INSTA LEARN

CLASS 10 CBSE

CHEMISTRY

METALS &
NON-METALS
 Metals & Exceptions in Physical
Non-metals Properties
Physical Properties of Metals Alkali metals (Na, K, Li) can be cut
using a knife.
Mercury is a liquid metal.
Solid at room temperature - One
non-metal, bromine, is a liquid at Iodine is a non-metal but it is lus-
room temperature. The other trous.
non-metals are solids at room Carbon is a non-metal that can exist
temperature, including carbon and in different forms. Each form is called
sulfur. an allotrope. Diamond, an allotrope
Sonorous - Metals produce a typical of carbon, is the hardest natural sub-
ringing sound when hit by something. stance known and has a very high
Good conductors of heat and elec- melting and boiling point. Graphite,
tricity another allotrope of carbon, is a con-
Malleable, i.e., can be beaten into thin ductor of electricity.
sheets Alkali metals (lithium, sodium, potas-
Ductile, i.e., can be drawn into thin sium) are so soft that they can be cut
wires with a knife. They have low densities
High melting and boiling points (ex- and low melting points.
cept Caesium (Cs) and Gallium
(Ga)) - Graphite, a form of carbon (a
non-metal), has a high boiling point
and exists in a solid state at room
temperature.
Among the following, the metal with
Dense (except alkali metals). Osmium
- highest density, and lithium least lowest density is :
density (a) Lithium
Lustrous - Metals have the quality of (b) Lead
reflecting light from their surface and (c) Magnesium
can be polished, e.g., gold, silver and (d) Aluminium
copper. lodine and carbon are
non-metals which are lustrous. Note
that carbon is lustrous only in certain
forms like diamond and graphite.
Silver-grey in colour (except gold and
copper) - Metals usually have a silver
or grey colour.

NEST JUNIOR CLASS 10 ENTRANCE EXAM CONTACT US ON : 6009 100 300 3

Reaction of metals Reaction of Metals with
with water Oxygen (Burnt in Air)
Metal + Water Metaloxide + Hydro- Metal + Oxygen Metal oxide
gen For example, when copper is heated in
Metal oxide + Water Metal hydrox- air, it combines with oxygen to form
ide copper(II) oxide, a black oxide.
Metals like potassium and sodium 2Cu + O2 2CuO
react violently with cold water. In (Copper) (Copper(II) oxide)
case of sodium and potassium, the Similarly, aluminium forms aluminium
reaction is so violent and exothermic oxide.
that the evolved hydrogen immedi- 4Al +3O2 2Al2O3
ately catches fire.
(Aluminium) (Aluminium oxide)
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) +
heat energy
Reaction of metals with acids
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
+ heat energy
Metal + Dilute acid Salt+ Hydro-
The reaction of calcium with water is gen
less violent. The heat evolved is not
sufficient for the hydrogen to catch
fire.
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2(g)

Calcium starts floating because the

bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick
to the surface of the metal.

Zn +2HCl ZnCl2 + H2

Magnesium does not react with cold

water. It reacts with hot water to form Hydrogen gas is not evolved when a
magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen. metal reacts with nitric acid. It is be-
It also starts floating due to the bub- cause HNO3, is a strong oxidising
bles of hydrogen gas sticking to its agent. It oxidises the H2 produced to
surface. water and itself gets reduced to any of
the nitrogen oxides (N2O, NO, NO2). But
Al, Fe and Zn react with steam.
magnesium (Mg) and manganese
2Al(s) + 3H2O(g) Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g) (Mn) react with very dilute HNO3, to
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) evolve H2 gas.
Cu, Ag, Pt, and Au do not react with
water or dilute acids.

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 Aqua regia, (Latin for 'royal water') is a Most metal oxides are insoluble in
freshly prepared mixture of concen- water but some of these dissolve in
trated hydrochloric acid and concen- water to form alkalis. Sodium oxide
trated nitric acid in the ratio of 3:1. It and potassium oxide dissolve in
can dissolve gold, even though neither water to produce alkalis as follows -
of these acids can do so alone. Aqua Na2O(s) + H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq)
regia is a highly corrosive, fuming
K2O(s) + H2O(I) 2KOH(aq)
liquid. It is one of the few reagents that
is able to dissolve gold and platinum.

