GECC8 ART APPRECIATION

DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINES Paintings:

PAINTING, SCULPTURE, AND ARCHITECTURE o Spolarium- made him won a gold medal in the
Exposition Nacional de Bellas Artes
PAINTING IN THE PHILIPPINES
o La Muerte de Cleopatra- 1881 in Rome
SPANISH PERIOD o El Pueblo y Los Reyes
o The first stone churches were built in o Blood Compact
Intramuros in the 17th century. o Portrait of Legaspi
o Painting in churches started in the Manila area
with the priests as painter-decorators.
Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo y Padilla
o Painters: Jose Dans, Damiano Domingo,
- came from a wealthy family of Manila
Justiniano Asuncion, Alfonso Ongpin.
- studied at the Academia under Saez
- he painted only indoors, and so he went to the
THE ACADEMIA
open-painting of the Spanish countryside.
o A Royal Degree promulgated on March 13,
- died in Spain in 1913.
1846 founded the Academia de Dibujo y
Pintura in the City of Manila. Paintings:
o Agustin Saez- the Director, was the lone faculty
o Virgenes Cristians Expuestas Al Populacho
member. o Barca de Aqueronte
o Lorenzo Rocha who succeded Saez as Director o Oedipos and Antigone
joined the school in 1867.

Simon Flores y Dela Rosa AMERICAN PERIOD

- studied in the Academia o Famous Painters: Miguel Zaragoza, Rafael
- He painted most of his religious canvases from Enriquez, Fabian de la Rosa, Teodoro
paints. Buenaventura, Jorge Pineda, Ramon
- Paintings: Saint John the Baptist, Madonna and Peralta and Isidro Ancheta
Child and Feeding Chicken o In 1903, the Manila "art world" began with the
assistance of other painters; Rafael Enriquez
Lorenzo Guerrero
organized the Asociacion International de
- studied in the Academia
- was a master in non-religious and creative Artistas.
painting. o It sponsored an exhibition on the Escolta and
- Painting: From the Market Vicente Rivera y Mir won two first prizes with
his oil entry El Sueno Dorado. The other first
Felipe Roxas prize was won by Gaston O' Farell.
- Landscape painter o Ramon Peralta with his Cabeza de Estudio
- Painting: Church of Antipolo
won second prize.
o Jorge Pineda for his landscape painting of
o Other Famous Painters: Felix Martinez, Ramon
the side of the Cry of Balintawak and
Martinez, Jose Martinez, Manuel Flores,
Fernando Amorsolo for his entry Leyendo
Anselmo-Espiritu, Manuel Espiritu and Pepe
Periodico won second prize.
Lozano
o Four decorators Juan Abelardo, Ramon
o Rafael Enriquez became later director of the UP
Peralta, Toribio Antillon, and Emilio Alvero
School of Fine Arts. One of his paintings is La
engaged in scenic painting.
Muerte de Simon de Anda.
o Isidro Ancheta became a figure painter. His
19TH CENTURY MASTERS stint in the Academia was cut short by the
Juan Luna Revolution.
- studied under Saez, Rocha, and Guerrero
- Luna died in Hongkong in 1899 with heart attack. Fabian Dela Rosa
- a realist in the true sense of the word, was the
most active painter.

