Money and Shopping.

Handout of Language Learning and Practice

Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ................................................................................................ 2
1. MONEY ................................................................................................ 3
Talking about money ........................................................................... 7
Benefits and problems of money ......................................................... 8
Cultural attitudes towards money ..................................................... 20
Consolidation ................................................................................... 26
2. MONEY ATTITUDES .......................................................................... 27
Money attitudes ................................................................................ 27
Money-saving tips ............................................................................. 31
Financial skills ................................................................................... 34
Pocket money .................................................................................... 39
Consolidation ................................................................................... 42
3. FORMS OF PAYMENT ........................................................................ 43
Payment options ............................................................................... 43
Credit and debit cards ...................................................................... 44
Cryptocurrency ................................................................................ 51
Consolidation ................................................................................... 52
4. HAVING A LOT OF/LITTLE MONEY .................................................... 53
Having a lot of money ........................................................................ 53
Having little money ............................................................................ 62
Consolidation ................................................................................... 70
5. SHOPPING ........................................................................................ 71
Types of shoppers ............................................................................ 71
Shopping psychology ....................................................................... 55
Online shopping ................................................................................ 79
Consolidation ................................................................................... 92
6. TYPES OF SHOPS .............................................................................. 93
Types of shops .................................................................................. 93
Corner shop/supermarket ................................................................. 96
Shopping centre/department store ................................................. 101
Markets .......................................................................................... 109
Consolidation ................................................................................. 113
7. SECOND-HAND SHOPPING ............................................................. 114
Second-hand shops ........................................................................ 114
Circular economy ........................................................................... 118
Consolidation ................................................................................. 127
REFERENCES ..................................................................................... 129

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
PREFACE

This revised edition is an attempt to provide students of English Language I with

language learning and practice material for Unit 3: Money and Shopping. It
contains a great variety of speaking, reading, listening and writing activities that
will help students practise the four skills in an integrated way when they deal
with the main subtopics related to the unit. The handout is divided into seven
main sections: Money, Money Attitudes, Forms of Payment, Having a Lot
of/Little Money, Shopping, Types of Shops and Second Hand Shopping, so that
students can learn about different aspects of money and shopping in an
organised way. Each section begins with a list of the main learning objectives
and its subsections. Explicit teaching of key learning strategies is included so
that students learn how to control and improve their own learning. Updated
phrasal verb, sentence transformation and word formation activities are also
included throughout the handbook. At the end of each section, students will find
a list of the main online resources of the VLE that will help them further practise
the topics and a checklist that will help students revise and check their
progress. We hope that this revised edition can help students learn the
subtopics of the unit in an enjoyable way.

Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez

MONEY
Main objectives  To learn sayings, quotes, meanings, compound
words and collocations with money
 To learn the concept of money, its advantages,
challenges, and its relationship with cultural
traditions worldwide
 To learn how and when to use the strategies
using your dictionaries and recognizing
formulas and patterns

Sections 1. Talking about money

2. Benefits and problems of money
3. Cultural attitudes towards money
4. Consolidation

TALKING ABOUT MONEY

1. In pairs, read these sayings about money and try to figure out their
meanings. Which ones do you agree with? Why?

Money doesn‘t grow on trees.

Put your money where your mouth is.
Look after the pennies and the pounds will look after themselves.
Love of money is the root of all evil.

Are there similar sayings in Spanish? Do you know any other money
sayings in English or Spanish? Which ones?

2. With the class, read these quotes related to money. Which ones do you
agree with? Be ready to justify your answers.

―A wise person should have money in their head, but not in their heart.‖
Jonathan Swift (1667 - 1745), Anglo-Irish author and essayist; well-known for works such as
Gulliver's Travels (1726) and A Modest Proposal (1729)

―I am opposed to millonaires, but it would be dangerous to offer me the position.‖

Mark Twain (1835 - 1910), American author and humorist

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
―When I was young, I thought that money was the most important thing in life; now
that I am old I know that it is.‖
Oscar Wilde (1854 - 1900), Irish writer and poet

―Money poisons you when you‘ve got it and starves you when you haven‘t.‖
D.H. Lawrence (1885 - 1930), English writer, novelist, and poet; remembered by his novels
Women in Love and Lady Chatterley's Lover

―Giving back has kept me grounded. Stepping outside of yourself to serve a group
or community of people who are in need in some facet has a way of doing that. I
don't ever want to go to a place where giving back becomes a foreign concept.‖
Karen Civil (1984 - ), Haitian American businesswoman; activist of women's rights in the
workplace and in hip hop

―Before you speak, listen. Before you write, think. Before you spend, earn. Before
you invest, investigate. Before you criticize, wait. Before you pray, forgive. Before
you quit, try. Before you retire, save. Before you die, give.‖
William A. Ward (1921 - 1994), American writer; remembered by his book poems and articles

―Financial independence is paramount. My mom always says that, when a woman

is financially independent, she has the ability to live life on her own terms. I think
that was the soundest advice that I ever got. No matter where you go in life or who
you get married to, you have to be financially independent — whether you use it or
not.‖
Priyanka Chopra (1982 - ), Indian actress and producer; one of India's highest-paid actresses and
has received numerous accolades

3. DICTIONARY WORK: Look up the word money in your monolingual

dictionaries and find out its different meanings, collocations and set
expressions.

USING YOUR MONOLINGUAL DICTIONARIES

Using your monolingual dictionaries to learn English is a useful

and valuable strategy. In fact, with your monolingual dictionaries, you can get
information about the spelling, pronunciation, form, meaning and use of a word.
If the word you are looking up has more than one possible spelling, monolingual

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
dictionaries usually show the alternative spelling in brackets. Monolingual
English dictionaries show the pronunciation of a word and also point out if there
is a difference between British and American pronunciation. At the beginning of
each entry, dictionaries also show the plural form of nouns, the comparative and
superlative form of adjectives and the irregular forms of verbs. The register of a
word is also indicated in brackets and the typical prepositions, adverbs and
structures of a word are usually in bold. It is also useful to know that the
meanings of the words are organized according to frequency; that is, the most
common meanings of a word are listed first. Dictionaries exemplify the
meanings and uses of a word with sentences taken from a corpus, i.e.,
sentences taken from ―real‖ sources. Read these examples to learn typical
ways in which the word is used and useful collocations. Finally, monolingual
dictionaries also list frequent set expressions and idioms with the word given.
As you can see, your monolingual dictionaries contain a lot more than just the
meanings of words!
Adapted from: Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies. What every teacher should know. Heinle ELT.

4. COMPOUND WORDS WITH MONEY: Use your monolingual dictionaries

to find out the difference in meaning among the following compound
words. Then, complete the sentences below with the correct compound
word.

paper money
plastic money
pocket money
housekeeping money
serious money
danger money
hush money
funny money
cheap money
easy money
black money
counterfeit money

1. When it comes to earning a living, some jobs require individuals to

handle _________________, which compensates them for working in
hazardous conditions. In certain situations, people may encounter the
term _________________, which refers to a payment made to maintain
secrecy or silence.

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
2. Another type is _________________, which refers to electronic payment
methods such as credit cards and online transfers.
3. Another concept related to money is _________________, which
denotes undisclosed income obtained through illegal means.
4. Money plays a significant role in our lives, and it comes in various forms.
One form of money is _________________, which includes banknotes
and coins, representing the physical currency we use for transactions.
5. Some individuals are always on the lookout for _________________,
which means finding ways to make cash quickly and effortlessly, even if
it comes with a lot of risks.
6. Additionally, we have _________________, which is the allowance or
small amount of money we receive regularly for personal expenses. On
the other hand, _________________ is the cash set aside for taking care
of everyday expenses around the house.
7. It's essential to be cautious of _________________, which is counterfeit
or fake currency that circulates illegally.
8. _________________ refers to counterfeit currency that is not genuine
and is often used illicitly, while _________________refers to easily
accessible funds with low interest rates that can stimulate borrowing and
spending in the economy.
9. When we talk about _________________, we're referring to significant
sums that can really change someone's financial situation or open great
chances for investing and making lots of wealth.

5. Find 8 words related to money in this word search puzzle. Have fun!

6. Use some of the words from the puzzle to complete the text below.

Money comes in the form of (1)______________ (BrE) / bills (AmE), which are
also called paper money, and (2)______________. (3)______________ can
refer to money in general or to money in the form of banknotes or coins, but not
(4)______________, (5)______________, etc. Money in electronic form, known
as e-money/e-cash/e-currency, can be used to buy things on the Internet

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
instead of using a credit card. Money stored on a smart card that you can use to
buy goods in a shop is also called e-money. (6)______________ is the type of
money used in a particular country. Legal tender is the banknotes and coins
that are officially used in a particular place. The denomination of a banknote or
coin is the value that is shown on it
Taken from: https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/money

Culture note: In American English notes are called bills. The American spelling of cheque is
check. Cashpoints, cash dispensers or cash machines are mainly British words while ATM
(Automated/ic Teller Machine) is American. In British English cashpoints are also informally
referred to as holes-in-the-wall.

BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS OF MONEY

7. Look at these pictures. In pairs, discuss these questions:

What are the benefits that money can bring about?

What problems can money bring on?

8. You are going to read an article about money, its benefits, and pitfalls.
Before you read, scan the first paragraph of the text below; find the bold
words. Then, complete the following sentences with the words in bold.

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
1. The euro is the common ____________ used by many countries in the
Eurozone, facilitating seamless monetary transactions across borders.
2. Gold is often considered a valuable ____________ in the world of finance
and investing.
3. When traveling to a foreign country, it is important to familiarize yourself with
the appearance and security features of the local ____________ to avoid
counterfeit currency.
4. ____________, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, have revolutionized the
financial world by introducing a decentralized digital form of money that
operates independently of traditional banking systems.
5. The US dollar serves as a widely recognized unit of ____________, allowing
individuals and businesses to assess the value of goods and services, such
as calculating the price of a laptop or a cup of coffee.
6. In our country, the central bank is responsible for determining the amount of
currency to be ____________, ensuring a stable monetary supply in the
economy.

9. Read the text and complete the activities below.

The Power of Money: Shaping Perspectives and Realities

Money is a commodity accepted by general consent as a medium of

economic exchange. Money serves as a unit of account, enabling the
measurement and comparison of the worth of different goods and services. It also
functions as a store of value, allowing individuals to save and accumulate wealth
over time. In modern economies, money is typically issued and regulated by
central banks, and it can take various forms, including physical currency (such as
banknotes and coins) as well as digital forms like electronic transfers and
cryptocurrencies.

Positive Aspects of Money

Money offers several advantages in economic transactions and society as a

whole.
Medium of Exchange: Money serves as a widely accepted medium of
exchange, eliminating the need for barter and facilitating the exchange of goods
and services. It simplifies transactions by providing a universally recognized unit of
value that can be used to purchase a wide range of goods and services.
Store of Value: Money acts as a store of value, allowing individuals and
businesses to save and accumulate wealth over time. It provides a means to store

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
and preserve purchasing power, enabling savings for future needs, investments,
and long-term financial planning.
Unit of Account: Money serves as a unit of account, providing a standardized
measure of value. It enables easy comparison of the prices and worth of different
goods and services, facilitating economic decision-making and resource allocation.
Economic Growth and Development:
Money plays a crucial role in fostering
economic growth and development. It
provides the means for investment, capital
formation, and entrepreneurship. Financial
markets, banking systems, and credit
mechanisms rely on money to allocate
resources, mobilize savings, and fund productive activities.
International Trade: Money facilitates international trade by serving as a
common medium of exchange in global transactions. It simplifies cross-border
commerce, reduces transaction costs, and fosters economic integration and
cooperation among nations.
Economic Stability: A stable and trusted monetary system, supported by sound
monetary policies, can contribute to economic stability. Stable prices, low inflation,
and confidence in the currency help create a favorable environment for investment,
business growth, and overall economic prosperity.
As mentioned before, money provides advantages such as ease of exchange,
efficiency, store of value, economic growth, and stability. It is a fundamental
component of modern economies, supporting economic activities, trade, and overall
prosperity.