Reaction of Metals
with Bases Assertion (A): zinc Oxide is an ampho-
teric oxide.
The base has a bitter taste and a slip- Reason (R): Metal oxides which react
pery texture. A base dissolved in water with both acids as well as bases are
is called an alkali. When chemically known as amphoteric oxides.
reacting with acids, such compounds (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R)
produce salts. Bases are known to turn
are true and Reason (R) is the correct
blue on red litmus paper.
explanation of the Assertion (A).
Base+metal salt+hydrogen (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R)
are true, but Reason (R) is not the cor-
2NaOH(aq)+Zn(s) Na2ZnO2(aq)+H2(g)
rect explanation of the Assertion (A).
2NaOH(aq)+2Al(s)+2H2O(I)
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R)
2NaAlO2(aq)+2H2(g)
is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R)
Amphoteric Oxides of Metals is true.

Amphoteric oxides are metal oxides

which react with both acids as well as
bases to form salt and water.
For example - Al2O3, ZnO, Pbo, Sno
Al2O3 + 6HCI 2AICI3 + 3H2O
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O
(Sodium
aluminate)

Space for Keynotes....

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 PoSoCaMa AZINİTİLe H COMSiGo

K Potassium
Which of the following statements is Most reactive
Na Sodium
true for an amphoteric oxide ?
Ca Calcium
(a) It reacts only with acid and does not
Mg Magnesium
form water.
Al Aluminium
(b) It reacts with acid as well as base to
Zn Zinc
form salt and hydrogen gas.
Fe Iron
(c) It reacts with both acid as well as
Ni Nickel Reactivity
base to form salt and water. decreases
Sn Tin
(d) It reacts only with base and does
Pb Lead
not form water.
H Hydrogen
Cu Copper
Hg Mercury
Ag Silver Least
Au Gold reactive

Displacement Reaction
A more reactive element displaces a
less reactive element from its com-
pound or solution.

Metal A+Salt of metal B Salt of

rEACTIVITY SERIES metal A + Metal B
Fe(s)+CuSO4(aq)
The reactivity Series is a list of metals FeSO4(aq)+Cu(s)
arranged in the order of their decreas-
ing activities. Cu(s)+2AgNO3(aq)
Cu(NO3)(aq)+2Ag(s)

Space for Keynotes...

Space for Keynotes...

NEST JUNIOR CLASS 10 ENTRANCE EXAM CONTACT US ON : 6009 100 300 6

 Zinc (Zn) displace Iron (Fe) from FeSO4
solution.
So the pale green colour of the solution
disappears
Zn+ FeSO4 ZnSO4 + Fe

The colour of the solution observed

after 30 minutes of placing zinc metal METAL
to copper sulphate solution is
a) Blue
Dil.HCI
b) Colourless
c) Dirty green
d) Reddish Brown METAL GAS
SALT

Which of the following two combina-

tions are correct?

A pale green solution of ferrous sul-

phate was taken in four separate test
A. i and iii
tubes marked I, II, III and IV. Pieces of Cu,
B. i and iv
Zn and Al were dropped in test tubes II,
C. ii and iii
III and IV respectively. In which case(s)
D. ii and iv
(a) the colour of ferrous sulphate solu-
tion will match with the colour in test
tube (I)? Give reason.
(b) the colour of ferrous sulphate solu-
tion will fade and black mass will be de-
posited on the surface of the metal ?

NEST JUNIOR CLASS 10 ENTRANCE EXAM CONTACT US ON : 6009 100 300 7

 What happens when (Report only ob- Name the metals that can be dis-
servations) placed, when excess of iron fillings is
(i) a reactive metal reacts with a dilute added to a solution containing a mix-
mineral acid ? ture of ions of Pb, Zn, Hg and Mg
(ii) an amphoteric oxide reacts with
sodium hydroxide solution ?
(iii) a metal of low reactivity is dropped
in the salt solution of a metal
of high reactivity ?
(iv) a metal carbonate is treated with
acid ?

Zinc is used in the galvanisation of iron

and not copper.

