Synchoanus eachines

0iseusR he motue ogernetun reocton om alte Ynato

fuctor lood.
2
af'ne ltge nguebin
3
Ge&ile mettod atewhting attag sag atim
te EMF nnetod
of an t erato? Why n t talled Ressimitit method 9
4
Beseibe the zero method
caloaethg atag platen fon ateneto
how
0CC amd ar two

heotier tiongle method

on altentos.

Qesenibe the mmf metod

oß on
anata, hy in t Galled otiniatic metod)
E-lan tie conditond
alt ernati.

hding attenston
8
nize two
in atenatoy to

thee a neat
de sauibe' the ineuit digm
proceduse.
 With iscuit. omd onmectm
2

3- þhase ltrnats to the gid or to am er eaiating

another
alteenator. Name Bne uhattute oß thn method.
desaibe method am alternatu
Wth in.

Eftan oy yindaicad roto atunatas haute small

diamete e ange ength wkile
Balient . Liamee and
on u Care

alternto vaious mmfemffux , euthenta

etc.
mach ne
 flbx emfnduced
podures flux
When pield oimding
In the ametue oinding ayd i i caries
CUNENt hen amalure nte tsep
poduces mmf flDX ohich tmed as
emature eaction
he naUae op 0mmatue eACc0on iS dependent E
the pooCT factta o the load .
The motUe op amature reaciem is dependert N
he the l00d.

Resistive Load (uPE)

uenerade Molor
E

(a go

CoDsS daris
Aix qap IMogitiSing
exciata
flUx
 laggin Pouve factus
bteneoatoo Motoo

Cooss- mogvehizg Mogmelizing

Demagnczing
+
Cgoss- magneitdng
footially
 Moto
Geneatoh

ad
ad
J a
Mqnctzing
mgneting.
rossM -ag
frlr

The nat
armatu heacliun dabendent
foatin
 Voltage Requaien SynchsonDys Machine -
fluudion in
n
epreserd Jhe
VoHoge Reguialion aY atenator as the lbod
load D full lo
altenato L3 Vaoied fpm
VN- VELL
Votoge Requlation =

|Vzald

UgUaly

when T, =0
V

when Ia= Ia aka)

VR = JEElVEI X1DD /.
 Synchoonous Tmpedence Melhod Bo EMF Method
Thig method doesn' v exact su because t
Imtopduceg the CONkept Of 8ymchonoug mpedence
ayd S4nchaonous eactace
EX Eat Jags Ta by 0'
Eal Er =-Ia Xay
Taða
Prpoional
ConStan!
Xr - Hypo thetica)
MFay eactance
epresenting AR.
FoDm the vecte diagoam we
Cayn obeve Jhat amate
mmp foT ConVeAed
tb Eaz and Jhen added
to E to obBain 8Ullan!
EMF Erkhich meays AR takes
Ido acOUnt in the fom or EMF he hen MME
In EMF mehod he diprerence beHweeYn ç 2 Va
i3 degroibed in tems had meang all the
EMF
oops e congideted as EMF So it is called EMF
mehod
Detcmine
da Vol4mete ammeeo nethod
by
IaXs)
-’ V.R = Er -V x4DD -

Voc

Z,(Un-sat)
ME
Fon Shot CK# (V- 0)
Sot = Isc
Voc
D Isc

Z=Open Ckt Volae at ceotain fied coment

3h04 CKA CUnnd at the Same field corent

In hmeo? egion up - Jouo)

K1
Zs = Ka

It Me doesn' Saturate hat in oc emalng Jinear Jhen

the setio af Voc & Ige at any field cunit wl rean
80me
Due to Satbradion Voc is Jegs as Compared do
Nalve pedictedof byZs Jinea
Jhe Value behaviouy due toCompared
uohich
Calculated
to UnsatuaBed .

Whue plnding
fleld cUmet for
we qenevaly Consides ated
Momesicl puxpose that L8
he field CUYend a ohich DCC giveg ated
\ol4age
Eg -’ Voc = 11 KV Ip = 1DA
Ise = 300A Ip = 12 A.
We must I a ohtch Voc = Vaked
Voc = Vad= 11 KY.) Toe I; scc Jinear).
10 X 30O = 25DA.
Ise I - 12) 12

410D0
Zs = 250

ADAB ave smilay.

AB CD

Ise Isc - SCR.