Disadvantages of Money

While money offers numerous advantages, it also comes with certain

disadvantages.
Inequality: The use of money can contribute to wealth inequality. Those who
possess more money have greater purchasing power and access to resources,
while those with limited financial means may struggle to meet their basic needs.
Economic disparities can widen as money concentrates in the hands of a few.
Greed and Materialism: Money can fuel greed and materialistic tendencies, as
the pursuit of wealth becomes a primary focus for individuals and society. This
emphasis on accumulation can lead to a shift in values, where material

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
possessions are prioritized over personal welfare, relationships, and other non-
monetary aspects of life.
Environmental Impact: The pursuit of profit and economic growth driven by
money can have adverse environmental consequences. Natural resources may be
exploited without considering the long-term sustainability and environmental impact.
The emphasis on economic gains can lead to environmental degradation and
disregard for ecological well-being.
Psychological and Social Impacts: Money can have psychological and social
effects. The constant pursuit of wealth
can contribute to stress, anxiety, and
dissatisfaction, as individuals may never
feel they have enough. Societal values
may shift towards materialistic pursuits,
potentially eroding social connections
and empathy.
Corruption and Crime: The existence of money provides opportunities for
corruption and illegal activities. Monetary systems can be susceptible to bribery,
embezzlement, money laundering, and other financial crimes. The concentration of
wealth and financial power can also perpetuate systemic corruption within
institutions.
Materialistic Culture: Consumerism fuels a materialistic culture, where the
possession and display of material goods are highly valued. Money is essential in
acquiring these goods and participating in the consumption-driven society. The
pursuit of material possessions becomes intertwined with personal happiness and
self-worth, leading to a cycle of continual consumption.
It is important to note that many of these disadvantages are not inherent to
money itself but rather stem from the ways in which it is used and the systems in
which it operates. Responsible and equitable economic practices can help mitigate
some of these drawbacks.
In conclusion, money has a rich and complex history that spans civilizations
and centuries. It has transformed from simple trade to intricate financial systems
that drive economies today. The advantages of money are evident in its ability to
facilitate transactions and promote economic growth. It provides a convenient
medium for exchange and a reliable store of value. However, money also has its
pitfalls. It can fuel greed, inequality, and corruption. It can create economic
instability and financial crises when mismanaged. Thus, it is crucial for individuals,
institutions, and societies to recognize both the benefits and risks of money and to
strive for responsible and equitable financial systems that serve the greater good.

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
By understanding the lessons of history and fostering a balanced approach, we can
harness the power of money to create a more prosperous and inclusive future.
Adapted from:
Encyclopædia Britannica. (2023, June 8). Money. https://www.britannica.com/money/topic/money#ref247592
Davies, G. (2016). The evolution of money. University of Wales Press.
Weatherford, J. (2010). The history of money. Crown Publishers.

10. Find the following information in the text.

Section/ Paragraph Information

Disadvantages of The emphasis on economic gains can lead to

Money environmental degradation and disregard for
Paragraph 3 ecological well-being.

A stable and trusted monetary system that includes

sound policies, price stability, low inflation, and
currency confidence.

Wealth inequality can lead to economic disparities

and concentration of wealth in the hands of a few.

Money's evolution drives financial systems; benefits

and risks must be recognized.

Money simplifies transactions by providing a widely

accepted unit of value.

Money is a commodity accepted for economic

exchange and serves as a unit of account.

Consumerism fuels materialistic culture.

11. Vocabulary work: Scan the text, find the bold words, use the context in
the reading to decide the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to
each word.

1. allocation
a. production b. distribution c.placement

2. foster
a. encourage b.block c.prepare

3. rely on
a.distrust b.add c. depend on

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
4. welfare
a.hardship b. well-being c.adversity

5. profit
a. debt b.earnings c. loss

6. pursuit
a. abandon b.refrain c. follow

7. intertwined
a. entangled b. separetad c. independent

8. stem
a. disappear b. cease c. originate

9. span
a. isolate b. interrupt c. extend across

10. strive
a. seek b. refrain c. surrender

12. Answer the following questions. Write the answers in your notebook.

1. What is the function of money as described in the text?

2. Mention three advantages of money as discussed in the text.
3. Explain how money can contribute to wealth inequality.
4. How does money facilitate international trade?
5. What are the potential environmental impacts of the pursuit of money and
economic growth?
6. How can the constant pursuit of wealth and material possessions affect
individuals psychologically and socially?
7. What are some of the negative consequences associated with the
existence of money, such as corruption and crime?
8. In what ways can responsible and equitable economic practices help
mitigate the disadvantages of money?
9. In what ways does exploring the concepts of circular and bioeconomy
deepen our understanding of the evolving relationship between money,
sustainable economic models, and environmental responsibility?
10. Reflecting on the text, what are some ways individuals and societies can
strive for a more balanced and responsible approach to money?

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez

13. In pairs, discuss the following picture. Use the questions below to
guide your conversation.

1. What differences can you see in the picture in terms of life

priorities, expectations, goals, and achievements?
2. What role does money play in our lives and in society?
3. How does our attitude towards money affect our well-being?
4. How does advertising influence our consumption habits and
desires?
5. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of a
consumer-driven society?
6. What factors do you think contribute to a person's happiness?
7. Can happiness be achieved solely through material wealth? Are
there alternative ways to find satisfaction and fulfillment beyond
material possessions?

14. Before watching the video titled “Happiness” by Steve Cutts (2017),
read the background information below.

Steve Cutts is a British artist and animator known for his thought-provoking and visually
captivating works. He gained prominence through his animated shorts and illustrations, which
often explore themes of social and environmental issues, the consequences of modern society,
and the human condition. In ―Happiness‖, Cutts criticizes the notion that the accumulation of
material wealth leads to true happiness, suggesting instead that this pursuit can be isolating,
unfulfilling, and even destructive.

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
15. Now watch the video and choose the correct answer.

Happiness

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9dZQelULDk

1. What does the expression "the rat race" refer to?

a. The intense competition and struggle for success in society.
b. A literal race among rats for food and shelter.
c. A popular game played by rodents.

2. What‘s the destination of the train?

a. something
b. somewhere
c. nothing
d. nowhere

3. How would you describe the rats' comfort levels?

a. They seem content and relaxed.
b. They appear anxious, stressed, and dissatisfied.
c. They seem content and relaxed.
d. They are indifferent and unaffected by their surroundings

4. Why do you think Cutts uses a grey color palette for the rats?
a. To create a contrast with the colorful background.
b. To depict the elegance and sophistication of the rat society.
c. To symbolize the monotonous and dreary nature of their lives.

5. What bands do you recognize which advertise happiness?

a. Nike
b. Coca Cola
c. Mastercard
d. McDonalds
e. Pepsi

6. What are the rats fighting over?

a. Possessions and material goods
b. Power and control

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Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
c. Territory and resources

7. What item does the rat buy next that he thinks will bring him happiness?
a. a TV
b. a burguer
c. a sports car
d. a phone
e. Pepsi

8. What happens to the rat and to the item he bought?

a. The rat keeps the item but realizes it brings no happiness.
b. The rat loses the item, and it gets destroyed.
c. The item transforms into something valuable and rare.

9. What type of product promises happiness next?

a. alcohol
b. soft drinks
c. food
d. perfume

10. What is the result of the rat over-consuming this product?

a. The product provides long-lasting joy and fulfillment.
b. The rat achieves true happiness and contentment.
c. The rat becomes dissatisfied and trapped in a cycle of desire.

11. What is the next product that promises happiness?

a. music
b. a romantic movie
c. pharmaceutical drugs
d. the latest fashionable clothes

12. What happens as a result of consuming this product?

a. The rat's life becomes filled with regret and emptiness.
b. The rat's social status and popularity increase.
c. The product enhances the rat's well-being and relationships.

13. Does his happiness last forever?

a. Yes, it does.
b. No, it doesn‘t.

14. What promises happiness next?

a. a vacation
b. a pretty girl
c. an expensive suit

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Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
d. money

15. What is the result of the rat chasing this?

a. The chase creates a sense of excitement and adventure for the rat.
b. The rat attains its desires and finds happiness.
c. The rat's pursuit leads to disappointment and isolation.

16. What do you think the main theme of this video is?
a. Celebration of luxury and opulence
b. Critique of consumerism and the pursuit of material wealth
c. Exploration of the value of hard work and determination
Adapted from: Renkes, D. (2019). Happiness by Steve Cutts. https://bit.ly/43fv82G

16. After watching the video, in pairs, answer the questions below.

1. What is the main idea of the video "Happiness" by Steve Cutts?

2. How does the video show the search for happiness using pictures
and animations?
3. What does the video say about consumerism and materialism?
4. In what ways does the video "Happiness" highlight the potential
negative consequences of modern technology and social media on
our well-being?
5. What symbols and pictures does the video use to help tell its
message?
6. How does the video make you feel? What do you think about it?

Culture note: If you find the topic of money, materialism, and consumerism interesting, then you
should listen to the song "Money" from the renowned British band Pink Floyd's 1973 album; "The
Dark Side of the Moon," is highly recommended. This song effectively portrays the
corrupting influence of money and its societal repercussions. Through its lyrics, the
song explores the adverse effects that an unhealthy preoccupation with wealth and
material possessions can have.

In addition to the song, another thought-provoking piece that deals with

similar topics is the short story "The Rocking Horse Winner" by D.H. Lawrence
(1926). This narrative offers a compelling exploration of the
destructive power of greed and the persitent pursuit of wealth.
The story revolves around a young boy who becomes obsessed
with finding a way to bring luck and money to his financially
troubled family. It provides valuable insights into the negative
consequences that can arise from an excessive desire for
material gain.

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
Make sure you don't miss out on reading and analyzing this short story, as
it's a crucial part of the course syllabus. Pay close attention to the plot and
characters, and be ready to answer questions about it. You'll also want to
connect the story's content with the ideas of consumerism and materialism
we've been exploring in this section.

17. VERB + MONEY: Match the verbs 1-4 to the phrases a-d.

1. borrow a. to a friend
2. invest b. on new clothes
3. lend c. in research
4. spend d. from the bank

Now match the verbs 5-8 to the phrases e-h.

5. give e. into another currency

6. waste f. to the bank
7. owe g. on useless things
8. change h. to charity

Adapted from: Dellar, H. et al. (2004). Innovations intermediate. London: Thomson Heinle. (p.112).

RECOGNIZING FORMULAS AND PATTERNS

Have you noticed the different prepositions connected with the

verbs? Go back and circle the prepositions connected to particular verbs. When
learning verbs, remember to study the complete verb pattern: verb + noun +
preposition. This learning strategy is called recognizing and using formulas and
patterns and it is very useful to enhance your comprehension and production. In
fact, if you memorize that, for example, you borrow money from and owe
money to, you won‘t make language mistakes when using these verbs!

Adapted from: Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies. What every teacher should know. USA: Heinle ELT.

18. BORROW/LEND: What is the difference in meaning and form between

the verbs borrow and lend? Complete this dialogue with these verbs in
the right form. You may use the same verb more than once.

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez

pay back owe borrow lend

Peter: Mark, can I (1)____________ £5 for a couple of days?

Mark: I‘m always (2)____________ you money. You still
(3)____________ me the £10 I (4)____________ you last week.
Peter: Don‘t worry. I‘ll (5)______ it _______.
Mark: Sure, when? At Christmas?
Peter: No, on Friday. I promise.

Complete another version of the same dialogue with these verbs in the
right form. You may use the same verb more than once.

get back borrow lend pay back

Peter: Mark, could you (6)____________ me £5?

Mark: You‘re always (7)____________ money from me. You still haven‘t
(8)____________the £10 I (9)____________ you last week.
Peter: I know, I know. Don‘t worry. You‘ll (10)______ it ______ on
Friday!

Adapted from: Gough, C. (2002). English vocabulary organiser. Boston: Thomson Heinle (p. 122).

Culture note: In Hamlet, one of Shakespeare‘s most famous plays, Polonious gives this piece of
advice to his son: “Neither a borrower nor a lender be”.
Does this saying exist in Spanish? Do you agree with it? Why (not)?

19. COLLOCATIONS WITH PAY: Put the following words in the right
column. You can use your monolingual dictionaries for help.