Answer the questions on the basis of

your understanding of the following
passage and related studied concepts
The reactivity series is a list of metals
arranged in the order of their decreas-
ing activities. Copper and silver, both
being placed lower than hydrogen in
the reactivity series are easily dis-
placed out of a solution of their ions by 5 mL each of concentrated HCI, HNO3
reactive metals higher up in the reac- and a mixture of concentrated HCl (15
tivity series. Iron, however cannot dis- mL) and concentrated HNO3 (5 mL)
place ions of Na and Ca as it is placed were taken in a test tube labelled as A, B
below Na and Ca in the reactivity series. and C. A small pieces of metal was put
in each test tube. No change occurred

NEST JUNIOR CLASS 10 ENTRANCE EXAM CONTACT US ON : 6009 100 300 8

 in test tube A and B but the metal got only two types of elements) are
dissolved in the tube C. Identify of named by first writing the name of the
metal present in test tube C. cation, then the name of the anion.
The electrostatic attractions between
the opposite-charged ions hold the
compound together.
Example: MgCl2, CaO, MgO, NaCl etc.

Properties of Ionic Compounds

(i) Physical nature: Ionic compounds
are solids and are somewhat hard be-
cause of the strong force of attraction
between the positive and negative
ions. These compounds are generally
brittle and break into pieces when
pressure is applied.
(ii) Melting and Boiling points: Ionic
Name two metals which will displace compounds have high melting
hydrogen from dilute acids. and boiling points. This is because a
considerable amount of energy is
required to break the strong inter-ion-
ic attraction.
(iii) Solubility: Electrovalent com-
pounds are generally soluble in water
and insoluble in solvents such as ker-
osene, petrol, etc.
(iv) Conduction of Electricity: The con-
duction of electricity through a solu-
tion involves the movement of
charged particles. A solution of an
ionic compound in water contains
ions, which move to the opposite elec-
trodes when electricity is passed
through the solution. Ionic com-
ionic Compounds pounds in the solid state do not con-
duct electricity because movement of
ions in the solid is not possible due to
lonic compounds are neutral com- their rigid structure. But ionic com-
pounds that are made up of positively pounds conduct electricity in the
charged cations and negatively molten state. This is possible in the
charged anions. Binary ionic com- molten state since the elecrostatic
pounds (ionic compounds containing forces of attraction between the op-

NEST JUNIOR CLASS 10 ENTRANCE EXAM CONTACT US ON : 6009 100 300 9

 positely charged ions are overcome
due to the heat. Thus, the ions move
freely and conduct electricity. List two properties of ionic compounds
other than their high melting and boil-
ing points.

Why do ionic compounds in the solid

state not conduct electricity? Give
reason

Electronic configuration of some elements

Type of Element Atomic number Number of
element Electrons in Shells
Helium (He) 2 2
Noble Neon (Ne) 10 2 8
gases
Argon (Ar) 18 2 8 8

Sodium (Na) 11 2 8 1
Metals Magnesium (Mg) 12 2 8 2
Aluminium (Al) 13 2 8 3
Potassium (K) 19 2 8 8 1
Calcium (Ca) 20 2 8 8 2

Non Nitrogen (N) 7 2 5

-metals
Oxygen (O) 8 2 6
Fluorine (F) 9 2 7
Phosphorus (P) 15 2 8 5
Sulphur (S) 16 2 8 6
Chlorine (CI) 17 2 8 7

NEST JUNIOR CLASS 10 ENTRANCE EXAM CONTACT US ON : 6009 100 300 10

 (a) The atomic number of sodium is 11.
Write its electronic configuration and
state the number of electrons it can
lose to have a stable octet.
(b) The atomic number of chlorine is 17.
Write its electronic configuration.
Name the nearest noble gas whose
octet chlorine will attain after gaining
one electron.
(c)Show the formation of MgO by the
transfer of electrons. The atomic
numbers of magnesium and oxygen
are 12 and 8 respectively.

Formation of sodium chloride

(a) Show the electron transfer in the

formation of magnesium chloride.
(b) While forming an ionic compound
say sodium chloride, how does sodium
atom attain its stable configuration ?

NEST JUNIOR CLASS 10 ENTRANCE EXAM CONTACT US ON : 6009 100 300 11

Occurrence of Metals Extraction of Metals
Most elements, especially metals, The process of extracting metal ores
occur in nature in a combined state buried deep underground is called
with other elements. All these com- Mining. The metal ores are found in the
pounds of metals are known as miner- earth's crust in varying abundance.
als. But out of them, only a few are The extraction of metals from ores is
viable sources of that metal. Such what allows us to use the minerals in
sources are called ores. the ground! The ores are very different
Au, Pt exists in the native or free state. from the finished metals that we see in
buildings and bridges. Ores consist of
the desired metal compound and the
impurities and earthly substances
called Gangue.

