EEJ 10 (4) (2020) 643-653

English Education Journal

http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/eej

The Discourse of Satire in Indonesia Political Cartoons At

“Poliklitik.com”

Lilis Sulistyowati, Didin Nuruddin Hidayat, Alek Alek, Dadan Nugraha

DOI : https:// DOI 10.15294/ eej.v10i4.38092

UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Article Info Abstract

________________ ___________________________________________________________________
Article History: A specific cartoon is commonly used to lead public opinion to a particular
Accepted 20 March phenomenon. It is created to realize or to ask people opinions or thought on
2020 political issues. This study analyzed the satire of political cartoons selected in
Approved 04 the themes of “ Rancangan Undang-Undang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum
December 2020
Pidana ” (RUU KUHP) or The Draft of the Book of Criminal Law relating three
Published 23
articles on human right, livestock, and land in Indonesia in September 2019.
December 2020
This study identified the satirical messages delivered by cartoonists based on the
________________ verbal and visual as text analysis, discourse practices analysis on the netizens’
Keywords: comments in cartoon column, and sociocultural analysis becoming the backdrop
discourse, Indonesia, of these political cartoons. This study employed a descriptive qualitative method
political cartoons satire using a framework by Fairclough (2000). The findings showed that these
____________________ political cartoons were used to satire the government and the House of
Representatives to reject several drafts considered detrimental to society. This
research is expected to be a useful input for the community to understand that
cartoons can be used to convey social criticism. Also, people will realize that
political cartoons are not only just fun for the humour, but also understand the
message expressed by cartoonists in their work. For related media, cartoons can
be used to convey social criticism by promoting its benefits for all levels of
society.


Correspondence Address: p-ISSN 2087-0108
Kampus UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 95 C
e-ISSN 2502-4566
E-mail : [email protected]

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INTRODUCTION switchblades…simple and to the point; they cut

deeply and leave an impression” (Lamb, 1996).
If we hear the word cartoon, we will The cartoonist uses creative and humorous
immediately associate it with a funny and caricature symbols in conveying his news or
interesting picture that can make people smile. thoughts to cleverly diverts the piercing power
Especially for children, the word cartoon is from the intense dialogue in the political
undoubtedly familiar in their mind (Sultana, cartoon (Ashfaq & Shami, 2016). In this way,
2014) since cartoons can be easily found and the messages can be conveyed as mere oddities.
watched on television. A study concluded that In a cartoonist's hands, a cartoon can lead
children consume 18,000 hours during their public opinion to a particular phenomenon
child lifetime until senior high school watches using a sentence or term that is dabbled to
cartoons on TV (Habib & Soliman, 2015). maintain the impression of humour as a
Cartoons have become very interesting since medium used by cartoonists to capture and
they have evolved into the film media, such as interpret various concerns that live in society.
Sponge Bob, Tom and Jerry, Doraemon Concerning the usage of cartoons in
movies. Children can consume it without society, some research studies employed
reading the text as it has been adapted into a political cartoons as discourse analysis sources.
comic or is usually found in children's A study often examined or analyzed the natural
magazines. language, in written and likewise orally, to
The function of cartoons is not just users as a component of society (Ponton &
entertainment; cartoons also have the meaning Larina, 2017). This study can be done
as images that have symbolic representations, structurally by connecting between texts or
which usually contain elements of jokes or contexts and functionally by analyzing the
humour and even satire to convey meaning actions taken by someone for a particular
(Brown et al., 2016). In newspapers and purpose to give meaning to participants
cyberspace, cartoons are more often published involved. Thus, Norman Fairclough analysis is
periodically, highlighting political issues or often used to investigate the discourse analysis.
public issues. They are intended to entertain He divides three text analysis dimensions,
and reinforce the sense of reasoning to specific discourse practice, and sociocultural analysis
issues (Onakpa, 2014). Furthermore, in social (Fairclough, 2000). Then, he seeks to assemble
matters, they mostly target raising people's a discourse analysis model that contributes to
living habits, sporting events, or particular the social and cultural evaluation, thus
personalities. In political issues, the cartoons combining a textual observe analysis in a
evoke the political situation that is usually confined area with a broader group context
made as a joke heavily laden with sharp (Fairclough, 2000). Fairclough's focal point is
criticisms of the character's behaviour and to see how language users carry certain
policies for the current situation concerned by ideological values.
people (Sani et al., 2012). One of the ideological values of the
Cartoons are usually considered political cartoon is satire. Davis and Foyle
harmless. However, in the hands of cartoonists (2017) define that the word satire comes from a
who think sharply to criticize, cartoons turn traditional literary of “serio ludero” that has the
into media to express opinions and inspire meaning “to play in earnest” dated back from
people to realize a situation more closely then Lucian Samosata. Satire is a language style
affect their perception, for an instant, in used to insinuate someone or a situation that
political issues. Thus, cartoons can turn into a can be in the form of irony, sarcasm, and
tool to influence people to catch some cartoons' parody (Simpson, 2003). There is a close
messages. As Ward said, “When political connection between the satirist
cartoonists are at their best, they are like (speaker/writer/A), “satiree”
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(listener/reader/B), and insinuated person or As media for criticism related to satirical