(in) cash a new car/flat/house a meal

a driving lesson your debts £10
the rent the bill the bills
a loan your credit cards by cheque/credit card
the mortgage a fine a parking ticket
the drinks taxes sb to (fix your car)

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Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
PAY PAY FOR PAY OFF
in cash a new car/flat/house your debts

20. PHRASAL VERBS WITH PAY: Match the phrasal verbs with pay with
their corresponding meanings.

pay back put money in your bank account

pay down pay all the money you owe sb
pay in give sb the money you owe them, repay
pay off pay sb part of the money you owe them
pay out give sb money you owe, especially when it‘s a large amount

21. WORD FORMS WITH PAY: Use your dictionaries to complete each
sentence with a word or phrase formed from pay. Each space represents
one word.

1. You can pay the full price now or make six monthly ________________.
2. If you lend me the money, I‘ll ______ ______ _____ next week.
3. I haven‘t got enough money to _________ ________ the suit now.
4. We _________________ a lot of money for the decoration of this house.
5. Thank goodness it‘s Friday today. It‘s ________ _________.
6. I must do something about all these _________________ bills.
7. Please, make the cheque ________ _________ R. D. Smith.
8. Take this money and ______ ______ _____ to the bank.
9. I like my job, and it‘s very ________ _________.
10. We almost have enough money to make a _________ ________ on the
house.
Taken from: Vince, M. (2001). First certificate language practice with key. Oxford: Macmillan Heinemann (p.151-152).

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CULTURAL ATTITUDES TOWARDS MONEY

22. How much do we know about attitudes to, and traditions, and
superstitions related to money? Money is a key part of culture and a
country’s cultural attitudes are very often reflected in how people think
about their cash. Answer the following questions.

Do you have any family traditions that involve money?

How significant is the role of money within your family?
Do you receive monetary gifts; for example, on your birthday?
Does your family have any specific beliefs or superstitions about money
that are influenced by culture or society? Which one/ones?

23. In the following activity, you will read a text that explores more cultural
traditions associated with money. Look at the following pictures. Scan the
texts and identify relevant information that corresponds to each picture.
Match each picture with the corresponding description on the right.

1. The Greek superstition "Mati" involves the

A
evil eye affecting financial prosperity. Envy
towards wealth can inadvertently cast the evil
eye, causing financial difficulties. Greeks use
"Mati" or "Nazar" beads, eye-shaped
talismans, to repel the negative energy and
protect their finances.

B 2. Bride price is a traditional practice in

Nigerian culture where the groom and his
family offer gifts, money, or livestock The
practice of bride price in Nigeria varies across
ethnic groups and regions, sparking debates
on its cultural significance and impact on
gender dynamics.

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C 3. Chinese Feng Shui coins are regarded as

powerful tools for attracting good fortune and
abundance. These coins are typically strung
together with a red cord. They can be placed
in the house to enhance positive energy and
harmonize the environment. By hanging or
keeping Feng Shui coins, individuals aim to
invite prosperity into their lives.

24. Read the text and complete the activities below.

Money and Its Cultural Impact: Exploring Traditions and Differences

Money holds immense cultural significance in various communities, shaping

values, traditions, and social dynamics. Moreover, its connotations differ across
cultures, reflecting diverse perspectives and historical contexts. Understanding
these cultural implications is crucial, as it enhances cross-cultural interactions and
sheds light on the diverse ways money is perceived and valued worldwide. Let us
explore several fundamental aspects concerning the cultural influence of money.
Prosperity and Success: In many cultures, wealth and money symbolize
prosperity and success. They represent achievement, social status, and the ability
to fulfill one's needs and desires. Accumulating wealth is often viewed as a positive
goal and a measure of personal or familial success. For instance, in American
culture, the acquisition of wealth is often seen as a
reflection of hard work, entrepreneurial spirit, and
individual achievement. The American Dream
emphasizes the opportunity for upward mobility and
the ability to accumulate wealth through merit and
determination. Furthermore, in this culture, financial
success is often admired and celebrated. Individuals
who amass substantial wealth are often regarded as
successful, influential, and powerful. The possession of
material wealth is also seen as a sign of accomplishment, providing individuals
with access to a higher standard of living, comfort, and luxury goods.
Collective Prosperity: Scandinavian countries, which include Denmark, Norway,
and Sweden generally have a collective mindset regarding money, emphasizing
social welfare and income equality. While prosperity and success are valued, there
is less emphasis on material accumulation and ostentatious displays of wealth.
Instead, a concept known as "Janteloven" or the Law of Jante is deeply rooted in

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the Scandinavian societies. This concept, originating from Danish-Norwegian
author Aksel Sandemose's novel, highlights the importance of modesty, equality,
and downplaying personal achievements.
Taboos and Stigma: Money can also be associated with taboos or stigmatized
behaviors in certain cultural contexts. Excessive displays of wealth or perceived
greediness can be frowned upon and may be seen as contrary to societal values. In
South Korea; for instance, there is a cultural value called "Jeong" which
emphasizes the importance of maintaining harmony within society. Displaying
wealth in a flashy or ostentatious manner can be viewed negatively, as it may
disrupt social harmony and create feelings of envy or resentment.
Superstitions and Beliefs: Different cultures may
have specific beliefs about luck, fortune, and the
spiritual implications of money. In addition, practices
such as using lucky charms or following rituals related
to money can be part of cultural traditions and beliefs.
For example, in Chinese culture, during special
occasions like Chinese New Year or weddings, it is
customary to give red envelopes called "hongbao" that
contain money. The red color symbolizes good luck
and wards off evil spirits. In fact, the act of giving and receiving red envelopes is
believed to bring blessings, wealth, and prosperity to both the giver and receiver.
Similarly, Feng Shui, an ancient Chinese practice, is based
on the belief that the arrangement and orientation of objects
in a space can influence the flow of energy or "qi." As a
result, money-related objects, and symbols, such as wealth
vases, lucky coins, or jade plants, are often incorporated into
Feng Shui practices to attract prosperity and financial
abundance. In Japan, the ―maneki-neko,‖ also known as the
"beckoning cat," is a cultural symbol that is often associated
with luck and money. This cat figurine is often depicted with
one paw raised in a beckoning gesture. In fact, it is believed
to bring good luck, prosperity, and fortune to its owners. Notably, the ―maneki-neko‖
is commonly seen in businesses, shops, and homes, where it is believed to attract
customers and bring financial success.
Family and Obligations: Money carries strong familial obligations and
responsibilities in some cultures. Nigerian culture places importance on familial
obligations, where the payment of a bride price is one aspect of demonstrating
respect and commitment to the bride's family. However, it is worth noting that the

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
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practice of bride price has been a subject of debate and objection. Some argue that
it can perpetuate gender inequalities and treat women as commodities to be
exchanged.
The concept of multigenerational living is valued in both Nigerian culture and
these Asian cultures. In fact, the practice of residing together in the same
household or within proximity allows for easier financial support and resource
sharing among family members, as the burden of expenses can be collectively
managed. Furthermore, in many Latin American countries, immigrants living abroad
send their families "remesas" (money). This is a significant financial practice that
plays a crucial role in supporting families and communities. In fact, these money
transfers are often used for various purposes, such as education, housing, and
improving the quality of life for the families.
In summary, these examples highlight how money is embedded in cultural
practices, rituals, and social dynamics across different regions and societies.
Moreover, the cultural impact of money varies widely, reflecting the diverse values,
traditions, and historical contexts of different cultures worldwide.
Adapted from:
Dodd, N. (2014). The social life of money. Princeton University Press.
Takahashi, N., Yamamoto, T. (2015). East Asian children and money as a cultural tool. Japanese
Psychological Research, 57(4), 348-361. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12095
Senders, S., & Truitt, A. (2015). The anthropology of money: A critical introduction. Routledge.

25. Use your monolingual dictionaries to look up the words in bold. Then,
complete the sentences below.

1. The text ____________ light on how money's cultural impact reflects

diverse perspectives and historical contexts.
2. In American culture, ____________ success is often associated with
hard work and an ____________ spirit.
3. Scandinavian countries have a collective ____________, emphasizing
social welfare and equality in ____________ distribution.
4. In some cultures, ____________ displays of wealth are frowned upon,
and there is a value on ____________ personal ____________.
5. Cultural beliefs include using lucky ____________ that are believed to
____________ evil spirits and bring good fortune.
6. In some societies, women were treated as ____________ to be
exchanged in the custom of paying a bride price.
7. In ____________ living, family members support one another financially
by sharing expenses and resources.
8. Immigrants often send money ____________ to support their families
and improve their quality of life.

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26. Read the text again. Decide whether the following statements are
TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).

1. Money holds cultural significance and influences values,

traditions, and social dynamics.
2. The American Dream does not emphasize the opportunity for
upward mobility and the ability to accumulate wealth through
merit and determination.
3. The concept of "Janteloven", which emphasizes modesty,
equality, and downplaying personal achievements, originated
from Swedish author Aksel Sandemose's novel.
4. In South Korea, displaying wealth in a flashy or ostentatious
manner is widely accepted and admired.
5. In Japan, the act of giving and receiving red envelopes during
special occasions has symbolic meaning and represents
blessings, wealth, or prosperity for both parties involved.
6. The ―maneki-neko‖ is a cultural Japanese symbol that is often
associated with luck and money.
7. In Nigerian culture, the payment of a bride price has no
connection with gender equality or the objectification of women.
8. In many Latin American countries, immigrants living abroad send
"remesas" (money) to their families as this plays a crucial role in
supporting families and communities.

27. Complete the chart below with information from the text.

Culture Tradition Relationship with money

American American Dream Money symbolises prosperity

and success. It represents
achievement, social status, and
the ability to fulfill one's needs
and desires.

Scandinavian Collective Prosperity

Janteloven or the Law of
Jante

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
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Japanese Maneki-neko

South Korean Jeong

China Hongbao

Feng Shui

Nigerian Bride price

Multigenerational living

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Latin Remesas (money)

American

CONSOLIDATION

In the section Money of the tab Unit 3: Money and Shopping in the VLE
you will find vocabulary, reading and listening activities to practise what
you have learned in this section. Remember that you can try the self-
check activities as many times as you want to!

Revise what you have learned in this section and try to answer the
following questions in full. Put a tick if you can answer them or a cross if
you cannot. Good luck!

Can you…
 name 3 sayings about money and explain them?
 mention 3 benefits of money
 refer to 3 problems related to/caused by money
 say verbs that collocate with money with the right preposition?
 explain the difference in meaning and use between borrow and lend?
 remember the phrasal verbs with pay?
 explain 3 cultural traditions related to money worldwide.

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MONEY ATTITUDES

Main objectives  To learn about different attitudes to money

 To learn how and when to use the strategies
analysing expressions and recombining
 To learn the meanings, collocations and
phrasal verbs with “pay”
 To learn expressions related to money
 To learn tips to be a savvy saver
 To learn about pocket money

Sections 1. Money attitudes

2. Money-saving tips
3. Financial skills
4. Pocket money
5. Consolidation

MONEY ATTITUDES

1. Look at the quiz about attitudes to money. Answer the questions and
check your score. Then share your findings with your classmates.

The Money Quiz

What is your attitude to money? Read the statements and say how closely they represent your
habits. Write A, B or C.
A = always, B = sometimes, C = never

1. _____ I know exactly how much money I have in the bank.

2. _____ I plan how much I want to spend when I go on holiday and I don‘t spend any more
than that.
3. _____ I buy my shoes and clothes in the sales.
4. _____ I pay off everything I owe on my credit cards every month.
5. _____ I check the prices on the menu when I eat out and prefer to order the cheaper
dishes.
6. _____ If a friend borrows money from me, I worry about it until he or she returns it.
7. _____ I can go for several days without spending any money at all.
8. _____ I feel terrible if I see something I‘ve bought for a cheaper price than I paid.

Add up the number of As, Bs and Cs you have. Then read the analysis.

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Analysis
Mostly As: You are very careful with your money, perhaps to the point where you can appear to
be mean. Try not to let money rule your life.
Mostly Bs: You can control your spending most of the time, but you are not obsessed about
money.
Mostly Cs: Your philosophy is ―spend, spend, spend‖. Try to start saving and planning how you
spend your money more carefully.

