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Unit3complete kmap
Electronics and Communication (Lovely Professional University)
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ECE249: BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Introduction to Number System and Logic Gates
UNIT-3
LECTURE Prepared by Dr. Krishan Kumar
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INFORMATION
•CA-2(Assignment) based on Porteous Software,
assignment after Midterm Exam
•CA-3(Project)-Form group of 4 students
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Project Report
FRONT PAGE-GROUP DETAIL
-INTRODUCTION
-CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
-WORKING
-APPLICATION
-ADVENTAGE/DISADVENTAGE
-CONCLUSION
Note-Submit report each project group during project
presentation in month of November(15th November to 20th
November)
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KEYWORDS
• OR
• NOT
• AND
• EX-OR
• EX-NOR
• DECIMAL
• HEXADECIMAL
• OCTAL
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Binary to Decimal Convert 11012 to
decimal.
The same method can be used to convert
binary number to decimal:
= (1x23)+(1x22)+(0x21)+(1x20)
= 8 + 4 +0 +1
= 1310
Therefore 11012 = 1310.
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Convert B2D16 to decimal.
Using the same method to convert
hexadecimal to decimal.
= (Bx162)+(2x161)+(Dx160)
= (11x162)+(2x161)+(13x160)
= 2816 + 32 +13
= 286110
Therefore B2D16 =
286110.
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BCD to Excess-3 Steps
Step 1 -- Convert BCD to decimal.
Step 2 -- Add (3)10 to this decimal number.
Step 3 -- Convert into binary to get excess-3 code.
Example − convert (0110)BCD to Excess-3.
Step 1 − Convert to decimal (0110)BCD = (6)10
Step 2 − Add 3 to decimal (6)10 + (3)10 = (9)10
Step 3 − Convert to Excess-3 (9)10 = (1001)2
Result
(0110)BCD = (1001)XS-3
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Logic gate
Logic gates are used to carry out logical operations on single
or multiple binary inputs and give one binary output. In simple
terms, logic gates are the electronic circuits in a digital
system.
A logic gate is a device that acts as a building block for
digital circuits.
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The basic logic gates are categorized into seven
types as AND, OR, XOR, NAND, NOR, XNOR, and
NOT.
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Applications of logic gates
• Logic gates are used in
• Microprocessors,
• Microcontrollers,
• Embedded system applications, and
• in electronic and electrical project circuits.
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Advantages of Logic Gates
•Logic gates are quick yet use low energy.
•Logic gates don't get overworked.
•Logic gates can lessen the prescribed number of I/O ports
needed by a microcontroller.
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Real life example of logic gates
The basic logic gates are used in
many circuits like
•Push button lock,
•Light activated burglar alarm,
•Safety thermostat,
•an Automatic watering system
etc.
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AND Gate
A circuit which performs an AND operation is shown in figure.
It has n input (n >= 2) and one output.
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OR Gate
A circuit which performs an OR operation is shown in figure. It has
n input (n >= 2) and oneoutput.
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NOT Gate
NOT gate is also known as
Inverter. It has one input A and
one output Y.
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NAND Gate
A NOT-AND operation is known as NAND operation. It has n input
(n >= 2) and one output.
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NOT Gate
NOT gate is also known as
Inverter. It has one input A and
one output Y.
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NOR Gate
A NOT-OR operation is known as NOR operation. It has n input (n >= 2) and one output.
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The XOR gate is used in the adder, subtractor and controlled inverter circuit.
It is also used in the computers for implementing the binary addition.
A B Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
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“Exclusive-NOR Gate” is a combination
of the Exclusive-OR gate and the NOT gate but has a
truth table similar to the standard NOR gate in that
it has an output that is normally at logic level “1”
and goes “LOW” to logic level “0” when ANY of its
inputs are at logic level “1”.
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PROBLEM-Design combinational circuit by using gate for
given expression
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PROBLEM 2 -Design circuit with logic expression by logic gate, expression
given below
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Boolean Algebra
• Boolean algebra is a branch of mathematics that deals
with operations on logical values with binary variables.
• The Boolean variables are represented as
binary numbers to represent truths: 1 = true and 0 =
false.
• Elementary algebra deals with numerical
operations whereas Boolean algebra deals with
logical operations.
• Boolean Algebra is used to analyze and simplify the
digital (logic) circuits.