situation (C), so the satirical messages can be content, cartoons have long been used by
understood (Simpson, 2003). The satirist will Affandi, Sudjojono, and senior painters in
convey their abusive message to the insinuated Indonesia. For example, Sudjojono gave a
person. social critique of the lives of the people he saw
around him about dirty slums, gamblers, and
The Concept of Satire cockfighters. He presented pathetic artistic to
(Orders of discourse in the social, all of them (Cahyadi, 2010). In contrast,
cultural and political organization by Simpson) political cartoons can be found easily in social
media and many sites on the internet. People
can find Beritagar.id. RMOL.id,
Poliklitik.com, and other sites. Citizens also use
A: SATIRIST C: SATIRISED
(TARGET) them on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, others.
Poliklitik.com is one of the
social media that subsidiary of the media under
the auspices of GeoMedia (Affandi &
Abdullah, 2018). This main objective in
B: SATIREE
education with the central market among
(ADDRESSEE)
young people to be politically insightful in a fun
way. It is also expected to increase public
awareness of politics. They use editorial
Figure 1. Adapted from On the Discourse of cartoons as daily headlines containing satire
Satire and sarcasm with an additional caption.
Satire can be divided based on how the The attracting content of cartoons that
satire has been persuaded into Horatian and are displayed in political cartoons leads to some
Juvenalian satire (Holbert et al., 2011). investigations. The political cartoons'
Horatian satire is less harsh, more gentle, investigations on their nature and function and
makes smiling and sympathetic. However, the the visual power of the political cartoon to
Juvenalian satire is harder and bitter rather than touch the political and social issues have been
the Horatian. The Juvenalian is used to attack conducted. Among others is the role of political
and overcome ignorance and crime in society cartoons used to struggle AIDS that occurred in
through scorn and ridicule (Olaniyan, 2015). Africa (Wingston, 2002), political cartoon
The usage of cartoons as a medium of related to public representation (Baldry &
criticism, including the satirical content, have Tribault, 2006), the metaphor used in a political
long been used in Indonesia. During the cartoon in the Australian newspaper (Refaie,
Soekarno era, cartoons were used as a 2003), the satire on political cartoons of Japan
propaganda tool, both domestically and cartoon journalism compared to its statement
internationally. Meanwhile, during the on Korea (Han, 2006), and digital literacy
Soeharto era, cartoon publications were closely through memes (Listiyaningsih et al., 2020).
monitored (Cahyadi, 2010). Even though they The results showed that the satirical message
are pictures, they contain messages that also used to complain and insinuate his services.
contain satirical messages. After the Soeharto Thus, the present study focuses on the
era ended, a new generation of cartoonists satire used in political cartoons in Indonesia.
emerged to employ cartoon politics sharper Using Norman Fairclough investigation, this
exploring political issues and social scandals by research intends to reveal the messages
using satirical styles, such as cartoonists Benny conveyed by cartoonist using satirical concept
and Mice (Hasyim, 2013). through political cartoons in the themes about
“Rancangan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum
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Pidana (RKUHP)” or the Draft of the Book The Cancellation of Ratification Several
Criminal Law. The cartoons posted at Draft of the Book of Criminal Law
“Poliklitik.com” were viral and controversial in
Indonesia during September 2019.

