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For students-NDT - Visual Examination

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32 views28 pages

For students-NDT - Visual Examination

Uploaded by

yogeshwaran2010928
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NDT - Visual Examination

The Titanic
GSLV – D3
Columbia Space Shuttle
What is NDT??

 NDT  Non-Destructive Testing.

 Inspect or measure without harming materials

 The use of noninvasive techniques to

determine the integrity of a material,

component or structure, in order to

quantitatively measure some characteristics

of an object.
Why NDT??

• Low wastage of materials

• Less Downtime of operations

• Accident Prevention

• Individual areas of concern before failure

• Comprehensive Testing

• Increased Product Reliability.


NDT Test Methods
- Test method names often refer to the type of penetrating medium or
the equipment used to perform that test.
 Visual Testing (VT)
 Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT/LPT)
 Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)
 Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
 Radiographic Testing (RT)
 Acoustic Emission Testing (AE)
 Thermal/Infrared Testing (IR)
 Electromagnetic Testing (ET)
 Guided Wave Testing (GW)
 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
 Laser Testing Methods (LM)
 Leak Testing (LT)
 Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL)
 Microwave Testing
 Neutron Radiographic Testing (NR)
 Vibration Analysis (VA)
Six Most Common NDT Methods

• Visual
• Liquid Penetrant
• Magnetic Particle
• Ultrasonic
• Eddy Current
• X-ray Radiography
Uses of NDE Methods
• Flaw Detection and Evaluation
• Leak Detection
• Location Determination
• Dimensional Measurements
• Structure and Microstructure Characterization
• Estimation of Mechanical and Physical Properties
• Stress (Strain) and Dynamic Response
Measurements
• Material Sorting and Chemical Composition
Determination
Inspection of Raw Products

• Forgings,
• Castings,
• Extrusions,
• Rolling.
Inspection of Secondary Processing

• Machining
• Welding
• Grinding
• Heat treating
• Plating
Inspection of In-Service Damages

• Cracking
• Corrosion
• Erosion/Wear
• Heat Damage
Aircraft Inspection
• Nondestructive testing is used
extensively during the
manufacturing of aircraft.
• NDT is also used to find cracks
and corrosion damage during
operation of the aircraft.
• A fatigue crack that started at
the site of a lightning strike is
shown below.
Jet Engine Inspection
• Aircraft engines are overhauled
after being in service for a period
of time.
• They are completely disassembled,
cleaned, inspected and then
reassembled.
• Fluorescent penetrant inspection
is used to check many of the parts
for cracking.
Pressure Vessel Inspection
The failure of a pressure vessel
can result in the rapid release of
a large amount of energy. To
protect against this dangerous
event, the tanks are inspected
using radiography and
ultrasonic testing.
Rail Inspection
Special cars are used to
inspect thousands of miles
of rail to find cracks that
could lead to a derailment.
Pipeline Inspection
NDT is used to inspect pipelines
to prevent leaks that could
damage the environment. Visual
inspection, radiography and
electromagnetic testing are some
of the NDT methods used.

Remote visual inspection using


a robotic crawler.

Magnetic flux leakage inspection.


This device, known as a pig, is
placed in the pipeline and collects
data on the condition of the pipe as it
is pushed along by whatever is being
transported.
Radiography of weld joints.
Visual Testing (VT)
 Commonly used test method in industry.
 Most test methods require that the operator look at the surface of
the part being inspected  visual inspection is inherent in most of
the other test methods.
 As the name implies, VT involves the visual observation of the
surface of a test object to evaluate the presence of surface
discontinuities (and also inner defects).

 Human eye is most valuable NDT tool.

 No substitute for visual inspection nor it can replace other NDT

techniques.

 Helps in detecting surface defects – Corrosion, Surface finish and in


welds: Undercut, Lack of penetration & Under fill etc.
VT can be classified as Direct visual testing, Remote
visual testing and Translucent visual testing.

 Basic procedure: Illumination of the test object and


examination with eye / visual aid.

 Visual aids: Optical aids include low-power magnifiers,


microscopes, telescopes and also specialised devices
such as borescopes, endoscopes and other fibre-optic
devices for the inspection of restricted access areas.

 Vision may be enhanced using instruments such as


charge-coupled devices (CCDs) and computer-assisted
viewing systems (Remote Viewing).
For in-situ viewing (Ex: Aircraft, Jet Engine inspections):
 Magnifying Glasses
 Microscope: Viewing the object using combination of lenses

to obtain high magnification.


For remote viewing (Ex: pipeline & pressure vessels
inspection):
 Borescope: Designed to inspect the inside of a narrow
tube, bore or a chamber.
 Endoscope: Like a Borescope with a superior optical
system and high intensity light source.
 Fiberscope: Flexible fiber optic borescope in which the tip

can be manipulated by remote control. Latest instruments


are with CCD camera attachment.
 These devices can also be used with television camera systems.
 High-speed visual inspection with automated output is possible and
television techniques may use enhanced image and pattern recognition
methods.
 Remote photography of inaccessible surfaces, such as inside a
radioactive environment, is also possible.
 High-speed cine is also used for studying fast events. Arrays of optical
diodes can be used instead of television cameras.

Challenges in VT:
 Requires adequate illumination of the test surface
 Proper eye-sight of the tester (Jaeger Number 1 Test Chart or
equivalent at a distance of not less than 30 cm).
LIGHT SOURCE

OBJECTIVE LENS

DISTAL TIP

VIEWING HEAD

REMOTE CONTROL
Acknowledgements:
All images are taken from Google search.

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