1. Answer the following questions.

(i) What is meant by the term ‘industry’?

Answer: Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with the production of goods like
the iron and steel industry, the extraction of minerals like the coal mining industry and the provision
of services like the tourism industry.

(ii) Which are the main factors which influence the location of an industry?

Answer: Setting up an industry leads to the development and growth of that location. The factors
that affect the location of industries are the easy availability of raw materials and land, adequate
supply of water and labour, access to power and transport, presence of markets and a good amount
of capital. Sometimes, the government also provides incentives like subsidised power, lower
transport cost and other infrastructural facilities. This is done to encourage industries to be
established in economically backward areas.

(iii) Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of the modern industry and why?

Answer: Steel is called the backbone of modern industry because almost everything we use is either
made of steel or has been made with machinery or tools made out of steel. The steel industry is
basically the feeder industry, whose products are the raw materials for other industries.

(iv) Why has the cotton textile industry rapidly expanded in Mumbai?

Answer: The warm and moist climate, proximity to the port, easy availability of raw materials and
skilled labour helped in the rapid expansion of the cotton textile industry in Mumbai.

2. Tick the correct answer.

(i) Fort Gloster is located in

(a) West Bengal

(b) California

(c) Gujarat

Answer: (a) West Bengal

(ii) Which one of the following is a natural fiber?

(a) nylon

(b) jute

(c) acrylic

Answer: (b) Jute

3. Distinguish between the following.

(i) Agro-based and mineral-based industry

Answer: Agro-based industries use plant and animal-based products as their raw materials. It is a
source of employment for people in rural areas. Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy
products and leather industries are examples of agro-based industries, whereas mineral-based
industries are primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. It is a source of
employment for both rural and urban populations. Steel and Iron Industries and Heavy Machinery
industries are examples of mineral-based industries.

(ii) Public sector and joint sector industry

Answer: Industries owned and operated by the government are public sector industries. Steel
Authority of India Limited and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited are examples of Public sector
industries. On the other hand, joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and
individuals or a group of individuals. Maruti Udyog Limited is an example of joint sector industry.

4. Give two examples of the following in the space provided :

(i) Raw Materials: _____________ and _____________________

Answer: Iron ore and Cotton

(ii) End products: _______________ and _________________________

Answer: Steel and Cloth

(iii) Tertiary Activities: ________________ and __________

Answer: Transport and banking

(iv) Agro-based Industries: ____________ and ____________

Answer: Dairy and Sugar

(v) Cottage Industries: ___________ and ________________

Answer: pottery and basket weaving

(vi) Co-operatives: ______________________ and _____________

Answer: Mother Dairy and Anand Milk Union Limited (Amul)

Chapter 5 – Industries Summary

Industry refers to economic activity that is concerned with the production of goods, extraction of
minerals or the provision of services. Industrial activities are divided into three sectors – Primary
sector, Secondary sector and tertiary sector. Industries are divided on the basis of raw material, size
and ownership.

Raw materials are basic materials that are used in any industry, and they can be classified on the
basis of raw materials.

Industries based on raw materials are agro-based, mineral-based and forest-based.

The size of Industries refers to the amount of capital invested, the number of people employed and
the volume of production. Industries are classified into two types based on size: small-scale and
large-scale industries.

Small-scale industries manufacture products by hand and include cottage and household industries.
These industries use a lesser amount of capital and technology. For example, basket-weaving, pottery
and other handicraft industries.

Large-scale industries produce large volumes of products. The investment of capital is higher, and
technology is superior. For example, the production of automobiles and heavy machinery.
After independence, India gave emphasis to this sector for development.

Ownership: Industries based on ownership can be classified as:

Private Sector Industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. For
example, Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd., Indian Oil Corporation.

Public sector industries are owned and operated by the government. For example, Hindustan
Aeronautics Limited and Steel Authority of India Limited.

This also includes Joint Sector Industries and Cooperative Sector Industries.

Very Short Answer Type Question

1. What is the output of iron and steel industry?

Answer: Steel

2. Where is Silicon Valley located?

Answer: Silicon Valley is located in California.

3. Which is the largest lake of the world?

Answer: Lake Superior is the largest of these five lakes.

4. What does AMUL stand for?

Answer: AMUL stands for Anand Milk Union Limited.

5. Name some natural fibres.

Answer: Natural fibres are wool, silk, cotton, linen and jute.