Taken from: Dubicka, I. & O‘Keeffe, M. (2008). Premium B2 level. Workbook with key. Harlow: Pearson Education
Limited (p.84).

2. Tell your partner about…

$ the kind of clothes you‟d splash out on if you could afford to.
$ a place where you‟d enjoy blowing $5,000 on a weekend.
$ a big spender/spendthrift that is all the time squandering/
splurging his/her cash.
$ someone that is a savvy saver.
$ someone that is tight-fisted.
$ the last time you didn‟t buy something because you were too
broke.
$ the main breadwinner in your family.
$ the pros of saving your money for a rainy day.
$ the reasons why it is difficult to control your spending.
$ your top priority in terms of money right now.
Adapted from: Kay, S. & Jones, V. (2001). Inside out upper intermediate. Oxford: Macmillan (p.29).

3. Listen to 7 speakers talking about their attitudes to money and match

the question with the speaker.

Who is talking about …

1. inheriting money? Speaker 1 ___
2. investing money? Speaker 2 ___
3. owing someone money? Speaker 3 ___
4. donating money? Speaker 4 ___
5. raising money? Speaker 5 ___
6. squandering money? Speaker 6 ___
7. haggling over the price? Speaker 7 ___

Taken from: Acklam, R. & Crace, A. (2008). Premium B2 level. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited (p.111).

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ANALYSING

This cognitive strategy involves breaking down a new word,

phrase or even a sentence and analysing its parts. This is a useful strategy to
infer the meaning of unknown words or expressions without having to turn to
your dictionaries. In fact, analysing is usually combined with the strategy
guessing intelligently by using linguistic and non-linguistic clues to infer the
meaning of unfamiliar words in a written or spoken text.
Adapted from: Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies. What every teacher should know. Heinle ELT.

4. In pairs, analyse the following words and expressions related to money

from the previous activities. Check their meanings with your monolingual
dictionaries if necessary.

5. PREPOSITIONS WITH MONEY: Complete the sentences with the correct

preposition.

1. I paid _____ the dinner last night.

2. Would you like to pay _____ cash or _____ credit card?
3. Can I pay _____ cheque?
4. I spent $200 _____ books last week.
5. I don‘t like lending money _____my friends.
6. I‘m hoping to borrow some money _____ the bank.
7. They charged us $200 _____ a bottle of wine!
8. I‘ve never won any money_____ the lottery.
9. They‘ve organised an event to raise money_____ charity.
10. The government has introduced a new tax _____ electronic devices.
11. Who do I make this cheque payable _____?
12. I‘ll write this cheque payable _____ the order of the bearer.
13. They have just put down a deposit _____ a new car.
14. You can pay _____instalments _____ only 1% interest.
15. The interest _____ the loan is 16 % per year.
16. Her house has been valued _____ £600,000.
17. He knocked £10 _____ the price, so instead of £50 it cost me £40.
18. The price tag said $20,000 for the car, but I talked _____ the salesman
by threatening to go elsewhere and I got the car _____ the price of
$18,000!
19. The Finex PC 150 is the cheapest computer _____ the market.
20. I can‘t afford to do anything. I‘m up to my ears _____ debt.

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21. We knew that we would be able to sell the cottage _____ a profit.
22. If you‘re so short _____ money, how come you can afford to eat out
every night?

6. PHRASAL VERBS RELATED TO MONEY: Replace the words in bold

with a phrasal verb derived from the verbs below. You may need to use
the same verb more than once. Use your monolingual dictionaries for
help.

come into splash out set/put aside

go up cut sth ↔ down/back get by
take sth ↔ out (2) set up fork/shell out
give sth ↔ away come to sth

1. I‘m trying to save for my holidays, so I‘m saving some money each week.
2. When his aunt died, he inherited quite a lot of money. Thanks to this
windfall, we bought the house.
3. You need to reduce your expenses if you have money matters.
4. If I lived in the lap of luxury, I would donate money to the poor.
5. I don‘t earn a huge salary, but we have enough to buy the things that we
need.
6. We ordered expensive dishes and the bill amounted to $100!
7. They are investing a lot of money to start a new business; I hope it turns
out well!
8. Due to the high inflation, prices keep rising.
9. I need to withdraw some cash from a cashpoint, where‘s the nearest one?
10. Some young families receive a loan from a bank/similar institution to
buy or do up their homes.
11. He likes spending a lot of money on designer clothes.
12. I had to unwillingly pay a lot of money £600 on my car when I had it
serviced.

RECOMBINING

The cognitive strategy recombining consists in making

meaningful sentences by using known words, collocations, expressions or
formulas in new ways. By stringing together already known lexical items, you do
not run the risk of producing ―Spanish-like‖ expressions in English and you can
speak or write in a more fluent way since you are using ―prefabricated‖ chunks
of language.

Adapted from: Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies. What every teacher should know. Heinle ELT

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MONEY-SAVING TIPS

7. Describe a method to save money mentioning:

What the method is
How you knew it
Why it is helpful

8. Read the following sample answer from the previous question. Do you
like the answer? Do you agree with the speaker’s ideas?

Well, I‟m not good at saving money and I tend to buy things without thinking
carefully. It‟s hard to save if you don‟t know exactly what you are saving for so
what I do is to set saving goals to motivate myself in every financial decision
that I make. Going to Japan has always been my biggest dream but I‟ve put it off
so many times due to lack of money. I tried to keep money myself but I still
overspent and was out of money at the end of every month. I asked my mom to
keep money for me as she is better at controlling expenses. She is like my
accountant and helps me to balance the expenses. She also gives me advice
whenever I go shopping to make sure it doesn‟t set me back. We have an
agreement that whenever I withdraw a sum of money, I have to save double that
amount. This works wonders with me as my savings go up every month. Now I
always ask myself whether it‟s necessary to buy things or I can save for a rainy
day. After a while, I realize I‟ve set aside more money every day. I buy things
within my budget and don‟t splurge money on unnecessary things. This method
of saving money makes me feel good about myself and I feel financially secured.

Adapted from: IELTS Material. (2023, June 23). Money - IELTS speaking part 1, 2 & 3 sample answers.
https://ieltsmaterial.com/ielts-speaking-topic-money-with-model-answers/

9. Read the following tips on how to be a good savvy saver. Do you agree
with them? Can you think of more tips?

Tips to Save Money

Whether you‘re saving up for a big goal or paying down debt, cutting costs is
one of the best ways to do more with the money you have. And you have plenty of
options for trimming expenses without feeling like you‘re depriving yourself, which
isn‘t the point anyway. It‘s about spending your money in ways that reflect your
priorities in life. Here are some tips for you!

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Turn off the television
One big way to save money is to drastically cut down on the amount of television
you watch. There are a lot of financial benefits to this: less exposure to spending-
inducing ads, a lower electric bill (and perhaps a lower cable bill if you downgrade
your subscription), more time to focus on other things in life — such as a side
business— and so on.

Write a list before you go shopping – and stick to it

One of the easiest ways to save money is to only shop when you have a list.
Because, when you‘re without one, you typically end up making impulse buys and
unplanned purchases – all things that cost money. Creating a list before you go to
the grocery store is especially important. Not only can it help you buy items that fit
with your meal plan, but it can also help you avoid buying food you might waste.
Always create a list and, more importantly, stick to it.

Invite friends over instead of going out

Going out to eat or ―out on the town‖ has a way of completely destroying both your
food budget and your entertainment budget in one fell swoop. And no matter what,
it is always cheaper to stay in with friends and come up with your own
entertainment. Instead of hitting the town, host a fun pitch-in dinner with your
friends. Play cards, sit around a fire pit, or watch movies with your guests. You‘ll all
save money – and have a blast.

Drink more water

Not only does drinking plenty of water have great health benefits — it has financial
benefits, too. Drink a big glass of water before each meal in order to stay fuller
longer and ultimately eat less. Not only will you save on the food bill, but you‘ll also
feel better after you become properly hydrated. Even better, drinking more water —
whether in a refillable bottle or at restaurants — means spending less money on
beverages like soda, juice, and tea. Remember: Tap water is not only just as clean
as bottled water, it‘s also free.

Avoid convenience foods and fast food

Instead of eating fast food or just nuking some prepackaged dinner when you get
home, try making some simple and healthy replacements that you can take with
you. An hour‘s worth of preparation one weekend can leave you with a ton of cheap
and easy dinner and snack options for the following week. For those times when
you simply can‘t avoid dining out, maximize your savings with coupons and a

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rewards credit card that gives a bonus for restaurant spending (but you know
yourself best, so only spend what you know you can pay off each month with no
interest).

Turn off the lights

Keeping the lights on in your home may not be expensive on a per-watt basis, but it
sure does cost money over time. To save as much as you can, turn off lights any
time you leave your house – or even when you leave the room. Turning off lights
when you have plenty of natural sunlight can also help keep your electric bill down
over time. The bottom line: If you aren‘t using a light, turn it off.

Quit using credit cards

If you have a habit of getting into trouble with credit cards, hide your credit cards
and keep them in a safe place in your home, not in your wallet. If you need to keep
a card for emergencies, that‘s okay. Just don‘t carry it around with you. If you‘re
often tempted to use it, keeping your card ―out of sight and out of mind‖ might help.

Do a price comparison – and find a cheaper grocery store

Most of us get in a routine of shopping at the same grocery store, and we may not
even realize that we‘re not getting the best deal. Fortunately, there‘s a simple way
to find the cheapest store around. Just keep track of the 20 or so things you buy
most often, then shop for these items at a variety of stores. Eventually, one store
will come out on top for your purchases – just make that one your regular shopping
destination and you‘ll automatically save money.

Try generic brands of items you buy regularly

Instead of just picking up the ordinary brand of an item you buy, try out the store
brand or generic version of the item. You‘ll save a few cents now, but you‘ll also
likely discover that the store brand is just as good as the name brand — often, the
only difference between the two is the marketing, which I‘m not willing to pay more
for. Once you‘re on board the generic train, you‘ll find your regular grocery bill
getting smaller and smaller.

Don’t fear leftovers: Jazz them up instead

Many people feel as if leftovers are just inferior rehashes of regular meals.
However, there‘s nothing cheaper than eating leftovers, and with a few techniques
for making leftovers tasty, you can often end up with something surprising and quite
delicious on the other end. My favorite technique? Chaining– using the leftovers as

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a basis for an all-new dish. For example, if you have leftover ham and rice from last
night‘s meal, use them to make fried rice or black beans and rice tonight.

Take public transportation

If the city‘s transit system is available near you, take it to work instead of driving
your car. It‘s far cheaper and you won‘t have to worry about the added expense or
hassle of parking your vehicle either. When I lived in a larger city, I bought an
annual transit pass that actually paid for itself after less than two months of use
compared to using an automobile. After that, for 10 months, I basically could ride to
work (and to some events) for free. That‘s money in the bank.

Never give up
Whenever the struggle against debt feels like it‘s too much, go read a personal
finance blog and remember that there are a lot of people out there fighting the
same fight. Read around through the archives and learn some new things – and
perhaps get inspired to keep going, no matter what.
Adapted from: The Simple Dollar (2021, April 23). How To Save Money Fast: 100 Ways to Save Money.
https://www.thesimpledollar.com/little-steps-100-great-tips-for-saving-money-for-those-just-getting-started/

FINANCIAL SKILLS

10. Discuss these questions with the class.

What is financial education?

When you were a kid, did you use to play games that taught you financial
skills? Which ones?
Do you think it is important to let children learn money skills?
How can (or, how do) young people learn to manage their financial
affairs?
Should schools teach children how to manage money?