BOTER, DACILLO, GALVEZ, JAVATE, UY 1

Paintings: o Sculpture developed slowly in the
o The Marikina Road - a canvas painting. Philippines, with carvers learning from their
o Quiet street- one of the impressionistic predecessors or through experience.
pieces of dela rosa. o Notable 18th-century examples include the
o Planting rice- was among the first genre bas-relief Estaciones in the church of Tanay,
painting he accomplished. La Purisima Concepcion presumably left by
Salcedo’s men, and the figures of St. John
Jorge Pineda (1879-1946) and Christ at the Morong Church.
- was another landscape artist. o Realism became more prominent in the
- He mastered the art of Lithography. Manila area in the 19th century, where both
Paintings:
native carvers and skillful Sangley craftsmen
o Playing Chongka
o Lantern Makers contributed.
o Alayan o The well-carved images and ornamentations
in the Patio of San Agustin Church are
examples of baroque art, mostly from the
MODERN PERIOD 18th century.
o Amidst the ruins of the war of Rizal Avenue,
Escolta, parts of Azcarraga, the artists were set AMERICAN PERIOD
to sketch portraits for a living. They were paid o After the revolution in 1896, Filipino sculptors
five dollars per drawing.
began erecting monuments, including those of
o In 1951, a gallery for the modern painting was
Jose Rizal in plazas across the archipelago.
established on a side street of Calle Mabini in
o In 1905, Ramon Martinez created a full-figure
Ermita. This gallery is called the Philippine Art
monument of Andres Bonifacio at the site of the
Gallery.
“Cry of Balintawak,” also honoring other heroes
o Heads of Igorots, Ifugaos, Mindanao Moslems,
but popularly known as the Bonifacio Monument.
Bagobos and Mangyans were the favorite
o At the beginning of the second decade, an
subjects in their galleries.
international competition was held for the design
o “Mabini Painters”- garnered major prizes in the
of the Rizal monument. Carlos Noli, an Italian
AAP competitive exhibitions. Romeo Enriquez
sculptor, won first prize, but the entry of a Swiss
Sonata won first prize.
National, which secured second prize, was
o In 1953 the roster of Modern painters included
ultimately chosen for erection at the Luneta, as
Fernando Zobel Jr, Victor Oteyza, Manuel
Noli could not post the required performance
Rodriguez, Hugo Yonzon, Manansala, Luz,
bond. The figure of Rizal with a book and
Bernardo Ocampo, Legazpi, Estella and
topcoat became the model for Rizal monuments
Tabuena.
nationwide.
o Some towns featured elaborate monuments,
SCULPTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES
such as those in Baliuag, Bulacan, and Naga
SPANISH PERIOD City (Camarines Sur), where the Rizal figure
stands atop a quadrangular shaft with a book in
o Before the arrival of the Spaniards in the
the crook of his left arm, and the right arm half-
Philippines in the early 16th century, native
raised, while an angelic figure clings to the top of
sculpture existed, mostly in the form of idols.
the shaft, offering a crown of olives. Female
Due to their pagan origins, the Spaniards
figures adorn the steps of the shaft base.
destroyed these native idols.
o In Naga City, an impressive monument
o As Christianity spread, the focus of sculpture
dedicated to the fifteen martyrs (Quince
shifted to religious subjects, including images
Martires) stands in Quince Martires Plaza. The
of saints, crosses, crucifixes, and other
martyrs are carved in bas-relief on medallions
religious objects.
around the sub-vase, with four vases featuring
o An example from this period is the Virgin from
female figures holding electric bulbs surrounding
the Araneta collection, which differs from the
the monument. The inscription reads, “El Pueblo
traditional depiction of the Virgin; it has bent
de Camarines Sur a sus Quince Martires.”
arms, a thick neck, a chubby and masculine
face, and large, widely set eyes.