Ore

Concentration of ore

Metals of Metals of Metals of

High medium low
Reactivity reactivity reactivity

Electrolysis of Sulphide
Carbonate Sulphide ores
molten ore
ore ore

Pure metal Calcination Roasting Roasting

Metal
Oxide of metal

Refining
Reduction
to metal

Purification
of metal

NEST JUNIOR CLASS 10 ENTRANCE EXAM CONTACT US ON : 6009 100 300 12

 On the basis of reactivity, we can group Concentration of ore
the metals into the following three cat-
egories Ores mined from the earth are usually
contaminated with large amounts of
(i) Metals of low reactivity
impurities such as soil, sand, etc.called
(ii) Metals of medium reactivity gangue.
(iii) Metals of high reactivity. The impurities must be removed from
Different techniques are to be used for the ore prior to the extraction of the
obtaining the metals falling in each metal.
category. The processes used for removing the
gangue from the ore are based on the
differences between the physical or
chemical properties of the gangue
and the ore. Different separation tech-
niques are accordingly employed.
The metals at the bottom of the activ-
ity series are the least reactive.
They are often found in a free state. Extracting Metals Low in
Gold,platinum,silver and copper are
found in the free state.
the Activity Series
Copper and silver are also found in Metals low in the activity series are
the combined state as their sulphide very unreactive. The oxides of these
or oxide ores metals can be reduced to metals by
The metals at the top of the activity heating alone. For example, cinnabar
series (K, Na, Ca, Mg and Al) are so (HgS) is an ore of mercury. When it is
reactive that they are never found in heated in air, it is first converted into
nature as free elements. mercuric oxide (HgO). Mercuric oxide
is then reduced to mercury on further
The metals in the middle of the activi-
heating.
ty series (Zn, Fe, Pb, etc.) are moder- Heat
ately reactive. They are found in the
earth’s crust mainly as oxides, sulphi-
des or carbonates. Heat
The ores of many metals are oxides.
This is because oxygen is a very reac- Similarly, copper which is found as
tive element and is very abundant on Cu2S in nature can be obtained from
the earth. its ore by just heating in air.
Heat

Heat

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Extracting Metals in the Thermit reaction
Middle of the Activity Series The highly reactive metals such as
sodium, calcium, aluminium, etc., are
The metals in the middle of the activity used as reducing agents because
series such as iron, zinc, lead, copper, they can displace metals of lower
etc., are moderately reactive. reactivity from their compounds.
These are usually present as sulphides The amount of heat evolved is so large
or carbonates in nature. that the metals are produced in the
Therefore, prior to reduction, the metal molten state.
sulphides and carbonates must be
converted into metal oxides
Heat

Roasting
Reaction of iron oxide (Fe2O3) with alu-
The sulphide ores are converted into minium is used to join railway tracks or
oxides by heating strongly in the pres- cracked machine parts. This reaction
ence of excess air. is known as the thermit reaction.

Calcination Heat

The carbonate ores are changed into

oxides by heating strongly in limited
air.
With the help of suitable chemical
equations, list the two main differences
Roasting between roasting and calcination.
Heat
How is metal reduced from the product
obtained after roasting/calcination
of the ore ?
Calcination
Heat Write the chemical equation for the
reaction involved.
The metal oxides are then reduced to
the corresponding metals by using
suitable reducing agents such as
carbon.
ZnO(s) + C(s) Zn(s) + CO(g)

NEST JUNIOR CLASS 10 ENTRANCE EXAM CONTACT US ON : 6009 100 300 14

 (a) Name an ore of Mercury
(b) What happens to zinc carbonate
when it is heated strongly in a limited
supply of air ?
(c) The reaction of a metal A with Fe2O3
is highly exothermic and is used to join
railway tracks.
(I) Identify the metal A and name the
reaction taking place.
(II) Write the chemical equation for the
reaction of metal A with Fe2O3

Extracting Metals towards

the Top of the Activity Series
The metals high up in the reactivity
series are very reactive.They cannot
be obtained from their compounds by
heating with carbon.
Carbon cannot reduce the oxides of
sodium, magnesium, calcium, alumin-
The given reaction shows one of the ium, etc., to the respective metals. This
processes to extract the metals like Iron is because these metals have more
and Mn affinity for oxygen than carbon.
MnO2 (s) + Al(s) Mn(1) + Al2O3(s) + These metals are obtained by electro-
Heat lytic reduction.
a) Give reason why the above reaction Sodium, magnesium and calcium are
obtained by the electrolysis
is known as a thermit reaction.
of their molten chlorides.
b) Identify the substance oxidised and The metals are deposited at the cath-
reduced in the above reaction. ode (the negatively charged
c) Give a reason why Aluminium is pref- electrode) whereas, chlorine is liberat-
erably used in thermit reactions. ed at the anode (the positively
charged electrode).