11. Now read the following text to learn about financial education.

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Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
Why is Financial Education so Important?
By Sabrina Lamb – Founder and Executive Director of World of Money

Let‘s start with the basics: what is financial education? Investopedia defines
financial education as ―the ability to understand and effectively use various financial
skills, including personal financial management, budgeting, and investing.‖ In other
words: financial education is the foundation for your entire relationship with money.
A good understanding of money can help keep you from overspending, allow you to
build wealth, and lower your stress levels overall (nearly 2 in 3 adults say that
money is a significant source of stress).
Financial education is extremely important to manage everyday life, navigate
an unexpected event, or save for a comfortable retirement. It also plays a crucial
role in racial equity. Data suggests that Asian and White Americans tend to score
higher than Black and Hispanic Americans when asked six basic questions about
finances. Likewise, studies by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
have found that at least 12 percent of Black and Hispanic households in the US are
underbanked. Those that are underbanked are more likely to use check cashing
centers, payday loans, pawn shops, and other expensive alternative financial
services to manage their money. While these services may seem like a good idea,
they end up costing everyone more money in the long run.
One of the top reasons unbanked people report not having a bank account is
because they don‘t trust banks. People don‘t trust what they don‘t understand.
Sadly, a variety of financial topics fall into this ‗don‘t understand‘ and the ‗feel
embarrassed asking‘ category – from investing to building good credit.
This leads us back to financial education, and why it is so important. A lack of
financial understanding can keep entire communities – generationally – from
reaching their full potential.
To build financial equity, we must invest in immersive financial education.
Educating youth and adults about money management and basic financial
principles has no downsides. While our country has made strides to advance
financial education in recent years, change can‘t come fast enough for the millions
of Americans that lack a clear understanding of financial management, or what they
are capable of doing to change the trajectory of their life situation. Less than half of
states in the United States require financial education to graduate high school.
Even when required, schools often lack the expertise and resources to implement.
43 percent of millennials have reported using expensive alternative financial
services. Likewise, 37 percent can be defined as ‗financially fragile,‘ meaning they
would be unable to come up with $2,000 within a month in an emergency situation.

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My advice is this: make building financial knowledge a personal goal and,
together with your children, access financial education resources. Financial
education can be an empowering family legacy affair. Next time you puzzle over
how to pay a bill on time, or why you were rejected for a car loan, remember that
financial education is key to unlocking a more prosperous future. Remember, fiscal
security and generational wealth begin with immersive financial education.
Adapted from: Master Your Card. (2022, January 22). Why is Financial Education So Important?
https://www.masteryourcardusa.org/resource/why-is-financial-education-so-important/

12. Get together in groups and discuss the following questions.

1. The writer says that: ―Educating youth and adults about money
management and basic financial principles has no downsides.‖ Can you
list ideas to justify this concept?
2. ―Financial education can be an empowering family legacy affair‖ Can you
think of different ways in which financial education can be taught at home
and at school?
3. About you: have you ever been taught financial skills at home or at
school? How was this done?
4. How are your attitudes different to your parents´ attitude to money?

13. How does culture affect financial literacy? It is important to take into
consideration cultural differences such as education, traditions, family
values, religion, and geographical areas among others, to gain effective
financial literacy.

In teaching financial literacy, it is important to consider that:

 Attitudes toward money vary depending on the cultural context.
 The role of family in making financial decisions varies from culture to culture.
 The relationships of individuals within their community can also differ
substantially from one demographic group to another.
 Different cultures and cultural groups can have diverse traditions and values
about money.
 Attitudes toward financial institutions, including levels of trust, can vary among
different demographic groups.
 Differences in religious beliefs can also affect an individual‘s use of money,
management of financial matters, and financial decisions.
Taken from: Business and Tech. (2020, March 26). How Does Culture Affect Financial Literacy?
https://www.futureofbusinessandtech.com/womens-financial-empowerment/how-does-culture-affect-financial-literacy/

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14. Choose the correct option considering usage and form.

Money Matters

Are you always 1.______ up? Do you often have to 2.______ money from
friends or from your parents, whenever you need a little extra 3.______? If you
4.______ too much, and save too little, you will end up with more 5.______
than friends. You know the solution, of course: just save a small 6.______
every month. Most banks will pay 7.______ on your savings, and you will soon
be able to 8.______ all those things which seemed to cost too much before.
The trouble is, you're a university student, and many banks treat you like a
child. But not us. If you open a/an 9.______ with Smith Fulton Bank before
October 31st, we'll not only send you your own 10.______ book and credit
11.______, but you'll also receive a copy of our booklet 'Putting Money
12.______ for Your Future'. Smith Fulton can pay your 13.______, help you
with special student 14 ______ and your friendly branch 15.______ can give
you advice for the future. We believe in you. Why not believe in us and open an
account?

1. A) shut B) hard C) debt D) money

2. A) borrow B) lend C) save D) pay
3. A) cheque B) pension C) wealth D) cash
4. A) sign B) spend C) cost D) cheat
5. A) owe B) loans C) debts D) profits
6. A) amount B) number C) note D) rest
7. A) receipts B) credits C) rents D) interest
8. A) lend B) economise C) afford D) spend
9. A) cheque B) customer C) bill D) account
10. A) loan B) cheque C) cash D) money
11. A) plastic B) tip C) card D) cheque
12. A) aside B) up C) inside D) work
13. A) sales B) bets C) bargains D) bills
14. A) coins B) loans C) fortunes D) pensions
15. A) miser B) swindler C) manager D) cashier
Taken from: Vince, M. (2001). First certificate language practice with key. Oxford: Macmillan Heinemann (p.153).

15. WORD FORMATION: Read the text below. Use the word given in
capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits the space
in the same line. There is an example at the beginning.

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Save or Spend?

According to a recent (0) investigation, the British are poor INVESTIGATE

savers in (1)____________ with other nations in Europe, COMPARE
putting aside only 5.5% of their income for ―a rainy day‖. Even
more (2) ____________, only 13% are saving towards (3) WORRY
____________. One of the reasons for this is that the British RETIRE
spend a (4) ____________ 16% of everything they earn on SURPRISE
luxuries and (5) ____________ out and another 5% on their EAT
cars. As a result, in recent years personal debt has increased
(6) ____________. Nevertheless, one long-term DRAMA
(7)____________ that the British do take seriously is in INVEST
property. In contrast with many other nations, the British seem
obsessed with
(8) ____________ their own home, and prices are so high that OWN
houses are simply (9)____________ for many young people AFFORD
starting out. However, at the other end of the scale, over
800,000 households now own a second home abroad, with
Spain the (10)____________ location. PREFER
Taken from: Bell, J. & Gower, R. (2008). First certificate expert. Harlow: Pearson Longman (p.133).

16. MODAL VERBS: Rewrite the second sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do NOT change the
word given. You can refer to Access to FCE (p.66-77) for help.

1. She has to save for a rainy day.

NECESSARY
_____________________________________________________________

2. Perhaps, being a savvy saver is not so difficult.

MIGHT
_____________________________________________________________

3. You ought not to have carried so much cash in your pocket.

SHOULDN‘T
_____________________________________________________________

4. I‘m sure I didn‘t pay for that dress in cash.

CAN‘T
_____________________________________________________________
5. As I bought the ticket online with my credit card, it wasn‘t necessary to go
to the travel agency.
NEED
_____________________________________________________________

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17. Write a 200-word academic paragraph on ONE the following topics:

A. Postive aspects of money
B. Money can bring on some problems.
C. Being a savvy saver is hard work.

Brainstorm and narrow down the topic before writing. Use the information from
the previous activities and your own ideas. Try to include at least six specific
words and expressions.

Revise the qualities of a good topic sentence, supporting sentences and

concluding sentence and organize your ideas in an outline. Remember that
you cannot use the topic given as the T.S. or title. Then, write the first draft
of your paragraph, edit it and hand in your first draft.

POCKET MONEY

18. In small groups, discuss the following questions:

Were you given pocket money when you were a child?

If so, how did you spend it?
Should children be given pocket money? Why?
What might be the reasons why parents may decide to give or not to give
their children pocket money?

19. Read the following opinions young people gave about pocket money.
For questions 1-5, choose from the people A-D. Some of the people may
be chosen more than once. When more than one answer is required, these
may be given in any order. There is an example at the beginning.

Who …
does not get a regular amount? 0. _B_
saves some money in case sth bad happens? 1. ___
has been given money for helping around the 2. ___ 3. ___
house?
knows that some parents are not well off? 4. ___

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is usually not interested in pocket money? 5. ___ 6. ___
will not ask for expensive items? 7. ___
likes a particular brand of clothing? 8. ___ 9. ___
thinks children get more money if parents are not 10. ___
interested in them?
believes it is important not to discuss pocket 11. ___ 12. ___
money?
likes the feeling of having his/her own money? 13. ___
has money saved up from presents they have 14. ___ 15. ___
been given?

Money Matters

We ask youngsters how they spend their cash.

A. Malcolm Sawyers, 13, allowance: € 5 per week

I usually save € 1.50 and spend the rest. I haven‘t counted it for a while so I‘m not
sure how much is there at the moment. If I do a really big chore at home, I might
get a bit extra. Generally, the two things I like to buy with my pocket money are
tracksuits and trainers. The tracksuits can be any make but the trainers must be
Nike. I try to get the same stuff as my friends. Recently, I needed some new
trainers and my Dad offered to pay up to € 40 for them. But I wanted some
expensive ones, so I did a deal with my mum where she agreed to buy me the ones
I wanted and said I‘d go without pocket money for three weeks. Unless there‘s
something I desperately want, I‘m not that bothered about pocket money and I don‘t
really think about getting a rise. It‘s not something I talk about with friends at school.
We are more likely to be discussing football. If some children‘s parents give them
too much pocket money, other people might get jealous so it‘s important not to
show off about what you‘ve got.

B. Grace Pickering, 11, no allowance

If I was to get it, I would like about € 1 a week. My mum doesn‘t think I‘m old
enough to go shopping on my own, so I don‘t really need a lot of money each week.
I do sometimes go out with a group of about six friends at the weekend and we put
our money together and buy six little things all the same, such as hair slides. We
like to have the same stuff as each other. I save up money from Christmas and
birthdays and have got quite a lot at the moment – about € 60. If there‘s something
I want and it‘s too expensive, I don‘t bother asking my mum and dad if I can have it;
but if it‘s something small, I will ask them if I can have it. They are likely to say, ‗If

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you practise the piano, we‘ll get it for you.‘ One of the things I would love to get, but
would need to do quite a bit more saving for, is one of those scooters with a motor.
They cost about € 130, so I‘ve got quite a bit more to save before I could afford
that. My friends think pocket money is the best thing in the world and all feel very
sorry for me because I don‘t get it. They get about € 5 a week. But I think you only
really need it when you start walking to school on your own, which I will be doing
soon when I start secondary school. Sometimes, I think that parents who work a lot
and don‘t seem that interested in what their children are doing are more likely to
give them a lot of pocket money. If children get too much pocket money, they start
to expect too much and it can change their attitude to things.

C. Jimmy O’Donnell, 14, allowance: € 10

My mum gives me € 10 a week and says that I can either spend it in the canteen at
school or she will make me a packed lunch, and then I can save the € 10 to spend
on whatever I want. I‘m trying to save the € 10 and not spend it in the canteen. I
have € 170 saved up from birthday and Christmas money. I go out with my mum at
the weekend and she will usually buy me one thing like a CD or some clothes. I like
pop and garage music and Nike clothes. I love Nike trainers. If something costs €
50 and I only have € 40, she might give me the other € 10 or I will do some chores
around the house to earn the rest of the money.
I try not to talk about pocket money at school because I know there are some
people whose mums can‘t afford to give them much. The whole pocket money
issue is very competitive at school.

D. Ellen Segalov, 12, allowance: € 8 a month

I try to put some of it to one side for emergencies, and spend the rest. I like
spending my money on CDs and, at the moment, I want to get the Gareth Gates
single. My mum gets most of my clothes for me, and buys me Mizz magazine every
two weeks. Sometimes we have a half day off from school on a Friday and, if I go
out with my friends, I‘ll end up spending more money then. As well as CDs, I like to
buy books or sweets. One thing I‘ve found works very well is a 50/50 deal with my
mum and dad – I pay half if they‘ll pay half. I went to the cinema with my friends last
week on that basis. They are very good to do deals with – I end up getting an extra
euro here and there. Now that I‘ve started secondary school, I‘m going out more
with my friends. It‘s nice to go out with some money in my pocket and know that it‘s
mine. There are some things that I do with my friends that don‘t cost money, like
going to drama and running clubs at school, but there‘s only so much you can do

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without money. I keep saying to mum and dad that I‘ll wash the car to get some
extra money. But it hasn‘t actually happened yet.
Taken from: Norris, R. (2001). Ready for FCE.Oxford: Macmillan.

