Networking Concepts
Networking Concepts
This document covers essential networking concepts, including the OSI model, TCP/IP, signals,
data communication, and protocol layering. Examples are provided to clarify each topic.
1. OSI Model
1. Physical Layer: Transmits raw bit stream over the physical medium.
2. Data Link Layer: Handles node-to-node data transfer and error correction.
4. Transport Layer: Ensures complete data transfer with error detection and correction.
- Physical Layer: Actual electrical signals are sent over the medium.
2. TCP/IP Model
1. Application Layer: Corresponds to OSI's application, presentation, and session layers.
3. Signals
Signals are electrical or electromagnetic representations of data. They can be categorized as:
- Analog Signals: Continuous signals that vary in amplitude or frequency (e.g., sound).
- Digital Signals: Discrete signals that represent data as binary (0s and 1s).
4. Data Communication
Data communication refers to the transfer of data between devices using transmission mediums.
- Transmission Medium: The channel through which data is transmitted (e.g., cables, wireless).
5. Protocol Layering
Protocol layering refers to the organization of communication protocols in layers. Each layer serves
a specific function and interacts with the layers above and below it.