6. Where is Ahmedabad located in India?

Answer: It is located in Gujarat on the banks of the Sabarmati river.

7. Which Indian city is known as “The Manchester of India”?

Answer: Ahmedabad is often referred to as the ‘Manchester of India’.

8. Name some man-made fibres.

Answer: Man-made fibres include nylon, polyester, acrylic and rayon.

9. What is full form TISCO?

Answer: TISCO stands for Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited.

10. What are the effects of alloying elements on steel?

Answer: Alloys give steel unusual hardness, toughness, or ability to resist rust.

11. What are the processes of cotton textile industries?

Answer: The processes include ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing and printing.

12. When and where was the first successful textile mill established in India?

Answer: The first successful modern textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.
13. Name the great lakes of the world.

Answer: The names of great lakes are Superior, Huron, Ontario, Michigan and Erie.

14. Where did the word textile come from?

Answer: The term ‘textile’ is derived from Latin word texere which means to weave.

15. What are the different ways in which the industries are classified?

Or

Name three common methods of classifying industries.

Answer: Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials, size and ownership.

Short Type Answer Questions

1. What is Smelting?

Answer: It is the process in which metals are extracted from their ores by heating beyond the
melting point.

2. Why Bangalore is called “Silicon Plateau”?

Or
Why Bangalore is known as Silicon Plateau?

Answer: Bangalore is located on the Deccan Plateau from where it gets the name ‘Silicon Plateau’.

3. Why do industrial disasters occur?

Or
What are the main causes of industrial accidents?

Answer: In industries, accidents/disaster mainly occurs due to technical failure or irresponsible

handling of hazardous material.

4. Which place is known as ‘Manchester of Japan’?

Or
Which place is known as ‘Manchester of Japan’?

Answer: Osaka is an important textile centre of Japan, also known as the ‘Manchester of Japan’.

5. Where was the first textile mill in India established and when?

Answer: The first textile mill in the country was established at Fort Gloster near Kolkata in 1818 but it
closed down after some time.

6. Name the major hubs of Information technology industry in the world.

Answer: The major hubs of Information technology industry are the Silicon Valley of Central
California and the Bangalore region of India.

7. Where are iron and steel industries in the world?

Answer: The countries in which iron and steel industry is located are Germany, USA, China, Japan
and Russia.

8. Where is textile industry concentrated in the world?

Answer: Textile industry is concentrated in India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan.

9. What is the link between the mines and the industry in Pittsburgh?

Answer: Between mines and Pittsburgh is one of the world’s best routes for shipping ore cheaply –
the famous Great Lakes waterway.

10. When and where was TISCO started?

Answer: TISCO was started in 1907 at Sakchi, near the confluence of the rivers Subarnarekha and
Kharkai in Jharkhand.

11. What are common alloying elements for steel?

Answer: Special alloys of steel can be made by adding small amounts of other metals such as
aluminium, nickel, and copper.

12. From where does the iron ore come to Pittsburgh?

Answer: The iron ore come to Pittsburgh from the iron mines at Minnesota, about 1500 km from
Pittsburgh.

13. How are industries classified on the basis of raw materials?

Or
Classify industries on the basis of source of raw materials.

Answer: Industries may be agro based, mineral based, marine based and forest based depending on
the type of raw materials they use.

14. Where the major industrial regions of the world are tend to be located?

Answer: Major industrial regions tend to be located in the temperate areas, near sea ports and
especially near coal fields.

15. What are sunrise industries? Give examples.

Answer: Emerging industries are also known as ‘Sunrise Industries’. These include Information
technology, Wellness, Hospitality and Knowledge.

16. Where do we find the major industrial regions of the world?

Answer: Major industrial regions of the world are eastern North America, western and central
Europe, eastern Europe and eastern Asia.

17. What is meant by the term ‘industry’?

Answer: Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods,
extraction of minerals or the provision of services.

18. What are the main factors which influence the location of an industry?

Answer: The factors affecting the location of industries are the availability of raw material, land,
water, labour, power, capital, transport and market.

19. Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of modern industry and why?

Answer: Steel is often called the backbone of modern industry because almost everything we use is
either made of iron or steel or has been made with tools and machinery of these metals.
20. ‘Several textile mills have closed down in Ahmedabad recently.’ Give reason.
Or
Why in recent years several textile mills have closed down in Ahmedabad?
Or
What was the major reason for several textile mills to close down in Ahmedabad?

