert. Britain and Germany Between the Wars. © Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education.
Section A. Question 7. L. Snellgrove. Modern World Source Book. © Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education.
Section A. Question 8. D. Healer. Our World This Century. © Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press.
Section B. Question 9. J. Broohan. Weimar Germany ‘Memoirs’. © Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education.
Section B. Question 10. T. Edwards. History Broadsheet Number 11. Published by Heinemann Publishers Ltd.
Section B. Question 11. J. Simkin. The Bolshevik Government. Published by Spartacus.
Section B. Question 12. T. Pimlott. Stalin’s Russia. Photograph © Popperfoto.
Section C. Question 13. T. Howarth. The World Since 1900. © Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education.
Section C. Question 14. Extract from THE AMERICAN CENTURY by Harold Evans published by Jonathan Cape. Used by permission of The Random
House Group.
Section D. Question 15. G. K. Macdonald. Modern China. © Reproduced by permission of Blackwell Publishers.
Section D. Question 16. S. Harrison. World Conflict in the 20th Century. © Reproduced by permissiom of Palgrave.
Section E. Question 17. P. Mantin. A Question of Evidence: 20th Century World. Published by Hutchinson.
Section E. Question 18. Chronicles of the 20th Century. Published by Pearson Education.
Section E. Question 19. T. Pakenham. Scramble for Africa. Published by Abacus.
Section F. Question 20. R. Tuchman. Bible and Sword. Published by Papermac.
Section F. Question 21. C. Culpin. Making History. Published by HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.
Section G. Question 22. B. Williams. Secondary History Pack. Published by Longmans.
Section G. Question 23. A. J. Hollows. Age of Industrial Expansion. Published by Nelson.
Section H. Question 24. L. James. Rise and Fall of The British Empire. Published by Little, Brown and Co.
Section H. Question 25. L. James. Rise and Fall of The British Empire. Published by Little, Brown and Co.

Cambridge International Examinations has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if we have inadvertently overlooked any we will be pleased to make
the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

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