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8 views34 pages

Waves Presentation

Uploaded by

syedafatimaabi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Shahwilayat Public School

Campus II

PHYSICS SWiPS II SENIORS AZEEMUDDIN ZIA 1


PHYSICS 5054

SIR AZEEMUDDIN ZIA


PHYSICS SWiPS II SENIORS AZEEMUDDIN ZIA 2
A wave transmits energy from one place to another.
For example, energy can be carried by a water wave
generated by a boat out at sea to the shore, or by a sound
wave from the loudspeaker to an audience’s ears.

The most common waves found in daily life are


water waves, sound waves and electromagnetic waves.
There are two types of waves:
A transvers wave is a wave in which the vibrations of the
particles are perpendicular to the direction of travel of
the wave.
Transverse wave can illustrate by vibrating ropes and
springs as shows below.
In order to produce transverse wave by using rope, one end of the
rope should be attached and from the other end the rope must move
up and down as shown below.
So the vibration of the rope is perpendicular to the direction of wave
travels.
To produce transverse wave by using spring one student
can hold spring while another student can move spring left
and right as shown below. So the vibration of the spring is
perpendicular to the direction of wave travels.

Examples of transverse wave: water wave and all the


electromagnetic waves.
(radio waves, microwaves, infra-red, visible light, ultra-violet,
X-rays and gamma-rays).
Amplitude
The amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of the wave
from its rest position.

Wavelength (λ)
The wavelength of a wave is the distance between two successive crests
or troughs. Or the distance of one complete wave.
A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the vibrations
of the particles are parallel to the direction of travel
of the wave.
Longitudinal wave can illustrate by vibrating springs as
shows below.
To produce longitudinal wave by using spring, one student can hold
spring while another student can move spring forward and backward
as shown below. So the vibration of the spring is parallel to the
direction of wave travels.

Example of longitudinal wave: Sound waves.


Compression
Compression is the region where the particles are close together
and has high pressure.

Rarefaction
Rarefaction is the region where the particles are further apart and
has low pressure.
Frequency
The frequency of a wave is the number of complete waves
produce in one second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz).
𝟏
Frequency can be calculated by using the formula: 𝑭 =
𝑻
Speed of the wave
The speed of a wave is the distance travelled by any point
on the wave in one second.
The speed of the wave can be calculated by using the wave
equation:
Speed = frequency × wavelength, V = f λ
Diagram below shows how the displacement of water wave
varies with time. The wavelength of the wave is 8.0 cm.

(a) State the amplitude of the wave.


Ans: 2 mm

(b) Calculate the frequency of the wave.


𝟏 𝟏
Ans: 𝑭 = 𝑻
𝑭=
𝟎.𝟓𝟎
= 2Hz

(c) Calculate the speed of the wave.


Ans: V = f λ = 2 × 8 = 16 cm/s
A radio station broadcasts on a wavelength of 250m. The
speed of radio waves is 3 × 108 m/s. calculates the
frequency of the wave.
Ans: V = f λ
f = V/ λ = 3 × 108/250 = 1200 000 Hz
or 1200 kHz.
A ripple tank is a shallow glass-bottomed tank containing
small amount of water. A light shining downwards trough
the water cast shadow of the ripples on the floor below,
showing up the pattern that they make.
One way of making ripples on the surface of the water in a
ripple tank is to have a wooden bar that just touches the
surface of the water. The bar vibrates up and down at a
steady rate. This sends equally spaced straight ripples across
the surface of the water as shown below.
A spherical dipper can produce a different patter of ripples.
The dipper just touches the surface of the water. As it
vibrate up and down, equally spaced circular ripples spread
out across the surface of the water as shown below.

Ripple tank can also be used to demonstrate the reflection


and refraction of water wave.
Reflection of the water wave can be demonstrated by
putting metal barrier on one side of ripple tank. When the
straight ripples (‘plane waves’) strikes the flat surface of the
barrier, the ripples bounce off (reflected) as shown below.
The ripples are reflected by the metal barrier so that angle
of incidence is equals to angle of reflection.
The lines in the diagram shown above are called wavefronts.
The separation of the wavefronts is equals to wavelength of
the ripples.
Line joining points of same phase is called Wavefronts.
OR
A line joining all the crests or troughs is called the
wavefronts.
Refraction of the water wave can be demonstrated by
immersing the glass plate into the ripple tank to make the
water shallower in that part of the tank. When the straight
ripples produce by the tank moves from the deep region to
shallow region, it changes the direction of ripples (refracted)
as shown below.
When the wave is travelling from deep region
to shallow region it refracts, because the speed
of the wave decreases. So the wavelength of
the wave also decreases but the frequency of
the wave remains constant.
ELECTROMAGNET
IC SPECTRUM
DISPERSION OF LIGHT
The splitting of white light into its seven components of colours
(ROY GBIV) is known as dispersion of light.
The colours of spectrum are Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue,
Indigo and Violet.
So what happens in a prism to produce a spectrum? As the white
light enters the prism, it slows down. We say that it is refracted
and, direction changes as shown above. Dispersion occurs because
each colour is refracted by different amount.
Violet light slows down the most, so it is refracted the most and has
Shortest wavelength and highest frequency.
Red light is least affected and has longest wavelength and lowest
frequency.

Laser light is not dispersed by a prism. It is refracted so that it


changes the direction, but it is not split up into a spectrum. This is
because it is light of single colour and is described
monochromatic.
Rainbow is naturally occuring spectrum. White light from the sun
is dispersed as it enters and leaves droplets of water in the air. It is
also reflected back to the viewer by total internal reflection, which
is why you must have the sun behind you to absorb a rainbow.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

The full range of electromagnetic waves is called electromagnetic


spectrum as shown below.
Increasing frequency

106Hz 109Hz 1012Hz 1015Hz 1018Hz 1021Hz

103m 1m 10−3m 10−6m 10−9m 10−12m

Increasing wavelength
Properties of electromagnetic waves

All the electromagnetic waves are transverse wave.

They all travels at the same speed, that is speed of


light (𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s).

They all can travel through the vacuum.


Uses of electromagnetic waves

Radio waves
Radio waves are the lowest frequencies and highest wave
length in the electromagnetic spectrum, and are used
mainly for radio and television communications.
Microwaves
Microwaves are used to satellite television and telephone.
Beam of micro waves send between dish aerials, carry
television and telephone signals to and from satellites
and across country.
Microwaves also used in microwave ovens to cook many
types of food.
Infrared radiation
Infrared radiation is used in household electrical appliances,
television controllers and intruder alarms. Remote controllers for TV
and video recorders worked by transmitting infrared pulses. Apart
from remote controls, one of the most common modern uses for IR is
in the field of security. "Passive Infra-Red" (PIR) detectors are used
in burglar alarm systems, and to control the security lighting that
many people have fitted outside their houses. These detect the Infra-
red emitted warm body of anyone who approaches.
Visible light
Light is used in optical fibres in medical uses and
sending telephone signals. In endoscopes light is send
through bundle of optical fibers to look inside the body.
Also in optical fibres pulse of laser light is used carry
telephone calls.
Ultraviolet radiation
Ultra-violet is used in sunbeds, fluorescent tubes and for
sterilisation. Ultra-violet from the sun is used by our skin in
producing vitamin D and also gives us sun tan. UV rays kill
microbes, and are used to sterilise food so that it will keep fresh for
longer.
X – ray
X-rays used in hospital for medical imaging and killing
cancerous cells, and engineering applications such as
detecting cracks in metal.
Gamma – ray
Gamma-rays used in killing cancerous cells, and
engineering applications such as detecting cracks in
metal.

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