Answer: Several textile mills have closed down. This is primarily due to emergence of new textile
centres in the country as well as non upgradation of machines and technology in the mills of
Ahmedabad.

21. Why cotton textile industry rapidly expanded in Mumbai?

Answer: The warm, moist climate, port for importing machinery, availability of raw material and
skilled labour resulted in rapid expansion of the textile industry in Mumbai.

22. What products do industrial plants in Jamshedpur produce?

Answer: In Jamshedpur, several other industrial plants were set up after TISCO. They produce
chemicals, locomotive parts, agricultural equipment, machinery, tinplate, cable and wire.

23. What industries have started replacing the textile industry in Osaka?
Or
What industries have replaced the cotton textile industry of Osaka?

Answer: The cotton textile industry of Osaka has been replaced by other industries, such as iron and
steel, machinery, shipbuilding, automobiles, electrical equipment and cement.

24. What are the major industrial regions of India?

Answer: India has several industrial regions like Mumbai- Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region,
Hugli region, Ahmedabad-Baroda region, Chottanagpur industrial belt, Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt,
Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region and the Kollam-Thiruvanathapuram industrial cluster.

25. Write a short note on Chinese gas well blowout.

Answer: On 23 December 2005, due to gas well blowout in Gao Qiao, Chongging, China, 243 people
died, 9,000 were injured and 64,000 were evacuated. Many people died because they were unable
to run after the explosion. Those who could not escape in time suffered burns to their eyes, skin and
lungs from the gas.

26. Give a reason why did the cotton textile industry in India could not compete with the industries
in the west initially?

Answer: The production of hand woven cotton textile was expensive and time consuming. Hence,
traditional cotton textile industry could not face the competition from the new textile mills of the
West, which produced cheap and good quality fabrics.

27. Name some important steel producing centres in India.

Answer: Important steel producing centres such as Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela,
Bokaro are situated in a region that spreads over four states — West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa and
Chhattisgarh. Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar in Karnataka, Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, Salem in
Tamil Nadu are other important steel centres utilising local resources.

Long Type Answer Questions

1. Give two examples of the following in the space provided.

Answer: (i) Raw Materials: cotton and iron

(ii) End product: shirt and car
(iii) Tertiary Activities: banking and transport
(iv) Agro-based Industries: Food processing and leather industries
(v) Cottage Industries: Basket weaving and pottery
(vi) Co-operatives: Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Dairy

2. What are the inputs processes and outputs of the iron and steel industry?

Answer: The inputs for the industry include raw materials such as iron ore, coal and limestone, along
with labour, capital, site and other infrastructure. The process of converting iron ore into steel
involves many stages. The raw material is put in the blast furnace where it undergoes smelting. It is
then refined. The output obtained is steel which may be used by other industries as raw material.

3. Discuss the Bhopal disaster.

Or
What was the cause of the Bhopal gas tragedy?
Or
What were the effects of the Bhopal gas tragedy?

Answer: One of the worst industrial disasters of all time occurred in Bhopal on 3 December 1984
around 00:30 a.m. It was a technological accident in which highly poisonous Methyl Isocynate (MIC)
gas along with Hydrogen Cyanide and other reaction products leaked out of the pesticide factory of
Union Carbide. The official death toll was 3,598 in 1989. Thousands, who survived still suffer from
one or many ailments like blindness, impaired immune system, gastrointestinal disorders etc.

4. Explain the factors favourable for the development of the IT industry in California.
Or
Discuss the locational advantages of Silicon Valley – California.

Answer: Locational advantages of Silicon Valley – California

 Close to some of the most advanced scientific and technological centres in the world.

 Pleasant climate with an attractive and a clean environment. Plenty of space for
development and future expansion.

 Located close to major roads and airports.

 Good access to markets and skilled work force.

5. Explain the factors favourable for the development of the IT industry in Bangalore.
Or
Discuss the locational advantages of ‘Silicon plateau – Bangalore’.

Answer: Locational advantages of ‘Silicon plateau – Bangalore’

 Bangalore has the largest number of educational institutions and IT colleges in India.

 The city was considered dust free with low rents and cost of living.

 The state government of Karnataka was the first to announce an IT Policy in 1992.
  The city has the largest and widest availability of skilled managers with work experience.