METHODS

The study employed a descriptive

qualitative approach as the method with the
analysis using Norman Fairclough's (2000)
framework used to analyze 3 political cartoons
selected in the themes of “Rancangan Undang-
Undang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana”
(RUU KUHP) or The Draft of the Book of
Criminal Law relating on human right,
livestock, and land in Indonesia that got
amount comments and becoming viral due to
the controversial content during September
2019. Fairclough’s approach analyzes text to
seek three dimensions: a) textual or textual Figure 2. The cancellation of the Draft the Book
analysis (micro-level), that is a description of Criminal Law on Human Rights ratification
the text, b) analysis of discourse, c) analysis of
sociocultural practice (macro-level), i.e., Text Analysis
explanation of social processes hidden in the Figure 1 is inspired by the cancellation of
discourse. Based on the analysis above, this the Draft the Book Criminal Law on Human
study identified the satirical messages delivered Rights ratification. This draft relates to the
by cartoonists on these political cartoons to a) existence of a criminal offense for adultery, and
the verbal and visual as text analysis (micro- LGBT are considered violating human rights.
level), b) discourse practices analysis on the In visual text, the cartoonist describes a
netizens’ comments in cartoon column (meso- situation experienced by an important
level), and c) sociocultural analysis becoming government official who is taking a
the backdrop of this political cartoon (macro- phenomenal quiz in Indonesia, namely "Who
level). The subject of this study focused on the Wants to Be a Millionaire" where he was
satirical concept through political cartoons confronted by a host who offered a question
about “Rancangan Undang-Undang Kitab and given 4 options with 3 assistance is "50:50,
Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana” (RUU call a friend, and ask the audience". Then, the
KUHP) or The Draft of the Book Criminal Law visual text is supported by verbal text as an
relating three articles on ratification of human image reinforcement. The verbal text gives a
right, livestock, and land. All data were taken statement accompanying the last question to be
from “Poliklitik.com” on Instagram. a quiz winner. Having distinguished to the real
quiz, 3 tools helping the participant to answer
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the question are "50:50, phone a minister, and
ask the netizens" to answer the question "what
The study intended to answer the will you do about the RUU KUHP which is
question in analyzing three cartoons about The being protested a lot because of problematic
Draft of the Book Criminal Law that become articles?" with the option of further answer
controversial in Indonesia released in ratifying, rejecting, delaying and dissolving the
September 2019. House of Representatives. Then, the employee
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asks for help by answering “ask to netizens”. The The Draft of the Book Criminal Law on
pull-quote at the bottom of the cartoon states that Livestock
“He said postponed-Hopefully not only
postponed-Want to be optimistic, but I am
hesitant.” From these analyses, it can be
concluded that the cartoonist wants to convey
abusive content that the government can not
decide the right action without worrying about
the bad netizen reaction and the untrusted
people on the government's capabilities in
saying his doubt.

Discourse practice
Figure 2 was released on the 21st of
September 2019, attracting 4,010 likes and 260
comments. From the comments, 75% of
netizen give a strong reaction by choosing the
option D (dissolving the House of
Representatives). They argue that DPR does
not represent the citizens. The comments of this
cartoon direct to satire the House of
Representative capabilities in conducting their
functions.

Sociocultural discourse
Figure 3. livestock inspires Poliklitik.com
The issues concerning adultery and
cartoonist to create
LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and
Transgender) in the Draft of the Book Criminal
Text analysis
Law have been discussing since 2018. These
The viral and controversial article on the
issues emerge due to the anti-homosexual that
Draft of the Book Criminal Law talking about
proclamation in Yogyakarta
livestock inspires Poliklitik.com cartoonist to
(Polymenopoulou, 2018). Several articles
create this figure 3. Based on the Article 278, it
relating to the criminalization of sex outside
is mentioned that every person who allows
marriage and homosexuals, including LGBT,
farmed poultry entering a garden or land
the broader area in this draft, become pro and
sprinkled with seeds or plants belonging to
contra. The pro-people consider that LGBT
someone else is liable to a maximum fine of
and adultery are unsuitable and break up the
Category II (Rp. 10 million) as Article 278.
religious norms and social norms. Not only
Worse, Article 279, Paragraph 2 states that the
Muslims as a majority religion, but also all
state can forcibly seize livestock involved in
religions forbid this behavior. The contra-side is
violating this article. The visual text then
voiced out by Human Rights activists as a
shows that a person is mad due to a man
mushroom LGBT community to protect their
standing his motorcycle on his land by
sexual and identity. They argue that personal
saying his objection. He is pointing his
identity is basic of the sexual human right
hand while mentioning the content of 278
protected by international laws (Muthmainnah,
articles. The cartoonist asks the reader to
2016). Then, the controversy and tug of war in
think deeply by giving illustrations
the House of Representatives and the public
supported the verbal language that adapts
related the issues lasted until September 2019.
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the use of polysemy to the word "bebek"

means “duck” in kind of farm animal
changing to “bebek” to motorcycle,
providing humor that sharpens the
impression of being satire and sarcastic. In
Indonesia, the word “bebek” is commonly
used to refer to a kind of motorcycle.
Hence, the cartoonist mentions in his pull-
quote that farmers must start educating
livestock to read and write in order to avoid
article 278. He uses slang or non-standard
language words to pierce the sense of
humor using “peternaque,” not “peternak” to
refer the farmer. The slang or non-standard
language is famously used in jest, humor,
or sarcasm (Keraf, 2002)

