INTRODUCTION

TO

COMMUNITY
HEALTH
NURSING
 WORD
PUZZLE
 round one

A H L T E H
 An s we r

H E A L T H
 r ou n d
Tw o

T M C M I O N U Y
 An s we r

C O M M U N I T Y
 r ou n d
t hr e e

L I S L N S E
 Answer

I L L N E S S
 round Four

E H A H L T
O P O R O M T N I
 An s we r

H E A L T H
P R O M O T I O N
 WHAT IS
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
 WHAT IS THE MAJOR GOAL OF
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING?
Preserve the health of community and surrounding
population by focusing on health promotion and
health maintenance of individual, family and
group within community
MISSION OF PUBLIC HEALTH
DEFINITION OF
HEALTH ACCORDING
TO;
According to; WHO (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION)

a state of complete physical,

mental, social well-being and
not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity
According to; David Murray

a state of well-being in which

the person can use
purposeful adaptive
responses physcially,
mentally, emotionally,
spiritually and
socially.
According to; Nola J. Pender

actualization of ineherent and

acquired human potential through
goal-directed behavior,
competent self-care,
and satisfying
relationship with
others.
According to; Dorothea Orem

"a state of being that is

characterized by
soundness or
wholeness of
developed human
structures and
of bodily and
mental functioning."
What is Social?

“ of or relating to living together

in organized groups or similar
close aggregates”
What is Social Health?

“ Connoted community vitality

and is a result of positive
interaction among groups
within the community with an
emphasis on health promotion
and illness prevention”
What is Community?

“Seen as a group or collection of

locality-based individuals,
interacting in social units, and
sharing common interests,
characteristics, values and/or
goals. “
DEFINITION
OF
COMMUNITY
ACCORDING
TO;
ACCORDING TO ALLENDER;
“Seen as a group or collection of
locality-based individuals,
interacting in social units, and
sharing common interests,
characteristics, values and/or
goals. “
ACCORDING TO Lundy and Janes:
“a group of people who share
something in common and
interact with one another, who
may exhibit a commitment with
one another and may share
geographic boundary.”
ACCORDING TO Clark:
A group of people who share
common interests, who interact
with each other and who
function collectively within a
defined social structure to
address common concerns.
ACCORDING TO Shuster and Goeppinger;
A locality-based entity,
composed of systems of formal
organizations reflecting
society’s institutions, informal
groups, and agregates.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF COMMUNITIES
(MAURER & SMITH, 2009)
TWO MAIN TYPES OF COMMUNITIES
(MAURER & SMITH, 2009)
WHAT IS POPULATION?

Typically used to denote a

group of people having
common personal or
environmental characteristics.
WHAT IS AGGREGATES?

Subgroups or subpopulations
that have some common
characteristics or concerns.
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
AND DISEASES
1.) INCOME AND SOCIAL STATUS
Higher - income and social status are linked to better
health. The greater the gap between the richest and poor
health, the greater differences in health

2.) EDUCATION
Low education levels are linked with poor health, more
stress and lower self confidence.

3.) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

Safe water and clean air, healthy workplaces, safe houses
communities and roads all contribute to good health.
4.) EMPLOYMENT AND WORKING CONDITIONS
People in employment are healthier, particularly those
who have control over their working conditions.

5.) SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWORKS

Greater support from families, friends and communities is

linked to better health .

6.) CULTURE
The Customs and traditions, and the beliefs of the family
and community all affect health
7.) GENETICS

Inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan ,

healthiness, and the likelihood of developing illnesses.

8.) PERSONAL BEHAVIOR AND COPING SKILLS

Balanced eating, keeping active, smoking, drinking, and

how we deal with life's stresses and challenges all affect
health .

9.) HEALTH SERVICES

Access and use of services that prevent and treat

diseases influences health .
10.) GENDER
Men and women suffer from different types of diseases at
different ages.
INDICATORS
OF HEALTH
AND ILLNESS
SO FIRST, WHAT IS THE
MEANING OF
INDICATORS OF HEALTH
AND ILLNESS?
INDICATORS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS

Measurable Signs or Data

Points

Assessment of Health

Disease Presence

Healthcare Effectiveness

General Well-being
EXAMPLES OF HEALTH INDICATORS
INCLUDE:

Life Expectancy Infant Mortality Rate

EXAMPLES OF HEALTH INDICATORS
INCLUDE:
Prevalence of chronic
diseases
Access to clean water
 Incidence Rate
Examples of Illness
Indicators include:

y Rate
rtalit
Mo

Hospitalization
Rates
National Epidemiology Center Local Health
of DOH, PSA, and Local Health Centers/Offices/Departments
Centers/Offices/Departments responsible for collecting
morbidity and mortality data
Provide morbidity, mortality,
and other health status and forwarding the information
related data. to the higher level of health,
such as Provincial Health office.

