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Networking Concepts

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5 views2 pages

Networking Concepts

Uploaded by

bilalkhan037052
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ing Concepts: OSI Model, TCP/IP, Signals, Data Communication, and Protocol L

This document covers essential networking concepts, including the OSI model, TCP/IP, signals,

data communication, and protocol layering. Examples are provided to clarify each topic.

1. OSI Model
1. Physical Layer: Transmits raw bit stream over the physical medium.

2. Data Link Layer: Handles node-to-node data transfer and error correction.

3. Network Layer: Manages routing of data packets.

4. Transport Layer: Ensures complete data transfer with error detection and correction.

5. Session Layer: Manages sessions between applications.

6. Presentation Layer: Translates data format for the application layer.

7. Application Layer: Provides network services to end-user applications.

Example: Sending an Email:

- Application Layer: User composes an email.

- Presentation Layer: Email is encoded in a format.

- Session Layer: Connection established with email server.

- Transport Layer: Data is segmented and sent.

- Network Layer: Data packets are routed to the recipient.

- Data Link Layer: Frames are created for transmission.

- Physical Layer: Actual electrical signals are sent over the medium.

2. TCP/IP Model
1. Application Layer: Corresponds to OSI's application, presentation, and session layers.

2. Transport Layer: Provides communication session management and data transfer.

3. Internet Layer: Handles routing and addressing of packets.

4. Network Interface Layer: Manages the physical transmission of data.

Example: Browsing the Web:


- Application Layer: User enters a URL in the browser.

- Transport Layer: Data is segmented for transmission.

- Internet Layer: IP address is used for routing.

- Network Interface Layer: Data is sent through the physical medium.

3. Signals
Signals are electrical or electromagnetic representations of data. They can be categorized as:

- Analog Signals: Continuous signals that vary in amplitude or frequency (e.g., sound).

- Digital Signals: Discrete signals that represent data as binary (0s and 1s).

4. Data Communication
Data communication refers to the transfer of data between devices using transmission mediums.

Key components include:

- Sender: The device that sends the data.

- Receiver: The device that receives the data.

- Transmission Medium: The channel through which data is transmitted (e.g., cables, wireless).

5. Protocol Layering
Protocol layering refers to the organization of communication protocols in layers. Each layer serves

a specific function and interacts with the layers above and below it.

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