6. What are the similarities between information technology industry in Bangalore and California?

Answer: Similarities between information technology industry in Bangalore and California

 Presence of high quality educational institutions and advanced scientific and technological
centres.

 Availability of skilled work force.

 Good access to markets.

 Pleasant climate with an attractive and a clean environment.

 Well developed and well connected.

7. Distinguish between agro-based and mineral based industry.

Answer: Difference between agro-based and mineral based industry

Agro-based industry Mineral based industry

Agro based industries use plant and animal based Mineral based industries are primary industries that use
products as their raw materials. mineral ores as their raw materials.

Example: Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile,

Example: iron and steel industries.
dairy products and leather industries

8. Distinguish between public sector and joint sector industry.

Answer: Difference between public sector and joint sector industry

Public sector industry Joint sector industry

The public sector industries are owned and Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state an
operated by the government. individuals or a group of individuals.

Example: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, and Steel

Example: Maruti Udyog Limited
Authority of India Limited

9. Explain different aspects of the industrial system with an example.

Or
What consists an Industrial System? Explain with an example.
Or
What are the inputs processes and outputs of the textile industry?

Answer: An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs. The inputs are the raw
materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure. The processes include
a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished products. The outputs are the
end product and the income earned from it. In case of the textile industry the inputs may be cotton,
human labour, factory and transport cost. The processes include ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing
and printing. The output is the shirt we wear.

10. Why was sakchi chosen to set up the steel plant by TISCO?

Answer: Sakchi was chosen to set up the steel plant for several reasons.

 This place was only 32 km away from Kalimati station on the Bengal-Nagpur railway line.

 It was close to the iron ore, coal and manganese deposits as well as to Kolkata, which
provided a large market.

 TISCO, gets coal from Jharia coalfields, and iron ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese
from Orissa and Chhattisgarh.

 The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers ensured sufficient water supply.

 Government initiatives provided adequate capital for its later development.

11. What are the factors responsible for the growth of iron and steel industry in Pittsburgh?

Answer: The steel industry at Pittsburgh enjoys locational advantages.

 Some of the raw material such as coal is available locally, while the iron ore comes from the
iron mines at Minnesota, about 1500 km from Pittsburgh.

 Between these mines and Pittsburgh is one of the world’s best routes for shipping ore
cheaply – the famous Great Lakes waterway.

 Trains carry the ore from the Great Lakes to the Pittsburgh area.

 The Ohio, the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers provide adequate water supply.

12. Distinguish between small scale and large scale industries.

Answer: Difference between small scale and large scale industries.

Small scale industries Large scale industries

1. Most of the work is done by manpower, small

1. The work is done mostly by larger machines and laborer
machines and tools.

2. These industries employ less capital. 2. These industries employ more capital.

3. Silk weaving and food processing industries are small 3. Production of automobiles and heavy machinery are
scale industries large scale industries.

13. What factors led to the establishment of cotton textile industry in Osaka?
or
Why cotton & textile industry developed in Osaka?
Or
Explain the locational advantages that Osaka has for the development of the cotton textile
industry.
Answer: The textile industry developed in Osaka due to several geographical factors.

 The extensive plain around Osaka ensured that land was easily available for the growth of
cotton mills.

 Warm humid climate is well suited to spinning and weaving.

 The river Yodo provides sufficient water for the mills. Labour is easily available.

 Location of port facilitates import of raw cotton and for exporting textiles.

14. Write the properties and significance of steel.

Answer: Steel is tough and it can easily be shaped, cut, or made into wire. Alloys give steel unusual
hardness, toughness, or ability to resist rust.

Significance

 Steel is often called the backbone of modern industry. Ships, trains, trucks, and autos are
made largely of steel.

 Even the safety pins and the needles we use are made from steel.

 Oil wells are drilled with steel machinery.

 Steel pipelines transport oil.

 Minerals are mined with steel equipment.

 Farm machines are mostly steel.

 Large buildings have steel framework.

15. Describe briefly the classification of industries on basis of raw material used.
Or
How are industries classified on the basis of raw material used?
Or
Explain classification of industry on the basis of raw material.

Answer: Industries may be agro based, mineral based, marine based and forest based depending on
the type of raw materials they use.

Agro based industries use plant and animal based products as their raw materials. Example: Food
processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products and leather industries.

Mineral based industries are primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. The
products of these industries feed other industries. Example: Iron and Steel industry.