NEST JUNIOR CLASS 10 ENTRANCE EXAM CONTACT US ON : 6009 100 300 15

At cathode obtain mercury from cinnabar. Write
the chemical equation for the reac-
At anode tions involved in the process.

We cannot use carbon to obtain

sodium from sodium oxide.
Why ?
State the reactions taking place at
cathode and anode
during electrolytic reduction of sodium
chloride.

Electrolytic Refining
Metals like copper, zinc, nickel, silver,
tin, gold etc., are refined electrolytical-
ly.
Anode: impure or crude metal
Cathode: a thin strip of pure metal
Electrolyte: aqueous solution of metal
salt

Pure Copper
(Cathode)
Impure
Copper
(Anode)
Copper
Sulphate
(a) Name the process of reduction Solution with
H2SO4
used for a metal that gives vigorous
reaction with air and water
(b) Carbon cannot be used as a reduc-
ing agent to obtain aluminium from its
oxide? Why?
(c) Describe briefly the method to

NEST JUNIOR CLASS 10 ENTRANCE EXAM CONTACT US ON : 6009 100 300 16

 At anode (oxidation): metal ions are Prevention of Corrosion
released into the solution
At cathode (reduction): the equivalent Coating with paints or oil or grease:
amount of metal from the solution is The application of paint or oil or grease
deposited on metal surfaces keep out air and
Impurities deposit at the bottom of the moisture.
anode Galvanisation: This is a process of
coating molten zinc on iron articles.
Zinc forms a protective layer and pre-
vents corrosion.
Alloying: Alloyed metal is more resis-
In the electrolytic refining of copper, tant to corrosion.
name the anode and cathode used Example: stainless steel(alloy of iron
and the electrolyte taken in the cell. and carbon,and other
elements)

Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of a

metal with other metals or nonmetals.
Alloy formation enhances the desir-
able properties of the material, such as
hardness, tensile strength and resis-
tance to corrosion.
Brass: copper and zinc
Bronze: copper and tin
Solder: lead and tin
CORROSION Amalgam: mercury and other metal

Silver articles become black after Electroplating: It is a method of coat-

some time when exposed to air.This is ing one metal with another by the use
because it reacts with sulphur in the air of an electric current. This method not
to form a coating of silver sulphide. only lends protection but also enhanc-
es the metallic appearance.
Copper reacts with moist carbon diox- Examples: silver plating, and nickel
ide in the air and slowly loses its shiny plating.
brown surface and gains a green coat. Sacrificial protection: Magnesium is
This green substance is copper car- more reactive than iron.
bonate. When it is coated on articles made of
iron or steel, it acts as the cathode un-
Iron when exposed to moist air ( both dergoes a reaction (sacrifice) instead
air and water) for a long time acquires of iron and protects the articles.
a coating of a brown flaky substance
called rust

NEST JUNIOR CLASS 10 ENTRANCE EXAM CONTACT US ON : 6009 100 300 17

 Bronze is an alloy of In the process of galvanisation of iron,
(a) Copper and Zinc the metal used for the coating over iron
(b) Aluminium and Tin is:
(c) Copper, Tin and Zinc (a) Aluminium
(d) Copper and Tin (b) Gallium
(c) Zinc
(d) Lead

a) What is an amalgam ?
(b) Why is solder used for making elec-
trical fuse ?
(c) What is galvanisation? State its sig-
nificance.

NEST JUNIOR CLASS 10 ENTRANCE EXAM CONTACT US ON : 6009 100 300 18

 Ore

Concentration of ore

Metals of Metals of Metals of

High medium low
Reactivity reactivity reactivity

Electrolysis of Sulphide
Carbonate Sulphide ores
molten ore
ore ore

Pure metal Calcination Roasting Roasting

Metal
Oxide of metal

Refining
Reduction
to metal

Purification
of metal