CONSOLIDATION

In the section Money of the tab Unit 3: Money and Shopping in the VLE,
you will find vocabulary, reading and listening activities to practise what
you have learned in this section. Remember that you can try the self-
check activities as many times as you want to!

Revise what you have learned in this section and try to answer the
following questions in full. Put a tick if you can answer them or a cross if
you cannot. Good luck!

Can you…
 talk about your money attitudes for at least 3 minutes?
 refer to the money attitudes of a savvy saver for 2 minutes?
 explain the money attitudes of a big spender for 2 minutes?
 say 10 set expressions related to money?
 remember 5 effective money-saving tips?
 explain what financial education is and how it could be taught to children
and young people?
 mention pros and cons of giving pocket money to children?

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FORMS OF PAYMENT
Main objectives  To learn about different methods of payment
 To learn how and when to use the strategies
skimming and scanning
 To learn about the advantages and
disadvantages of credit and debit cards

Sections 1. Payment options

2. Credit and debit cards
3. Cryptocurrency

PAYMENT OPTIONS

1. Where may you hear these questions/expressions? What form of

payment do they refer to?

How would you like to pay?

Do you take debit card?
Excuse me, could you tell me where the nearest cash point is?
Would you like any cash back?
Your card has been declined. Please, try a different payment method.

2. Which methods do you usally use to make purchases? Why?

mobile payments prepaid cards credit and debit cards

cryptocurrency bank transfer direct debit
Cheques cash buy now, pay later
(BNPL)

3. Read the following definitions and match them to the corresponding

types of payment methods.

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 Money and Shopping. Handout of Language Learning and Practice
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1. The most traditional and oldest payment method: the physical coins
and notes you‘ll find in your wallet, an ATM or at the bank.
2. The most common payment type. Credit card companies, including
Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover, extend credit
to purchasers; they cover the purchase price, and customers pay
their card balance every month. Debit cards, instead of extending
credit to a purchaser, deduct money directly from the purchaser‘s
bank account.
3. They refer to payment methods that use your phone. These could
be remote, in-person, or contactless payments. Examples of mobile
payments include mobile wallets, QR codes and payment links.
4. It sends money directly from the account of one person or business
to the account of another person or business. These transfers are
popular for very large purchases, particularly those involving real
estate.
5. These payments are scheduled and automated payments, typically
used for household bills and in subscription payment models such
as TV subscriptions. The customer sets up a direct debit mandate
with their bank to ensure monthly payments are on time, every
month or week.
6. It has become an increasingly viable way to pay for goods and
services, as services like BitPay and Wirex offer debit cards,
consumers can fund with mainstream cryptos like Bitcoin.
Adapted from:
Shopify. (2022, July 21). Payment methods: 8 popular options. https://www.shopify.com/blog/payment-options
Pomelo Pay. (2023, July 5). The ultimate guide to the different types of payment methods.
https://www.pomelopay.com/blog/types-payment-methods

CREDIT AND DEBIT CARDS

4. What’s the difference between a credit and debit card? Search the web
for information and tick the correct column(s).

credit card debit card

They can be used to pay for goods and services.
The card features include 16-digit card numbers,
expiration dates, and branded Visa or MasterCard logos.
Customers can only spend what is in their bank accounts.
Customers can make large purchases even if they don‘t
have a lot of money in their bank accounts.

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The money is later paid back by the customer (with
interest) over time.
The funds for the amount of the purchase are taken from
the bank account almost instantly.
Customers can make both online and offline purchases.
Customers may need to input a personalised PIN code.
Customers don‘t need to walk around with large sums of
cash in their wallets.
Customers can earn rewards and points for their
spending.
They are issued by banks, credit unions or other financial
institutions.

5. Discuss these questions with your classmates.

Do you have a debit card? What do you use it for?

Are you a cardholder (i.e. a credit card owner)? Why (not)?
Why do you think people own credit cards?
What problems may you have with debit and credit cards?
Do you think that credit cards are “plastic poison”?

6. Watch this short video explaining what a credit card is and check your
answers to the previous questions.

What is a credit card?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qWWZ77-1YuA

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7. Listen carefully to the last part of the video (2:15) and complete the
script with the missing words.

(Aisha) Credit cards can be a convenient way of ____________ things and can
help you ____________ your credit rating. Your credit rating is what banks and
some companies look at when deciding whether or not to ____________ you
money for credit. But it is important to understand how a credit card
____________ and how much it costs. Credit cards can also allow you to get
into more ____________ than you can handle and, if you make ____________,
they can also damage your credit rating.

8. STEPS TO USE A CREDIT CARD: Based on the video, read the

following sentences describing the step-by-step process to take out a
credit card and make your purchases with it, and put them in order.

_____ Pick up your card from the bank branch or credit card issuer.
_____ Find out about the major credit card issuers available on the market.
_____ Ask questions about the interest rates, annual fees, credit limits and
credit card application.
_____ Pay the balance at the end of each month.
_____ Apply for a credit card at the bank or credit card issuer you have chosen
by filling in an application form and signing the cardholder agreement.
_____ Buy things and services and pay in full or in installments by credit card.
_____ Visit the bank branch or the credit card issuer you are interested in.
_____ Get and carefully read the credit card billing statement that will be
delivered at the end of each month.
_____ Wait till you get a credit card approval.

9. Skim the following text about credit cards. Do credit cards have more
benefits or drawbacks?

SKIMMING

When you skim a text, you read it quickly to find the main ideas
or facts. That is, you read the text without paying attention to new words,
difficult expressions or secondary ideas such as explanations or examples. This
cognitive strategy is very useful to get the main idea or gist of a text.
Adapted from: Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies. What every teacher should know. Heinle ELT.

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The Pros and Cons of Credit Cards
By Latoya Irby

There are people who love credit cards and people who hate them. People on
both sides of the credit card fence have a point. If you‘re trying to decide whether to
get a credit card or whether to nix credit cards altogether, consider these pros and
cons.

The Pros of Credit Cards

More purchasing options over the phone, via the internet, and in person. If you
only have cash, you‘re limited to in-person purchases unless you purchase money
orders.
Faster to use. Again, compared to cash and especially with writing a check,
credit cards are much faster to use. Swipe your card and you‘re done in seconds.
Ability to pay in installments. While it‘s best to pay your credit card balance in
full each month, you do have the ability to pay off your balance over a period of
time.
The credit boost. If used correctly–making your payments on time and keeping
your balance low–credit cards help you build a good credit score that you can use
to qualify for a mortgage or auto loan.
Funding for emergencies. While not the best option for covering an emergency,
a credit card can help you cover an unexpected expense if you can‘t afford to pay it
from savings.
Ability to earn rewards that can be used for cash, gift cards, miles, or other
merchandise. The more you use your credit card, the more rewards you earn. You
can redeem your rewards as you go or save up for a bigger redemption.
No loss of funds after fraudulent purchases. If a thief gets access to your
checking account, they have the ability to drain all the money and you have to wait
for the bank to process your fraud report and replace the funds. With a credit card,
you may have to wait for the card issuer to clear up the fraud, but at least you still
have access to your main source of funding in the meantime.
The right to withhold payment for billing errors–as long as you dispute in
writing. When there‘s an error on your statement, you have the right to dispute it
with the credit card issuer. In the meantime, you don‘t have to pay for that purchase
unless, after you dispute in writing, the credit card issuer‘s investigation turns
against your favor.

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No need to carry cash. The majority of places accept credit cards, which
means you don‘t have to stop by the ATM to pull out cash before going out. But
keep in mind that some places may not allow you to tip via credit card.

The Cons of Credit Cards

With all the benefits that come along with using credit cards, there are some
downsides that may turn you off.
Temptation to spend more than you can afford. Credit cards open up additional
purchasing power and give you the illusion that you have more money than you
really do. Studies have shown that people are more willing to spend with credit
cards than other forms of payment.
They reduce your future income. Each time you use a credit card–or any form
of debt–you‘re borrowing money that you haven‘t earned. A portion of your future
income has to go toward repaying your credit card balance if you want to protect
your credit.
The terms can be confusing. A person who‘s not used to reading credit card
agreements can easily be confused by the phrasing and the jargon. Understanding
credit card terms is important to use the credit card in a way that doesn‘t put you at
risk of fees.
Fees and interest can be expensive. Depending on the credit card and how you
use it, your credit can cost hundreds of dollars over the course of a year. This is
why understanding the credit card terms is so important – so you know how to
avoid credit card fees.
Potential for credit card fraud. Just having a credit card puts you at risk of credit
card fraud. Thieves don‘t have to steal your credit card to get your information.
They can hack the store where you shop or websites that you‘ve used your credit
card to steal your card details and use it to make fraudulent purchases. (You‘re
typically not liable as long as you report the charges right away.)
Potential for debt. You create debt each time you use your credit card. You can
keep the debt from growing by paying off your balance each month, but if you only
pay the minimum and keep making purchases, your debt will grow.
Misuse can ruin your credit score. Your credit score is tied directly to how you
use your credit card. If you run up big balances and pay your credit card late, your
credit score will be impacted.
While credit cards have some negative aspects, they can be minimized as long
as you‘re smart with the cards you choose and use them wisely.
Taken from: Latoya, I. (2021, November 19). Pros and cons of credit cards that everyone should know.
https://www.thebalance.com/pros-and-cons-of-credit-cards-960222

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10. Scan the text about credit cards and decide whether the following
statements are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).

SCANNING

When you scan a text, you read it very quickly to locate specific
information such as a name, date, a number or a specific detail. Scanning is
very useful to find the answers to specific reading comprehension questions,
true/false statements or multiple choice exercises.
Adapted from: Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies. What every teacher should know. Heinle ELT.

1. According to the text, if you are not a cardholder, you can only
make purchases in person.
2. The writer advises readers to pay off the credit card balance
each month.
3. If you have not ―saved for a rainy day‖, you can use your credit
card in case of emergency.
4. Credit cards give incentives for the amount of money you spend
with them.
5. If someone steals and uses you credit card, you have to pay for
the purchases made by the thief.
6. You can make a complaint if there is a mistake on your billing
statement.
7. You can use your credit card to make all kinds of purchases.
8. Credit cards can make you overspend.
9. When you use a credit card, you use money that you already
have.
10. Credit cards details are not easily hacked.
11. If you own a credit card, at the end of the month, you can pay off
the balance or the minimun amount.
12. Cardholders who max out their credit card and fall behind with the
payment damage their credit rating.

11. PHRASAL VERBS RELATED TO CREDIT CARDS. Use your

monolingual dictionaries to look up the meaning of the phrasal verbs
underlined in the text. Complete these sentences with the correct phrasal
verb.

1. It is quite easy to ____ ____ a credit card and become a cardholder.

2. You just need to ____ ____ about the major credit card issuers available.

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3. Once your application is approved, you can ____ ____ your credit card
from the bank branch or credit card issuer.
4. You have to read the agreement carefully. If you do not ____ ____ the
credit card balance at the end of the month or if you just make the
minimum payment, you can be in trouble.
5. That‗s why you have to be careful not to ____ ____ credit card debts.
6. If you ____ ____ ____ the payment, your credit rating is also damaged.
7. So, try not to get carried away and avoid ____ ____ your credit card
when shopping!

12. Highlight specific words and phrases related to forms of payment,

credit cards and debit cards.

13. Listen to a conversation over the phone between a cardholder and an

operator and answer questions 1-10.

Questions 1-5: Complete the details below.

WRITE NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS or A NUMBER for each answer.

Identification and security

check: Platinum 0…Card… Service
Card number: 6992 1……………… 1147 8921
Name: Carlos da Silva
Postcode: 2………………
Address: 3……………… Vauxhall Close, London
Date of birth: 13 July 4………………
Mother’s maiden name: 5………………

Questions 6-10: Circle the correct letters A-C.