Irted

SCR (Shot CKt Rotio ) -’ T lb the aio o fielà

CUNONd equived t0 poodúce
2ated VblBage n cpen cKt to the piad cuNOd
equirad to pruduce Tated CUSTErt On Shot
CKt
SCR = Ise
Z, = Voc (oraes) Tyated
G Why EMF method s called 03 pass- mistic
Method ?
EMF method alusayg glves he value o voltage
actua Value aYd
regulation higherCalledhen thepassimustie
hence t mehod.

3mee scC is near due o pue de magnetzing

tatke into
Amattre Reachon
cONStde vatGn doesn'3
henre Hhe Value op z btain lieg m
tbsluokdgegion ohich s highe hen Zs
ZlSalunated) go pbtain Valve of volHge dop
J
Valle
vol 4age eguation 13 also higheo hen actual
To minimize this eY we must 8e highet
Value op ho4 ckt CUNent ohich wl give
loweet possible valve of Zs end eU4 close
to acua yalve .
 Potiey Toiangle Melhod -

EMF mehod is a psinestic mehod thad giveg

VolHage Degulatien higher then the actual Value
ohee-a MME method 3 a optimigtic method
that glve8 Vbltage egolation Jess then the acval Vale
EMF method considey ematue Teadien and leakoge
both VolBage doop MMF mehod cOnsIde
Cometur 1ea koge MMF Where 0
Die tolangle considess |eakage as Vollage dop awd
CmaBure readien
m tesms or MMF & hene t
gives moe accUYale 4hen bOh EMF &
EXAMDOST
MMF method

Ea

Eas

/Xal a
++
L

Er
F = + Fa - 2F,Fa COs(0+a)
AFar
 Ey aXa
Asupme Ia

Ia
+ I, Zo'xa)

In oxde t0 find f we meed thoee quandiies

F, For and d sing the phaso add tiog of
e 07d he leakage Voltoge drop oe cam find
hence toe can find ngle

Steps to delemineoge
Potle Toiangle Method
Reguafion aing
D Connec a zPE logging (pad a alternat8 teomins
Ahat daws a deaied
Find E0CC sing
gives comee eltion beueen Ex and F
3 Assume
80 lnd wing DCC
Find Fr Inteosectibn
using 0f V oth zprC
0CC
Ep |0I.Kal t PotieT A
ZPFC

A8 Ia Xal
BC : For

-,
 The torogle AABC Ls caled as potie taiangle
poies 4A
U8ing the base of poties e can dele mine
Fa shich can then be ubtaached from fo
UsiYg Vecto subiraction to deteo mine fp:
Dsing he value of tr oe can deviVe EMF om

USing EMF aYd Va

V oe Can derive yolBoge
Degulatien.

EXAVDOSE
Er
0LXal
Potler A
-ZPFC.

for

f f
leight o potloo A- glves eakage Vollage dop
Base of potie A glves matue actlon
The vet cal disBance bluo oCc & ZPFC qves
total ollage dop ammatoe eachion cnd
leakage
 MMF Mehod -
In MMF method boh amaUe eaclon anò leakage
Oe cong ldesed n Jeng op MME nsteod 0f
EMF

+ iTa Xa + Ia Xor

Er =
Assume machne s Umsatusated
ST
E = -Kf (EMF log3 by o)

-JK -\K MB
ÉX
Fas t Fat

2
 O9sume Ia

In his meBhod toe do not diecy deolve the

nduced emf but we oy to pind pield mmf
by Jhe F1 & Far t Fal 0olened ad an
engle
The ngle can be deteomjned by pinding Jhe
Voltage E4 fom and Taa andthen we
meed Fao t Fa

3icps-.
2
Ptot
Fnd
OCC
Ex = 4 t aa
SCC
asSUme
S
CUYTEC elatlonhip bellee Egs & Fs then
find Fa4 uing
Foo a given val ve of Ta find Faa + Fal ethes
SCC ZPFC
Fnd p sng the equatlen desesibed and pind
cOSsponding Ep fom Jo VoiHage
Regulallon
Connect a zPf Ahat daws
desied Ia
ZPFC
Exs
(Ass ume
Ya Small
Fab+
Fal
Fort Fal
 The methods for finding out the voltage regulation of an alternator are ..
i) Synchronous impedance (or emf) method i) Ampere-turn (or mmf) method
Potier (or Zero power factor) method.
Out of these methods, synchronous impedance or emtmethod method gives pessimistic ..e
of determination
This is due to the fact that in synchronous impedance of voltage
regulation synchronous reactance is assumedto be constant will actually it varies with the
the effect of
saturation (at low saturation its value is higher because armature reaction is
short circuit conditions, saturation is
larger than that at high saturation). Now underimpedance measured is higher than th
low and, therefore, the value of synchronous determined is higher than actual one
actual operating conditions and the regulation this method is less than the actual val.
in
The value of voltage regulation obtainedmethod.
therefore, the method is called optimistic
 loaded to
at then hghes beAhould
Sy34em existing to
eqval
e hoshouldalHencealtematoo "
and
cftr ont,"sopplyA dur alteonatD
then pouges tant and
corhed gets lteoratoo ohen
e the higherto slighlly is
kept goeqvency The L
exLting highes stighy
allnat Incoming then Fyequency
op
8y9tem extn of eqval
voltage be
&hbuld
ateona incomn Teoiminal
Sy3Bem: exstjg incoming Sequence,thate PhaseBame
hoold
e alteonato
llon parallel Requised
to Condition
m
D More economica) ’ Because i ammede wnding
Hhen i
eqines3 Slip ings but ield wmding is
hen it Ueqoises enly 2 sip