• It uses only the binary numbers i.e. 0 and 1. It is also
called as Binary Algebra or logical Algebra. Boolean
algebra was invented by George Boole in 1854.
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Boolean Algebra
Rule in Boolean Algebra
•Variable used can have only two values. Binary 1 for HIGH and
Binary 0 for LOW.
•Complement of a variable is represented by an overbar (-). Thus,
complement of variable B is represented as B Bar. Thus if B = 0
then B Bar = 1 and B = 1 then B Bar = 0.
•ORing of the variables is represented by a plus (+) sign between
them. For example ORing of A, B, C is represented as A + B + C.
•Logical ANDing of the two or more variable is represented by
writing a dot between them such as A.B.C. Sometime the dot may
be omitted like ABC.
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simplify this Boolean function on the basis of rules given by
Boolean algebra.
AB + A (B+C) + B (B+C)
AB + AB + AC + BB + BC {Distributive law; A (B+C) = AB+AC, B (B+C) = BB+BC}
AB + AB + AC + B + BC {Idempotent law; BB = B}
AB + AC + B + BC {Idempotent law; AB+AB = AB}
AB + AC +B {Absorption law; B+BC = B}
B + AC {Absorption law; AB+B = B}
Hence, the simplified Boolean function will be B + AC.
The logic diagram for Boolean function B + AC can be represented as:
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Sum of Product
• SOP stands for Sum of Product. SOP form is a set of
product(AND) terms that are summed(OR) together.
• When an expression or term is represented in a
sum of binary terms known as min_terms and sum of
products.
• The terms “product” and “sum” have been
borrowed from mathematics to describe AND and
OR logic operations.
Implement the Function given below using the SOP.
F = ABC + DEF
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Minterm means the term that is true for a
minimum number of combination of inputs.
That is true for only one combination of
inputs.
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EXAMPLE
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Converting an SOP Expression into a Truth Table
sum of product
Q = A.B.C + A.B.C + A.B.C
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Construct SOP from a Truth Table:
rules that need to follow while constructing a logic circuit from
any truth table. These rules for the SOP circuits are given below:
1.A circuit for a truth table with N input columns can use AND
gates with N inputs, and each row in the truth table with a ‘1’ in
the output column requires one N-input AND gate.
2.Inputs to the AND gate are inverted if the input shows a ‘0’ on
the row, and not inverted if the input shows a ‘1’ on the row.
3.All AND terms are connected to an M-input OR gate, where M
is the number of ‘1’ output rows.
The output of the OR gate is the function output.
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Sum-of-Product Example
The following Boolean Algebra expression is given as:
Q = A(BC + BC + BC) + ABC
1.Convert this logical equation into an equivalent SOP term.
2.Use a truth table to show all the possible combinations of input conditions
that will produces an output.
3.Draw a logic gate diagram for the expression.
1. Convert to SOP term
Q = A.B.C + A.B.C + A.B.C + A.B.C
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Converting shorthand notation to SOP expression
The process of converting shorthand notation to SOP
is the reverse process of converting SOP expression
to shorthand notation.
Example
Let us assume that we have a boolean function F,
which defined on two variables X and Y. The minterms
for the function F are expressed as shorthand
notation is as follows:
F=∑(1,2,3)
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Product of Sum (POS)
Consists of Maxterms. The Boolean function F is defined on
two variables X and Y. The X and Y are the inputs of the boolean
function F whose output is true when only one of the inputs is
set to true.
The truth table for Boolean expression F is as follows:
Inputs Output
X Y F
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
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Inputs Output
X Y F M
0 0 0 X'+Y'
0 1 1 X'+Y
1 0 1 X+Y'
1 1 1 X+Y
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Product of Sums (POS):
As the name suggests, it is formed by
multiplying(AND operation) the sum terms.
These sum terms are also called as ‘max-
terms’. Max-terms are represented with ‘M’,
they are the sum (OR operation) of Boolean
variables either in normal form or
complemented form.
Therefore, POS is product of maxterms and is
represented as:
F in POS = Pi M(1, 2) Here, F is product of
maxterm1 and maxterm2.
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K-Map
• Karnaugh Map (K-Map) is a graphical tool used for
simplifying Boolean algebraic expressions.
• It helps in reducing the number of logic gates and
simplifying the design of digital circuits.