6. The caller has paid A less than the computer shows.
B more than the computer shows.
C £500 twice

7. The caller is also worried about A a bill that is too high.

B an overpayment to a restaurant.
C a payment he doesn‘t recognize.

8. The interest A went up in April.

B has not changed.

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C has gone down.

9. The caller‘s number is A 020 7997 9909.

B 020 7989 7182.
C 020 8979 7182.

10. The operator will ring the caller A tomorrow.

B in two hours.
C very soon.

Taken from: McCarter, S. & Ash, J. (2003). IELTS testbuilder.Oxford: Macmillan (p.8-9).

14. Write a 200-word academic paragraph on ONE the following topics:

A. Owning a credit card can be dangerous.
B. The advantages of mobile payments.
C. The problems of e-money.

Brainstorm and narrow down the topic before writing. Use the information from
the previous activities and your own ideas. Try to include at least six specific
words and expressions.

Revise the qualities of a good topic sentence, supporting sentences and

concluding sentence and organize your ideas in an outline. Remember that
you cannot use the topic given as the T.S. or title. Then, write the first draft
of your paragraph, edit it and hand in your first draft.

CRYPTOCURRENCY

15. Read this definition of cryptocurrency. Which could be the pros and
cons of this new kind of money?

The word is a combination of crypto, from cryptography, which is to do with using clever software
codes to protect computer information and systems, and currency, which is the money of a
particular country. So cryptocurrency, very simply, means code money. We usually think of
money as notes and coins which come from a country‘s bank. But a cryptocurrency doesn‘t have
physical money. It‘s purely digital and is not controlled by banks or governments but by the
people who have it and very complex computer codes. Perhaps the most well-known is Bitcoin.
BBC Learning English (2019, August 15, para 10)

16. Watch this video explaining cryptocurrency and answer the following
questions.

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How do cryptocurrencies work?
What‟s bitcoin?
Why is it difficult to make a forged transaction with digital currency?

Bitcoin explained: How do cryptocurrencies work? - BBC News

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SzAuB2FG79A

17. Search the web and note down more pros and cons of
cryptocurrencies.

CONSOLIDATION

In the section Forms of Payment of the tab Unit 3: Money and Shopping in
the VLE, you will find vocabulary, reading and listening activities to
practise what you have learned in this section. Remember that you can try
the self-check activities as many times as you want to!

Revise what you have learned in this section and try to answer the
following questions in full. Put a tick if you can answer them or a cross if
you cannot. Good luck!

Can you…
 mention 3 methods of payment and fully explain them?
 tell the difference between a credit and a debit card?
 explain what a credit card is and how it works?
 name 5 specific words related to credit cards?
 mention and explain 3 reasons why cardholders like buying on credit?
 mention and explain 3 reasons why people shouldn‘t own a credit card?
 briefly refer to cryptocurrency and what it entails?

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HAVING A LOT OF MONEY/

HAVING LITTLE MONEY

Main objectives  To learn about having a lot of money/little

money
 To learn set expressions related to being
rich/poor

Sections 1. Having a lot of money

2. Having little money
3. Consolidation

HAVING A LOT OF MONEY

1. In pairs, read the IELTS questions about money and match them to the
sample answers. Then, considering the models, try to ask and answer the
questions.

Is money important to you?

How much money is enough?
Would you like to become rich some day?
Can human beings live without money?
Would you change if you suddenly received a lot of money?

1.
Well, it‟s hard to answer this question as there is no exact measurement to say
whether money is enough or not. It‟s up to the perspectives and goals of
different people. Some people want to earn more money so they can save up
but some just need a certain amount of money to sustain their lives.

2.
I would be my own little king and have everyone pay homage to me. There
would be no more wars because I wouldn‟t let them happen. I would be fair to
all people. We would commission all of the nuclear scientists to try to discover
an economical, plentiful, and non-toxic substitute for gasoline and diesel. There
would be less pollution because if you want to drive a gas-powered vehicle,
you‟d have to pay a fine. As far as noise pollution is concerned, there would be
less noise, because there would be fewer things to complain about. I would

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sponsor rock festivals so that everyone could partake in the beauties of music.
All my subjects would love me, because they‟d know I am trying my best not to
be like all of the leaders in the past who gave into their own desires and lust;
instead, I would give the people what they want. I would use all the money that
would normally be spent on wars to help poorer nations, improve the lives of
war-torn countries, and build a big roller coaster theme park. When all this is
done and with whatever money I have left, I would get the best, most expensive
guitar on the market and hire a super-skilled guitar player to teach me all he
knows. I‟d really enjoy that.

3.
It‟s true that money isn‟t the most important thing in this world but it‟s
irreplaceable in our lives. If the world were a completely free place with no
expenses and people could own anything they want without money, they would
no longer go to work. There would be nothing as motivation and people would
work unproductively. Money stimulates people to overcome obstacles so they
can enjoy their achievements to the fullest. Besides, people who have money
have their own voice in society and it‟s a strong encouragement for anyone.

4.
Without it, it would be quite hard to get anything significant in life when it comes
to tangible things that can be bought.

5.
Of course, I do. But this is not an end goal for me. I need money to serve the
humanity better, because I want to build a chain of waste recycling plants in the
future.

Adapted from:
TheTestTaker. (n.d.). Money and finance: Sample answers and topic vocabulary for IELTS speaking exam.
https://thetesttaker.com/portfolio/p-item-money/
IELTS Materials. (2023, June 23). Money - IELTS speaking part 1, 2 & 3 sample answers.
https://ieltsmaterial.com/ielts-speaking-topic-money-with-model-answers/

2. RICH AND POOR: Read these sentences and put the words and phrases
in bold into the correct column below:

1. ―Christopher and Jenny Fraser got married young. Although they both
had jobs, making ends meet was hard, and they could not afford
to buy a house in their home town‖.
2. The wedding is at one of the best hotels in London. Her father is a very
wealthy/well off/well-to-do man.
3. I won‘t be able to have a holiday this year. I‘m a bit short of money.
4. I am fed up with being (flat/stony) broke all the time.

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5. I‘d love to go, but I‘m a bit strapped for cash at the moment.
6. He won the lottery last year. They say he‘s a millionaire.
7. This latest tax will make life even more difficult for families on low
incomes.
8. Millions of people in developing countries live in poverty.
9. He has lived a life of luxury since he sold his business.
10. We spent two weeks at the all-inclusive hotel living in the lap of
luxury.
11. He has lost his house, his car –everything. He‘s been made
bankrupt.
12. She spends money like water/like there’s no tomorrow.
13. Money’s a bit tight at the moment.
14. My account is in the red.
15. We need to tighten our belts.
16. I earn a pittance and can hardly manage to survive.
17. He ekes out /scrapes/ scratches a living selling doughnuts in
Victoria Station.
18. He is made of money!
19. She earns/makes a good living as an international interpreter.
20. He has got more money than sense.
21. He‘s stinking rich.
22. For years they struggled to keep their heads above water.
23. He is heavily/deeply in debt.
24. Her books were so successful that she is loaded now.
25. After all, this man is a tycoon; he must be rolling in
money/dough/cash/it.
26. Every time I see her, she‘s wearing something new. She must have
money to burn.
27. He’s worth a fortune.
28. He could buy and sell you.
29. They come from comfortable middle-class families.
30. He doesn‘t earn a huge salary, but he gets by.
31. She hasn’t got a penny to her name.
32. Many people without jobs are living on/near the breadline.

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Lots of money Little money

3. In small groups, answer these questions:

What is the meaning of the phrase “from rags to riches”?

Do you know any story of a self-made millionaire?
Do you know the entrepreneurs in the pictures below? How did they
make their fortune?

4. Skim this article and check your predictions.

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From Rags to Riches: The Journey of Self-Made Success

The concept of self-made individuals plays a crucial role in the realm of

achievement and prosperity. It refers to those who achieve great success and
wealth through their own efforts, without relying on inherited riches, family
connections, or extensive help from others. This concept carries cultural
significance in many communities and has left a profound impact on literature, as
seen in notable works like F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby" and "A
Christmas Carol" by Charles Dickens.
The idea of self-made success highlights the transformative power of
determination and hard work. These individuals often begin their journeys with
limited resources, relying on their entrepreneurial spirit, resilience, strength, and
steady commitment to their goals. They embody the belief that anyone, regardless
of their starting point, can achieve greatness through their own efforts.
Literature has portrayed self-made success in various ways, shedding light on
the fascination, contradictions, and consequences of pursuing richness. In
Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby," we witness the complexities of the American
Dream, exposing the dangers of materialism and the moral decay that often
accompanies the pursuit of wealth. The novel prompts readers to question the true
value of wealth and the responsibilities that come with it, challenging the notion that
a life driven solely by opulence is fulfilling. Similarly, Dickens's timeless
masterpiece, "A Christmas Carol," presents the life-changing journey of Ebenezer
Scrooge, a wealthy individual who undergoes a profound change of heart. Through
encounters with spirits and reflections on his past, Scrooge learns the significance
of empathy, compassion, and using wealth to benefit society. The story serves as a
powerful reminder that true success lies not only in personal wealth, but also in
making a positive difference in the lives of others.
The influence of these literary works extends beyond fiction and finds
resonance in real-life philanthropic movements. Two notable
examples are The Giving Pledge and The Patriotic Millionaires.
The Giving Pledge, championed by influential figures such as Bill
and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett, urges the world's
wealthiest individuals to dedicate a significant portion of their
wealth to charitable causes. Notably, many of these individuals commit to not
leaving their wealth solely to their sons and daughters through inheritance. This
commitment reflects their belief in the importance of using wealth for the greater
good and ensuring that their resources have a lasting and positive impact on

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society. It emphasizes the moral obligation of self-made millionaires to address
societal challenges and strive for a more just future.
Another notable movement is The Patriotic Millionaires, a group of affluent
individuals who advocate for policies that promote economic fairness and social
justice. They believe that those who have achieved significant financial success
should contribute their fair share through higher taxes and policies that reduce
income inequality. The Patriotic Millionaires aim to use
their wealth and influence to create a society that
benefits everyone, not just the privileged few. By actively
supporting policies that promote a fair distribution of wealth, they demonstrate their
commitment to using their financial resources for the improvement of society.
In addition to the philanthropic movements mentioned earlier, there are remarkable
self-made individuals who have made significant contributions to society and
exemplify the principles of self-made success. Their stories inspire and
demonstrate the transformative power of hard work, determination, and a devotion
to making a difference.
Jacqueline Novogratz, a member of the Patriotic Millionaires, is an
accomplished businesswoman and social entrepreneur. She founded Acumen, a
non-profit impact investment fund that supports enterprises addressing poverty and
social challenges in developing countries. Novogratz's dedication to social impact
and her innovative approach to philanthropy have earned her recognition and
admiration globally. In particular, her work in Kenya has made a significant
difference in the lives of local communities.
Oprah Winfrey is renowned for her incredible achievements as a self-made
billionaire. Through her media empire, including "The Oprah Winfrey Show," she
has inspired millions worldwide with her messages of empowerment, personal
growth, and social consciousness. Winfrey has dedicated herself to philanthropic
endeavors that align with her core values and passion for making a positive
difference. Education has been a primary focus of her charitable work, with
initiatives such as the Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls in South Africa.
Douglas and Susie Tompkins, renowned as the founders of iconic outdoor brands
like The North Face and Esprit, have made significant contributions to
environmental conservation, including their noteworthy efforts in Argentina. Driven
by their deep commitment to preserving and protecting nature, the Tompkins
embarked on an ambitious mission to acquire vast stretches of land in both Chile
and Argentina. They played a central role in establishing the Patagonia National
Park, a vast and breathtaking expanse encompassing diverse ecosystems, pristine

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lakes, and majestic mountains. This park serves as a critical habitat for numerous
endangered species and protects exceptional natural resources.
Larry Ellison, a prominent figure in the tech industry, co-founded Oracle
Corporation and became one of the world's wealthiest individuals. He is known for
his entrepreneurial vision, innovation, and business know-how. He has
demonstrated a strong commitment to healthcare advancement. His philanthropic
endeavors in this field have focused on medical research encompassing a wide
range of illnesses and medical challenges; for example, new treatments for different
types of cancer, research and clinical trials focused on genetic conditions, such as
cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy, treatments, and interventions for
neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
In conclusion, the concept of self-made success holds significant cultural and
literary significance. Real-life philanthropic movements, such as The Giving Pledge
and The Patriotic Millionaires, demonstrate the moral obligation of self-made
millionaires to address societal challenges and strive for a more equitable future.
The remarkable contributions of self-made individuals further exemplify the
principles of determination, hard work, and making a positive difference.
Adapted from:
Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: The story of success. Little, Brown and Company.
Patriotic Millionaires. https://patrioticmillionaires.org/
The Giving Pledge. https://givingpledge.org/
Wallen, J. (2015). Apollo and Mammon: The portrayal of money in literature. Global English Oriented
Research Journal, 1(1), 152-158.