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 o In Cebu City’s plaza, Dr. Jose Rizal is depicted o The Manila Cathedral which was destroyed by
writing his “Last Farewell,” with an oil lamp earthquakes in 1863 was rebuilt under Father
beside the parchment on a four-legged table. Urcioni; also an architect.
o It had three Naves: the sacristy was behind the
o In Sorsogon City, the monument of Rizal was
main altar; huge octagonal tower and facade
done in realistic proportion, depicting him with was in the Renaissance style.
an overcoat in the crook of his left hand. Below EARLY CHURCHES IN NORTHERN LUZON
the main Rizal figure, three figures—a doctor,
o San Fernando City Church - a Church in La
priest, and officer—are sculpted in high relief. Union has a quasi-classical design that appears
o In Carcar, Cebu, the Rizal monument stands on to have a false front when viewed from the
a wide, tapering platform with balustrades and a sides. The building features engaged Tuscan
twelve-step staircase. pillars, with distinctive decorations on each
o Guillermo Tolentino sculpted the Rizal figure in story, including stylized acanthus and volutes,
Biñan City, Laguna, while other sculptors such culminating in a curved pediment.
o Bauang Church - exhibits a tall rectangular
as Ramon Martinez, Eulogio Garcia, Vidal façade that aligns with the original pitch of its
Tampingco, and Ambrosio Morales were also tiled roof, adorned with four composite pillars.
engaged in making Rizal monuments. Tolentino, False doors flank the main entrance, and the
known for his mastery of the human figure, was pillar capitals are decorated with anahaw leaves,
commissioned to create the statue of the enhancing its traditional aesthetic.
Oblation, originally placed at Rizal Hall and later o Binmaley and Lingayen Churches - both were
damaged in 1945 and now feature galvanized
moved to UP Diliman.
iron roofs. Binmaley Church has a five-story
o The works of Francisco R. Monti marked the quadrangular façade, while Lingayen Church
beginning of modernism in sculpture. The boasts six stories with octagonal towers topped
Metropolitan Theatre, a round facade building by bell-shaped cupolas reminiscent of regional
with low and high figural ornaments in the lobby, sugar vats.
was the largest structure from the modernism o Dagupan Church - contrasts with Lingayen and
period. Binmaley Churches through its distinct vertical
zoning created by four pairs of pilasters. The
ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES church includes niches flanking the choir lights,
PRE-SPANISH PERIOD featuring images of St. Augustine and St.
o Filipino houses were made of light materials Francis.
such as bamboo palm, vine, grass, and wood. o Vigan Cathedral - a Cathedral in Ilocos Sur is
o The pre-spanish Filipino house had a pyramidal notable for being the first building in the Ilocos
roof. Region to feature a tile roof. Its classic façade
o The walls were low; and the floor was raised a incorporates Doric and Ionic capitals, triglyphs,
few feet above the ground. and dentils, with an equestrian image of
Santiago and the coat of arms of the apostles
SPANISH PERIOD prominently displayed.
o In the early part of the Spanish regime, houses o Laoag Church - completed in the 19th century
still used light materials. Later on,stronger by the Augustinians, has a distinctive façade
materials were used like Adobe stones. supported by two squat piers. Its triangular
o At the time of Governor Lavezares, stronger second story contrasts with the lower level,
palisades were built to protect the Walled City. which features Romanesque-Byzantine pillars,
Later the palisades were replaced by a while the bell tower stands separately from the
stonewall. The construction of the massive walls main structure.
of Intramuros was an engineering feat. o Paoay Church - a Church in Ilocos Norte is
unique among Luzon churches due to its 26
EARLY CHURCHES OF INTRAMUROS tapering buttresses topped with blunt-ended
o The first building of architectural importance in pinnacles, giving it a fortified appearance from a
Intramuros were the San Agustin Church and distance. The plain façade and three-story bell
Manila Cathedral. tower, which is detached from the main building,
o The chief characteristics of these buildings were contribute to its striking profile.
their massiveness and stability. o Bacarra Church - features a separate three-
o The San Agustin Church is one of the few story bell tower that resembles an inverted
churches constructed in the Philippines with a muscovado sugar vat. The tower is flanked by
true barrel vaulting that made the church pilasters supporting pediments, and its design
withstood the severest earthquakes. adds to the church's architectural interest.