Nurses should participate in investigative efforts to

determine what is precipitating the
increased disease rate and work to remedy the
identified threats or risks.
DEFINITION AND
FOCUS OF PUBLIC
HEALTH
DEFINITION OF PUBLIC HEALTH
ACCORDING TO: C. E. WINSLOW

Public health is the science and

art of:
preventing disease
prolonging life
promoting health and
efficiency through organized
community effort for:
DEFINITION OF PUBLIC HEALTH ACCORDING
TO: C. E. WINSLOW
i. Sanitation of the environment
ii. Control communicable infections
iii. Education of the individual in personal hygiene,
iv. Organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and
preventive treatment of disease, and
v. Development of the social machinery to ensure everyone a standard of
living adequate for the maintenance of health, so organizing these benefits as
to enable every citizen to realize his birthright of health and longevity.
(Hanlon)
PUBLIC HEALTH
PUBLIC HEALTH
Key Phrase Definition: "through organized
community effort".
Connotes organized, legislated, and tax-
supported efforts that serve all people through
health departments or related governmental
agencies.
 ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH FUNCTIONS
(ACCORDING TO WHO REGIONAL OFFICE FOR THE
WESTERN PACIFIC)
1. Health situation monitoring and analysis
2. Epidemiological surveillance/ disease
prevention and control
3. Development of policies and planning in public
health
4. Strategic management of health systems and
services for population health gain
5.Regulation and enforcement to protect public
health
6.Human resources development and planning in
public health
7.Health promotion, social participation and
empowerment
8.Ensuring the quality of personal and population-
based health service
9.Research, development, and implementation of
innovative public health solution
4. Strategic management of health systems and
services for population health gain
5. Regulation and enforcement to protect public
health
6. Human resources development and planning in
public health
7. Health promotion, social participation and
empowerment
8. Ensuring the quality of personal and population-
based health service
DEFINITION OF
COMMUNITY
HEALTH
NURSING
AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (1980)
synthesis of nursing practice and public health
practice applied to promoting and preserving the
health of populations

PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING

A component of subset of CHN
The synthesis of public health and nursing practice
PHN ACCORDING TO FREEMAN (1963)
Public Health Nursing is a professional practice
involving technical, interpersonal, analytical, and
organizational skills in addressing health problems
in the community, collaborating with healthcare
professionals to provide comprehensive care,
evaluate health threats, educate the public, and
mobilize them for action.
PHN ACCORDING TO ANA (1996)

The practice of promoting and protecting

population health using nursing, social, and public
health sciences, focusing on population-focused
goals to prevent disease and disability.
 CHN VS COMMUNITY- BASED NURSING

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING COMMUNITY- BASED NURSING

emphasizes emphasizes on
preservation managing
acute and
and protection
chronic
of health
the primary
the primary
clients are the
client is the
individual and
community the family
 POPULATION- FOCUSED NURSING

1.Focuses on the entire population

2. Based on the assessment of the populations’ health status
3. Considers the broad determinants of health
4. Emphasizes all leves of prevention
5. Intervenes with communities, systems, individuals and
families
CHN PRACTICE REQUIRES THE FF. TYPES OF DATA FOR
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH AND POPULATION
Health Promotion and Levels of Prevention

Health Promotion

Activities enhance resources directed at improving

well-being.

Disease Prevention

Activities protect people from disease and effects of

disease.
 LEAVELL AND CLARK’S
THREE LEVELS OF PREVENTION

Primary Prevention

Relates to activities directed at preventing a problem before

it occurs by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for
susceptible individuals.

example:
Immunizing children against measles
Wearing a helmet while cycling
Educating the public about the dangers of smoking
 LEAVELL AND CLARK’S
THREE LEVELS OF PREVENTION

Secondary Prevention

- Early detection and prompt intervention during the period

of early disease pathogenesis.
- Implemented after a problem has begun but before signs
and symptoms appear and targets populations who have
risk factors (Keller).

example: [having HBP] getting regular check-ups to monitor

blood pressure and make lifestyle changes like eating
healthier and exercising to lower it
 LEAVELL AND CLARK’S
THREE LEVELS OF PREVENTION

Tertiary Prevention

- Targets populations that have experienced disease or

injury and focuses on limitations of disability and
rehabilitation.
- Aim: Reduce the effects of disease and injury and to
restore individuals to their optimum level of functioning.

example: You broke your arm and you’re going to physical

therapy to help you regain strength and mobility in your
arm.
Some
community Vets
Gardeners
helpers
look after
plants and
animals

Can you
think of
other
examples?
 Some community helpers help us learn
new things