• Minimize Boolean expressions of 3, 4 variables very easily
using K-map without using any Boolean algebra theorems.
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limitations of K-Maps
• K Maps are limited to Boolean functions with a small
number of inputs and are not well-suited for functions
with a large number of inputs.
• As the number of inputs increases, the complexity of K
Maps increases, making them more difficult to use and
understand for complex
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• K-map can take two forms Sum of Product (SOP) and
Product of Sum (POS) according to the need of problem.
• K-map is table like representation but it gives more
information than TRUTH TABLE.
• We fill grid of K-map with 0’s and 1’s then solve it by
making groups.
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Steps to solve expression using K-map-
• Select K-map according to the number of variables.
• Identify minterms or maxterms as given in problem.
• For SOP put 1’s in blocks of K-map respective to the minterms
(0’selsewhere).
• For POS put 0’s in blocks of K-map respective to the
maxterms(1’selsewhere).
• Make rectangular groups containing total terms in power of
two like 2,4,8 ..(except 1) and try to cover as many elements as
you can in one group.
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•
For a boolean expression consisting of n-variables,
number of cells required in K Map = 2 power n cells.
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Three Variable K Map-
Three variable K Map is drawn for a boolean expression consisting of three variables.
The number of cells present in three variable K Map = 23 = 8 cells.
So, for a boolean function consisting of three variables, we draw a 2 x 4 K Map.
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Four Variable K Map-
Four variable K Map is drawn for a boolean expression consisting of four variables.
The number of cells present in four variable K Map = 24 = 16 cells.
So, for a boolean function consisting of four variables, we draw a 4 x 4 K Map.
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EXAMPLE1
Minimize the following boolean function-
F(A, B, C, D) = Σm(0, 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 15)
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EXAMPLE-02
Minimize the following boolean function-
F(A, B, C, D) = Σm(0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15)
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EXAMPLE 3
Minimize the following boolean function-
F(A, B, C, D) = Σm(1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15) + Σd(0, 2, 14)
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EXAMPLE 4
Minimize the following boolean function-
F(A, B, C) = Σm(0, 1, 6, 7) + Σd(3, 5)
Solution-
Since the given boolean expression has 3 variables, so we
draw a 2 x 4 K Map.
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EXAMPLE6
Minimize the following boolean function- F(A, B, C) = Σm(0, 1, 6, 7) + Σd(3, 4, 5)
Solution-
Since the given boolean expression has 3 variables, so we draw a 2 x 4 K Map.
We fill the cells of K Map in accordance with the given boolean function. Then, we
form the groups in accordance with the above rules.
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Question
Minimize the following boolean function-
F(A, B, C, D) = Σm(0, 2, 8, 10, 14) + Σd(5, 15)
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PROBLEM
Minimize the following boolean function-
F(A, B, C, D) = Σm(3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 14, 15)
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QUESTION
Consider the following boolean function-
F(W, X, Y, Z) = Σm(1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 12, 14)
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QUAD UNDERSTANDING WITH POS
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If we take the product of these three terms,
then we will get this final expression –
(P’ + Q’) (P’ + R’) (P + Q + R)
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4 variables K-map
F (P, Q, R, S) = π (3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13)
Finally, we will express these in the form of the product –
(R + S’+ Q’).(R’ + S’+A).(P’+ R + S).(P’+ Q + R’)
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Always remember that POS ≠ (SOP)’
the correct form would be (POS of F)
= (SOP of F’)’
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Gray Code is a form of binary that uses a different
method of incrementing from one number to the next.
With Gray Code, only one bit changes state from one
position to another.
This feature allows a system designer to perform some
error checking (i.e., if more than one bit changes, the
data must be incorrect).
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Excess-3 CODE
Excess-3, also called XS3, is a non-weighted code used to express decimal number-s.
It is another important binary code. It is particularly significant for arithmetic operations as it
overcomes the shortcomings encountered while using the 8421 BCD code to add two decimal digits
whose sum exceeds 9. This code is used in some old computers.
The Excess-3 code for a given decimal number is determined by adding ‘3’ to each decimal digit in
the given number and then replacing each digit of the newly found decimal number by its four bit
binary equivalent. For example, XS3 code of 24 is obtained as
2 4
+3 +3
5 7
0101 0111
Thus, XS3 code of 24 is 0101 0111.
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Any Queries
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