OMoe ernciency ’ By the u8e of tuoD Slip

ings ns te ad of 3 sip
71ng3 , de con minimize the 1osses and
hence We CAm impove eficiency

Erlcient Coolma-’ Stationay amc tanding

Can be cooleO
epcleny
Moe
reld winding en D0t,
the toeig ht is educed ayd hence
CaY highes speed
onveniend Constouctiop -’ The winding can be
baaced Jn a beHes
Loay ogaingt electo-magnctic fove if t is
ACCoMen dated 3tatoo Sl0t

Because Df ll Jheze DC geneoatar

Cam handle as much poweo ay
AC gonectto
 Dook Lomp Method
n this method 3 Jamps Ane bus
commected
EXAMDOS
temmima aterneto

Tn this method la mp beOmes cak ohen VolHage

at both , ends f lamp magnldephae i4
idendical I lomp' heve lbecome
meas the Yolkage mquitude boH
Bame
ot inave
alknatr eqyal by chauj prel
 bienertoo frequen
Thinte bug frequenmy -
Vhnp =

Vm cos togt - costo41.

2VmSin Sm 2
2 J
b/uo -1 &1.
Amptaude .

2 bad freqveny Jouo)

Cosiea equeny high)
Andi-node
Von

Node

Pead freque ney The ioBage aD% a Jomp

Vaoles
(s- 9) called as,
Which deleomingg the equency.
Jamp becomes
a ohich volBage
Time b/o 2 Nodeg 27/wet
2
2)L
Wbat
The time blu nodes meague
the reqvenY, difence
inginide bus ba bas alesnatoy
-g0 if the lamp. plikeos
the fequen dirence
ir
he Jamp difrecnce
flies a
Small
gmall
ele then requeny direxc Me
Case - 1 Opnosite phae geq

uog-o)

La- f

EXAM 120 0pla on

a'
L- of Ln b Le - ON
Offes 120 0tai¡n -

Le - o La l Lb- DN
 opposlte', to
Ingine
lMinie bus
One ayd
henlomp be come
.Qenesaos eavency
One
is highei
hen inginue b then Sequ~nre op beromln
La b Le
le ha bus ýrq then 3eqvehce
brroming dase
daxe be comes La ,Le ,Lb:
Case -2 Same Phage Sequence

b
Las Lo, Le all
T the fampa becomed a at he geme
ime 4hen he phaze
Same
3eqvence
mpinie Imcomlng genatn
Answer:
The cylindrical rotor alternators have small diameter and large core lengths because this
type of rotor is used for alternators, which are coupled to steam turbines, which run a
very high speeds. To reduce the peripheral speed of the alternator the diameler
rotor is reduced and axial length is increased. Since these rotors have large lens
core forced ventilation is necessary for
proper cooling.
 Forced air-cooling is used up to about 50 MVA sizes and for bigger sizes hydrogen
ing is invariably employed because the conductivity of hydrogen is about 7 times that
ofair.
Salient pole alternators have large diameter and small core length because this type of
rotor is used for altenators, which are coupled to hydraulic turbines, which run at low
sneeds divided, by the type of turbine and water head, having large number of poles. This
diameter thus becomes very large to accommodate large number of poles. With diameter
arne as 1Sm with several hundred tones of load, it is just not possible to transport the
machine as asingle unit and in fact it is transported to the site in sections.
 Eat
Eal

Far +ar

oaer fector angle

fuaer factor angle.
Ed faa

-jia Xu
Ear =

1.

E - a (Xaut an)-ra

grchromus
Ar matWe heitamee.