Discourse practice
Figure 3 was released on the 24th of
September 2019, attracting 11,540 likes and 227
comments. Concluding the comments, netizens
mostly use LOL (laugh at loud) or its emoticon
( ) to laugh at the interpretation of the draft
of the Book Criminal Law on livestock. This
draft is considered funny and one of the foolest
drafts. The netizens ask farmers to send their
animals to school to satire the draft composer.
Sharpen their opinions; they would catch
livestock that entered the yard and get 10
million in fines. They also think they will get
rich quickly because many animals enter their
yard if it happens every day.

Figure 4. Sociocultural discourse

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Sociocultural discourse considered very detrimental to the community

Indonesia is a pluralistic country with as landowners. The statement on the Article 91
13,677 islands, 250 regional languages, and Number 10 RUU KUHP stated that anyone
more than 300 tribes (Rahmi, 2016). This who obstructs law enforcement officers
condition makes Indonesian people live in
and/or apparatuses carrying out their
diversity. The slogan “Bhineka Tunggal Ika”
becomes a tie all of the Indonesian people duties in the area of their land as referred
united and accustomed to living together to in Article 10 Paragraph (4) Letter “c”
without distinguishing between ethnicities, or their person, is sentenced to a
languages, and others. It is common in maximum imprisonment of 2 (two) years
Indonesia to chit chat and even eat on a banana
and/or a maximum fine a lot of Rp.
leaf together or in Bahasa Indonesia,
"ngaliwet". Furthermore, the house in the 500,000,000 (five hundred million
village and suburban areas mostly do not has a rupiahs). This cartoon's visual shows a
fence; thus, livestock can go everywhere. man sitting down on the jail who looks like an
Surprisingly, the government launches the Indonesian farmer with the appearance of
Draft of the Book Criminal Law that contrary wearing T-shirts, shorts, and a hood "hat" with
to culture and customs in Indonesia. This draft a hoe lying beside him. His face looks angry
makes the community increasingly with bulging eyes, eyebrows go up, and opened
underestimate the House of Representatives' mouth as if screaming. His hands are raised and
ability by giving satirical statements due to their clenched as if preparing to fight caused by
actions. utterances from outside the prison.
Moreover, verbal text that exists in the
The Draft of the Book Criminal Law on Land cartoon presents a conversation between the
farmer with someone outside of the cell who
satirized him for not complying to sell his land
to the state. The use of the local language
"ndasmu" for the farmer's answer accentuates
the humorous side and reinforces the visual text
that he is just an ordinary farmer. The humor
reinforces the visual text and sharpens the satire
of the government by the pull-quote. The
cartoonist uses irony and the sad statement
"Manteb and emang top" or "Steady and the best"
to express that the landowners are evicted even
imprisoned. They are considered against the
government.