Writers
Teachers TV reporters

Can you
think of
other
examples?
 Other community helpers explore the world
(and beyond) to learn new things

Astronauts
Scientists Archaeologists

Can you
think of
other
examples?
Some
community Designers
Architects
helpers
help us build
and create
new things

Can you
think of
other
examples?
 Some community enrich cultural life, inspire
creativity, and express emotions and ideas

Singers and
musicians
Photographers
Actors and
actresses

Can you
think of
other
examples?
WHAT ARE
COMMUNITY HELPERS?
CAN YOU GIVE EXAMPLES
OF COMMUNITY HELPERS
FOR EACH ROLE?
Good job!
Keep on learning!
Levels of Clientele
to the
Community Health
Nurse
01
Individual
Atomistic

Holistic
02

Family
Basic unit of care
03
Groups

Share common characteristics,

developmental stages and
common exposure to health
problems
04
Community
Larger population
within a defined
geographic area
 PUBLIC HEALTH
INTERVENTION AND
DEFINITION
17 PUBLIC 1. Surveillance – Monitors health events
2. Disease and other Health Event Investigation – Systematically
HEALTH gathers and analyzes data regarding threats to the health of
INTERVENTION populations
AND 3. Outreach – Locates populations of interests or populations at

DEFINITION risk
4. Screening – Identifies individuals with unrecognized health risk
factors
5. Case Finding – Identifies risk actors and connects them with
resources
6. Referral and Follow-up – Assists individuals and families,
families, groups, organizations ad communities to identify and
access necessary resources
17 PUBLIC 7. Case Management – Optimizes self-care capabilities of
individuals and families
HEALTH 8. Delegated Functions – Direct care tasks that the nurse carries
INTERVENTION out
AND 9. Health Teaching – Communicates facts, ideas and skills that

DEFINITION change knowledge, attitudes, values, behaviors, and practice

10. Counseling – Establishes an interpersonal relationship; with the
intention of increasing or enhancing their capacity for self-care and
coping
11. Consultation – Seeks information and generates optional
solutions to perceived problems
12. Collaboration – Commits two or more persons or an
organization
17 PUBLIC 13. Coalition Building – Develops alliances among
HEALTH organizations
INTERVENTION 14. Community Organizing – Helps community groups to
AND identify common problems or goals mobilizes resources and
develop and implement strategies
DEFINITION 15. Advocacy – Pleads someone’s cause or acts on someone’s
behalf
16. Social Marketing – Utilizes commercial marketing principles
for programs
17. Policy Development and Enforcement – Place issues on
decision makers’ agendas, acquires plan of resolution
 HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH
AND PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
IN THE PHILIPPINES
 History of Public Health and Public Health Nursing
in the Philippines

Franciscan Friar Juan Clemente opened medical dispensary in

1577
Intramuros for the indigent.

Dominican Father Juan de Pergero worked toward installing

1690 a water system in San Juan del Monte and Manila

Smallpox vaccination was introduced by Francisco de

1805
Balmis , the personal physician of King Charles IV of Spain

First medicos titulares were appointed by the Spanish

1876
government
History of Public Health and Public Health Nursing
in the Philippines
2-year courses consisting of fundamental medical and dental
subjects was first offered in the University of Santo Tomas. 1888
Graduates were known as “cirujanos ministrantes” and serve
as male nurses and sanitation inspectors

United States Philippines Commission, through Act 157,

created the Board of Health of the Philippine Islands with a 1901
Commissioner of the Public Health, as its chief executive
officer (now DOH)

Fajardo Act of 1912

Created sanitary divisions made up of one to four municipalities.
 History of Public Health and Public Health Nursing
in the Philippines
The Philippine General hospital began to extend public health
1915 nursing services in the homes of patients by organizing a unit
called Social and Home Care services

Asociacion Feminista Filipina (1905)

Lagota de Leche was the first center dedicated to the service

of the mothers and babies

The Department of Health was reorganized into bureaus:

1947 quarantine, hospitals that took charge of the municipal and
charity clinics and health with the sanitary divisions under
it.
History of Public Health and Public Health Nursing
in the Philippines

Congress passed RA 1082 or the Rural Health Act that provided

the creation of RHU in every municipality 1954

Enacted in 1991, amended that devolution of basic health

services including health services to local government units RA 1891
and the establishment of a local health board in every province
and city of municipality
History of Public Health and Public Health Nursing in the
Philippines

Millennium Development Goals

Adopted during the world summit in September 2000

History of Public Health and Public Health Nursing
in the Philippines

FOURmula One (F1) for health 2005 and Universal Health

Care in 2010, agenda launched in 1999

UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE

Aims to achieve the health system goals of better health outcomes,

sustained health financing, and responsive health system that will
provide equitable access to healthcare
THANK YOU!