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 PAMPANGA AND BULACAN CHURCHES o The Carcar Church in Cebu- is situated on an
o Lubao Church - suffered heavy damage in elevated ground. Its facade is of rare wide
1942 because of Japanese shelling, though the design. The bell tower is capped by four-sided
three-story retable remained intact. ogre cupolas, which look like onions.
o San Miguel de Mayumo Church in Bulacan -
is known for its beautifully painted ceiling, of the SOME CHURCHES IN METRO MANILA
nave and dome. The decorations painted in local o Tondo Church - was redesigned by Luciano
tempera deteriorated but were restored later. Oliver in 1873. The new facade was compuesto.
o The Barasoain Church (Malolos, Bulacan) - The dome structure is made of steel framing -
a two-story facade with a "compuesto style" and the roofing with iron sheets.
an octagonal, three-story bell tower topped with o The Binondo Church, built in the 18th century,
a curved pediment. originally had the shape of a truncated cone. It
RIZAL CHURCHES was damaged by the 1863 earthquake it was
o The Morong Church - the facade is of local rebuilt later
Baroque architecture. It is three stories high. o The Sta. Cruz Church - was destroyed in the
The cornices and balustrades of the first and 1863 earthquake. Originally, it had a very
second stories fit into the curved recession.
impressive tall tower with beautiful carvings
o Tanay Church - built in 1873, has a four-story
which adorned the retable. When it was
bell tower. The church facade is surmounted by
reconstructed, the tower was restored. The
a pediment. The first story is decorated with
facade was of classic order.
ionic pillars and the second story with composite
o Quiapo Church - The roof collapsed in the 1863
ones. The statue of St. Ildefonso is lodged in the
earthquake, and when rebuilt, it featured a
pediment niche.
three-story octagonal tower and a "compuesto"
facade with a triangular pediment.
SOME EARLY CHURCHES IN o The Malate church - was also damaged by the
LAGUNA AND BATANGAS 1863 earthquake. When it was reconstructed, it
o The Peate Church - the facade has two stories. was reported that it was not as beautifully
Each story is treated like a freeze, ornamented constructed as before. The general appearance
four-petalled flowers and Byzantine-like of the facade was ineffective as a buttress.
pilasters. The retable leans the Baroque order- o The San Sebastian Church - damaged by
twisted in columns, broken pediments, and earthquakes in 1863 and 1880, was changed
semi-volutes. into a new face. The Recollect fathers built a
o The Pakil Church - facade is of the composite new one that would withstand all disasters. The
order. A stilted arch rising from engaged church was one of the first prefabricated
composite columns frames the main altar. buildings in the Philippines.
o The San Jose Church in Batangas - was o The Santo Domingo Church (Quezon City) -
constructed with a two-story facade. The was reconstructed of brick and stone. The style
engaged pillars became the pilasters. The is quasi-Gothic. The completion of the church
peculiar angle terminations of the triangular flaps reconstruction at that time was done by Felix
turned in half volutes. Roxas. Felix Roxas was a distinct architect who
designed buildings like the Enriquez house and
SOME EARLY VISAYAN CHURCHES Paterno house.
o The Miagao Church in Iloilo - was constructed
in the 18th century using stones gathered by the OTHER RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
townsfolk. The "tobriya" gathered from a far CONSTRUCTED IN THE EARLY YEARS
distance was used for the structural parts while
the other types of stones, were for o Squia Mansion- in Vigan City, a three-story
ornamentation. Originally, the facade had twin house with a high-pitched roof facing the town
towers of unequal height with high-relief stone plaza
carvings. o Valenzuela house with its caryatids in Malolos,
o The Pardo Church in Cebu - has a facade that Bulacan
looks like a fortress because of the pointed
cupola of the belfry.
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 o Rizal house in Calamba, Laguna with a lantern o Pillila Town Hall
on its roof ridge o Malolos Town Hall
o Monte de Piedad building with its imposing o Taal Town Hall
pediment and fluted column style in Manila. o Batangas Town Hall

ARCHITECTURE DURING THE AMERICAN PERIOD Classical Elements:

o Historical Context: Early American period o Porticos
focused on repair, rehabilitation, and o Vestibules
construction of buildings, led by army engineers o Colonnades
under Governor Taft. o Arcades became prominent
o Daniel H. Burnham’s Role - A prominent
Chicago architect, Burnham was commissioned RISE OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
to design key structures in Manila, Baguio, and Notable Contemporary Structure:
other locations o Philippine National Bank Building: Modernist
o Took nearly 20 years to implement; included high-rise structure with five floors.
grand urban designs. o Insular Life Building: Corner structure in Plaza
o Congress of the Philippines, Finance Cervantes, demonstrating early skyscraper
Building, Agriculture Building, Post Office, forms.
and Supreme Court – monumental buildings
emphasizing Western architectural principles. Cultural Icons:
o Metropolitan Theatre- (Liwasang Bonifacio):
FIRST CONCRETE BUILDINGS Art Deco style.
o Introduction of Reinforced Concrete: Marked a o Cebu Provincial Capitol- Modern design
new era in Philippine architecture, as concrete reflecting regional pride.
allowed for more durable structures. o Rizal Memorial Stadium- Quezon Institute, and
buildings in UP Diliman.
Notable Buildings: o Key Architects: Fernando Ocampo, Juan Nakpil,
o Philippine Normal School -(now PNU) and Pablo Antonio, along with Felix Mendoza, V.
Philippine General Hospital (PGH) along Taft Formoso, C. Arguelles, Cesar Concio, and O.
Avenue. Arellano.
o Tile- the roofing, in line with Burnham’s
specifications.
o Tomas Mapua- Designer of PGH one of the
earliest Filipino architects.

CLASSIC STYLE BY JUAN ARELLANO

AND ANTONIO TOLEDO
o Architectural Style- Classicism, featuring
rectangular layouts, Corinthian columns, and
sculpted pediments.
o Signature Buildings- Congress of the
Philippines: Rectangular plan, elaborate
Corinthian columns, and decorative pediments.
o Post Office Building (1926)-Situated at Plaza
Lawton (now Liwasang Bonifacio), spacious
lobby with functional design for public access.
o University of the Philippines Buildings in
Ermita-By Toledo, including Villamor Hall by
Arellano.
o Provincial capitols like Pangasinan (1920),
o Bacolod City Provincial Capitol
o Macabebe Town Hall