Discourse Practice
Figure 5 was released on the 20th of
September 2019 that gets 6,109 likes and 121
Figure 5. The Draft of the Book Criminal Law
comments. This comment generally laughed at
on Land
the silliness of the conditions experienced by
the lower class. The use of emoticons applause
Text analysis
( ) rated joined strengthen innuendo
The satirical in figure 3 is created to deal
with congratulations on the condition,
with the situation in society about the article on
although not all pro to the cartoon's contents.
the Draft of the Book Criminal Law on land
Some netizens are pro with government
and become controversial because it is
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policies that are considered firm and Ratificat govern Represent polite
appropriate for eviction rated highly needed for ion ment ative norm
road widening and the people’s interest.
The The The The draft
Sociocultural practice Draft of using of netizens infringes
Construction of public facilities such as the Book polyse consider the
toll roads, road widening, MRT, etc. made the Crimina my that it is cultural
government displace community land. This l Law on sharpen the foolest live in
sometimes becomes a dispute in society. Based Livestoc s the draft Indonesi
on Data.com survey results, the increase of k satirical made by a
inland disputes is significant during 2014-2019. message the House
conveye of
d by the Represent
cartooni ative
st
The The The The
Draft of cartooni netizens content
the Book st uses laughed at consider
Crimina the the s
l Law on ironic silliness of detrimen
Land situatio the tal to
n to condition society
satire s
Figure 6. Land Conflict Total Land Conflict the draft experienc
(2014-2019) ed by the
Source: Agrarian Reform Consortium, 2019 lower
class.
From the data on Figure 6, land conflict
cases have fluctuated years to years. Citizens
From Table 1, we can conclude that the
consider that the Draft of Book Criminal Law
cartoonists use satire as an artistic weapon to
in land detrimental to the community because
knives the people's opinion and attack the
evicted landowners will be jailed if they do not
prevalent social vices to sanitize them. They use
comply with the government's wants.
the visual and verbal text to deliver their
Satirical messages from the data above
satirical messages with humor and situation
can be summarized in the following table:
familiar with Indonesian citizens, i.e., the
handling of a quiz “Who Wants to be A
Table 1. Satirical Messages
Millionaire” to describe the decision making of
Data Text Discourse Sociocul
the Draft Criminal Law that considered as a
Analysi Practice tural
game by the government as the micro-level.
s Practice
Then, to sharpen the messages, they also use
The Decisio The LGBT
polysemy to get the humour sense to satire the
Cancella n netizens consider
government's decision. In the third political
tion of making underesti s break
cartoon about the Draft of the Book criminal
Draft of is mate the up
Law on Land, the cartoonist uses an ironic
the Book conside capabilitie religion
situation drawn using jail to abuse this draft.
of red a s of the norm
Furthermore, the netizens of political cartoons'
Crimina game by House of and
comments can be seen as public reactions to
l Law the
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their particular current issues. It has purposed Relating to the theory of language as a
to catch their thought about those issues as the form of social practice, this CDA concerns
miso-level. After many drafts, the sociocultural using language to discuss the social and
that happened to citizens rolled out to them that political issues and their imbalance in social life
related trust issues to government and DPR as (Matin, 2017). Through the language, the CDA
the macro-level on the analysis. is used to analyze the spoken and written text
For the last decades, Indonesia citizens in the part of their discursive source of power
have to encounter the public trust crisis to the within specific social, political, and historical
House of Representative (DPR) in carrying out contexts (Bukhari, 2013). The existence of
its legislative function based on its poor political cartoons is a media discourse that is
performance because it is considered used to manipulate language effectively and
detrimental to society. For example, several persuasively in evoking a particular response,
draft and revised laws have drawn controversy which leads public opinion with a different
from the public. Student demonstrations and point of view that is expected to bring the
mass movements occurred on September 23-24, positive changes (Sani et al., 2012). Alongside
2019, as an act of rejection of efforts to weaken the picture, the cartoonist also creates the
the Corruption Eradication Commission and bubbles text to harness the message conveyed
several draft criminal laws that were considered (Paramita, 2018) based on what and how the
to favour the political elite (Kompas, 2019). events underlying the political cartoons (Sani et
The trust issues also strengthen many al., 2012). For instance, in this study, the irony
parliaments members cases and have been between the condition of the majority of the
jailed by the Corruption Eradication lower-level society in Indonesia is against The
Commission (KPK) account for their Draft of the Book Criminal Law relating three
corruption acts. People can monitor the news articles on ratification of human rights,
on TV that KPK catches 24 of the House of livestock, and land.
Representative members 2014-2019 period Generally, political cartoons'
(Databoks, 2018). From many social media, contribution enriches the media discourse that
netizens also can see many DPR members are is creatively used as communicative means in
sleeping during their meetings, and many chairs conveying the message embedded in a broader
are empty in their conference. context to the public (Willems, 2011).
The satirical content on the cartoons in Therefore, it offers an interesting source of data
figures 1, 2, and 3 is a part of the critical for studying media discourse and its usage.
discourse analysis. Critical discourse analysis Furthermore, it provides a research area
(CDA) is defined as “a type of discourse relating to social relationships, linguistics,
analytical research that primarily studies the social experiences, and so on. Nevertheless, in
way social power abuse, dominance, and studying political cartoons, it requires more
inequality are enacted, reproduced and resisted supportive theories to encounter the problem in
by text, and talk in the social and political analyzing political cartoons (Sani et al., 2012).
context ” (Van Dijk, 2001). Then, in the Moreover, in future studies, the political
modern CDA, it intends to discuss discourse cartoons should be analyzed through several
and racism, discourse and ideology, and theories or other experts to harness the
discourse and knowledge, including the understanding of the particular social
integration of social and cognitive approaches phenomenon and how they evoke public
(Al-Momani, 2017). Based on the Fairclough opinions.
(1989) theory, this interdisciplinary theory
argued, “language as a form of social practice
”.

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CONCLUSION Cahyadi, H. O. (2010). Komunikasi politik

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phenomena in society (Singh & Pandey, 2017). DPRD yang tertangkap korupsi? Jumlah
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