Marine based industries use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Example: Industries
processing sea food or manufacturing fish oil.

Forest based industries utilise forest produce as raw materials. Example: pulp and paper,
pharmaceuticals and furniture industries.

16. Describe briefly the classification of industries on basis of ownership.

Or
How are industries classified on the basis of ownership?
Or
Explain classification of industry on the basis of ownership.

Answer: Industries can be classified into private sector, state owned or public sector, joint sector and
cooperative sector.

Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.

The public sector industries are owned and operated by the government, such as Hindustan
Aeronautics Limited and Steel Authority of India Limited.

Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals.
Maruti Udyog Limited is an example of joint sector industry.

Co-operative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw
materials, workers or both. Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Dairy are a success stories of a co-
operative venture.

17. Discuss the locational advantages for the development of the cotton textile industry in
Ahmedabad.

Answer: Favourable locational factors were responsible for the development of the textile industry in
Ahmedabad.

 Ahmedabad is situated in the heart of a cotton growing area. This ensures easy availability of
raw material.

 The humid climate is ideal for spinning and weaving. The flat terrain and easy availability of
land is suitable for the establishment of the mills.

 The densely populated states of Gujarat and Maharashtra provide both skilled and semi-
skilled labour.

 Well developed road and railway network permits easy transportation of textiles to different
parts of the country, thus providing easy access to the market.

 Mumbai port nearby facilitates import of machinery and export of cotton textiles.

18. Describe briefly the classification of industries on basis of size.

Or
How are industries classified on the basis of size?
Or
Explain classification of industry on the basis of size.

Answer: Classification of industry on the basis of size

 Based on size, industries can be classified into small scale and large scale industries.

 Cottage or household industries are a type of small scale industry where the products are
manufactured by hand, by the artisans. Basket weaving, pottery and other handicrafts are
examples of cottage industry.

 Small scale industries use lesser amount of capital and technology as compared to large scale
industries that produce large volumes of products. Investment of capital is higher and the
technology used is superior in large scale industries.
  Silk weaving and food processing industries are small scale industries. Production of
automobiles and heavy machinery are large scale industries.

19. Write short notes on cotton textile industry in Osaka.

Answer: Cotton textile industry in Osaka

 It is an important textile centre of Japan, also known as the ‘Manchester of Japan’.

 The textile industry developed in Osaka due to several geographical factors. The extensive
plain around Osaka ensured that land was easily available for the growth of cotton mills.
Warm humid climate is well suited to spinning and weaving. The river Yodo provides
sufficient water for the mills. Labour is easily available. Location of port facilitates import of
raw cotton and for exporting textiles.

 The textile industry at Osaka depends completely upon imported raw materials. Cotton is
imported from Egypt, India, China and USA.

 The finished product is mostly exported and has a good market due to good quality and low
price.

 Though it is one of the important textile cities in the country, of late, the cotton textile
industry of Osaka has been replaced by other industries, such as iron and steel, machinery,
shipbuilding, automobiles, electrical equipment and cement.

Question 1
Write a short note on Mineral based industries.
Solution:
Mineral based industries are primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. The
products of these industries feed other industries. Iron made from iron ore is the product of mineral
based industry. This is used as raw material for the manufacture of a number of other products, such
as heavy machinery, building materials and railway coaches.

Question 2
What are marine based industries ?
Solution:
Marine based industries use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Examples of Marine
based industries are processing sea food or manufacturing fish oil.

Question 3
Industries can be classified on the bases of ownership, explain.
Solution:
Industries can be classified into 4 sectors in relationship to the ownership of the concerned industry.
Private sector: Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of
individuals.
State owned or public sector: The public sector industries are owned and operated by the
government.
Joint sector: Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group
of individuals.
Cooperative sector: Co-operative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or
suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.

Question 4
What are the inputs, process and output of a textile industry?
Solution:
The inputs, process and output of a textile industry are……
Input
Cotton is the main raw material that is used in this industry.
Other inputs needed are human labour, machinery, infrastructural facilities etc.
Process
Process includes ginning or separating cotton from the seed, spinning, weaving, dyeing and printing.
Out put
The fabric that is manufactured by the factory is the out put.

Question 5
Mention the major industrial regions of the world.
Solution:
Major industrial regions of the world are …..
Eastern North America
Western and central Europe
Eastern Europe
Eastern Asia.