5. Scan the text and identify words or phrases that have the same
meaning (synonyms) for the words below.

1. self-made success:
2. entrepreneurial spirit:
3. philanthropic:
4. equitable:
5. remarkable:
6. transformative:
7. resilience:
8. environmental conservation

6. Look the following words and phrases up in the dictionary. Check their
meaning and find one or two synonyms.

1. prosperity:
2. to rely on:
3. to shed light on:

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4. commitment:
5. contributions:
6. exemplify:
7. positive difference:

7. Read the text again and identify the following information: self-made
success stories, philanthropic movements, and the literary works
mentioned. Complete the chart, organizing the information under the
respective columns.

Category Name/Title Field/Industry/Genre Contributions/Philanthropic Work

Self-Made Social Impact

Individual

Self-Made Media/Entertainment
Individual

Self-Made Environmental Established Patagonia National

Individual Conservation Park to protect nature and
endangered species
Self-Made Technology
Individual

Philanthropic Philanthropy
Movement

Philanthropic Economic Fairness

Movement

Literary Fiction Explores the complexities of the

Work American Dream and the pursuit of
wealth
Literary Fiction
Work

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8. In pairs, answer the following questions. Try to rely on your memory,
but feel free to refer to the text if necessary to fill in any missing or
important details.

1. What does the concept of self-made success mean, and why is it

culturally significant?
2. In what ways do literary works like "The Great Gatsby" and "A Christmas
Carol" portray the pursuit of wealth and its consequences?
3. What are The Giving Pledge and The Patriotic Millionaires, and how do
they promote a more equitable future?
4. How has Jacqueline Novogratz made significant contributions to society?
5. Which is the primary focus of Oprah Winfrey's philanthropic work?
6. How have Douglas and Susie Tompkins contributed to environmental
conservation in Argentina and Chile?
7. What specific medical challenges does Larry Ellison focus on in his
philanthropic endeavors?
8. What are some of the key principles of self-made success highlighted in
the text, and how can they inspire individuals in their own journeys?
9. Are you familiar with any well-known millionaires in Argentina who use
their wealth to support charitable causes and help others? Name them
and refer to the philanthropic work.

9. Let’s learn more rags-to-riches stories! Search the web and note down
information about the following world’s richest self-made people. The first
one has been done as an example.

Birth and hometown:

January 12, 1964, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.
College education:
Graduated from Princeton University with degrees in
electrical engineering and computer science
Turning point:
Jeff Bezos At New York investment bank D.E. Shaw & Co, he
was in charge of examining
the investment possibilities of the Internet. In 1994
he quit D.E. Shaw and moved to Seattle,
Washington, to open a virtual bookstore. Working
out of his garage with a handful of employees,
Bezos began developing the software for the site.
Named after the South American river, Amazon sold
its first book in July 1995. Amazon quickly became
the leader in e-commerce.

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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeff-Bezos#ref342231
Net worth:
US$125 billion as of April 2023, Bezos is the third-
wealthiest person in the world and was the
wealthiest from 2017 to 2021
Investopedia. (2023, July 1). The 10 richest people in the world
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/012715/5-
richest-people-world.asp

Mark Zuckerberg

J. K. Rowling

HAVING LITTLE MONEY

10. In this activity, you will watch a TED Talk in which Jacqueline
Novogratz (the philanthropist we read about in the previous activity)

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describes her experience in Mathare Valley, a densely populated slum in
Nairobi, Kenya.

Do you know where Kenya is? How familiar are you with
Kenya‟s culture and history?

What type of government does it have and how is it

structured?
Which languages are spoken in Kenya, and are there
any official languages?
How would you characterize the economic status of Kenya?

11. Watch the TED talk and answer the questions below.

An Escape from Poverty

https://www.ted.com/talks/jacqueline_novogratz_an_escape_from_poverty

1. What is the Mathare Valley like?

2. Describe Jane‘s life story before year 2001.
3. What is Jamii Bora?
4. What did she do with the money she borrowed from Jamii Bora?
5. How successful is Jane‘s business?
6. What happened in January in Mathare Valley?
7. What did Jamii Bora, Acumen and other organizations build? How far is it
from Nairobi central?
8. Can you explain which the main requirement for Jane to participate in the
housing development is?
9. How has Jane‘s perspective on her dreams evolved from her childhood
aspirations, and what does she prioritize now?
10. Can you explain Jane‘s role in counseling HIV patients and how she
believes she is providing them with something valuable?
11. What is Jacqueline´s perspective on the current economic crisis and how
does it present an opportunity for positive change and empowerment?

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12. Please, watch the video again at home and complete the questionnaire
by scanning the provided QR code. The link to the video and the QR code
are provided below.

Questionnaire Video

13. In small groups, discuss the following questions.

Imagine no possessions.
I wonder if you can.
What do you think?
Is it possible to live without possessions?
Have you ever met somebody who has lived without money?

14. You are going to watch a short trailer for a film about Heidemarie
Schwermer, who has lived without money for the last 16 years.

Why does she live without money?

How does she manage to live?
Is she happy? What do you think?

Living without money – trailer

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djzitB1xyoc&t=4s

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15. Read the article about Heidemarie published in 2011 in a British

newspaper.

Happiness is: A Life without Money in Rich Germany

Sixty-nine-year-old German Heidemarie Schwermer never thought she could

go so long without money, but what began as a 12-month experiment became a
unique lifestyle 15 years ago.
With only a touch of makeup, a light pink cotton sweater and string of fake
pearls, the elegant pensioner with a warm smile says she can hardly remember the
last time she spent a cent.
Instead, since 1996, she has lived by a unique scheme of swaps and barters
she says has held her in good stead.
Not a religious ascetic or a commune dweller, Schwermer is an urbanite living
in the heart of a materialistic society and says she has no plans to go back to the
world of euros and cents.
"Giving up money gave me quality of life, inner wealth and freedom," she says.
Turning one's back on consumerism in Europe's top economy, particularly now
in a period of relative growth compared to its neighbours, has a radical charm
rooted in a tumultuous life history.
Born during World War II in what was then East Prussia, Schwermer as a child
joined the flood of refugees expelled by Russian forces. Her family arrived in
Germany penniless.
"I saw how you were considered to be even less than worthless if you did not
have possessions or money," she said.
In the late 1960s, she spent a year in Chile, and "I saw extreme poverty there."
Back in Germany, she had two children, divorced and moved to the western
city of Dortmund in 1982, where she opened a psychotherapy practice.
"I wanted to understand what is going on in the minds of human beings. But
that was not enough, I wanted to do more for the world," she explains.
Thus the idea was born in 1994 to start a swapping network for people short of
cash - a groundbreaking notion. Pensioners and students answered the call in
droves.
Schwermer began to housesit in exchange for payment in kind. She quickly
noticed that she could take care of almost all of her material needs without ever
stumping up.

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In 1996, she took the decisive leap: she quit her job, moved out of her rented
home, gave away all her possessions, closed her bank account, cancelled her
health insurance and threw herself into what was planned as a year without money.
Those closest to her were baffled. "My daughter was worried to death, my friends
nearly cried. Now they're behind me."
Schwermer flopped on sofas where she could and started writing a book about
her experience, which has also been translated into other languages.
"I earned a lot of money with that book," she confides. "I gave it all away to
passersby, in five-mark bills", Germany's currency at the time.
She has appeared on television, moderated seminars and been the subject of
a documentary film.
Now she is editing her third book in a house in the northern seaside city of
Wilhelmshaven where she is crashing for a while. In return, she takes out the trash
and mows the lawn.
Schwermer gives her pension of 700 euros ($1,000) per month to
"acquaintances who need it" and refuses to think about old age or go to the doctor.
She found a health food store in Dortmund that gave her discarded produce,
and now in Wilhelmshaven a friend sometimes hands her vegetables from her
garden. If need be, she occasionally seeks the help of a soup kitchen.
"Of course I worry if there is nothing in the fridge," she says. "In the beginning I
was afraid all the time but what I love above all (about the lifestyle) is not knowing
what will happen tomorrow."
Schwermer said she is not seeking disciples but perhaps "to help people reflect
on their way of life and their relations with others."
In two months, she will take out her small suitcase, which holds all of her
earthly possessions, bound for Destination Unknown.
Taken from: The Independent. (2021, August 19). Happiness is: A life without money in rich Germany
http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/happiness-is-a-lifewithout-money-in-rich-germany-2341025.html

16. Read the text again more carefully and choose the correct letter.

1. The author considers Heidemarie Schwermer to be

a. quite aggressive
b. rather attractive
c. highly religious
d. extremely poor

2. When Heidemarie‘s family first arrived in Germany

a. they were relatively well off.

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b. they had no money at all.
c. they were quite materialistic.
d. they had lost everything in a flood.

3. Heidemarie‘s swapping network was particularly attractive to students and

people who
a. had quit their job.
b. enjoyed housesitting
c. were retired
d. were divorced

4. What did Heidemarie NOT do in 1996?

a. leave where she was living
b. get rid of everything she owned
c. start a new career
d. stop paying for health insurance

5. How did Heide‘s friends and family feel when she gave up money?
a. uninterested
b. confident
c. furious
d. anxious

6. Heidemarie pays for where she is currently staying by

a. using her pension
b. doing odd jobs
c. using money from her books
d. selling her possessions

7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a source of Heide‘s food?

a. growing her own food
b. food which has been thrown away
c. food grown by a friend
d. food given away by a charity

8. Heidemarie hopes her actions will encourage people to

a. stop being afraid about life.
b. grow their own vegetables.
c. think about how they are living.
d. join her in communal living.
Taken from: ELT Resourceful Materials . (n.d.). Living without money. https://elt-resourceful.com/wp-
content/uploads/2013/02/elt-resourceful-living-without-money.pdf

17. Pay attention to the expressions underlined in the text.

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Do you know their meaning?
Check their meaning in different English dictionaries
Use them in sentences of your own.

18. The following words have similar meanings. Explain them.

swapping - bartering - making payment in kind

19. Explain the difference in meaning of these words/expressions.

worthless - penniless - materialistic - short of cash

20. Work in pairs or small groups. Which of the following comments on

the article do you agree or disagree with? Why?

Lucas: She isn‟t living without money; she‟s just living on other people‟s
money. If everyone tried to do that, the economy would collapse! It‟s just
unrealistic.

Maddy: What‟s noticeable is that she doesn‟t just live without money; she
earns money from her books and has a pension, but she chooses to give
her money away to those who need it. And she works for her
accommodation. She‟s almost certainly contributing more than she is
taking from others. Good for her.

Barb: I couldn‟t do it myself, but I admire her. She‟s making a good point
about all the things we all think we really „need‟. Most of us work very
long hours just so that we can buy stuff that we don‟t really need.

Louise: It‟s easy for her to live without money in a rich country like
Germany, where everyone has plenty. I don‟t think she‟d find it so easy in
a poorer country.
Taken from: ELT Resourceful Materials. (n.d.). Living without money. https://elt-resourceful.com/wp-
content/uploads/2013/02/elt-resourceful-living-without-money.pdf

21. WORD FORMATION: Read the text below. Use the word given in
capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits the space
in the same line. There is an example at the beginning.

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World‘s Billionaire

Elon Musk is the (1)____________ man in the world. He was RICH

born in South Africa and attended a university in Canada
before (2)____________ to the University of Pennsylvania, TRANSFER
where he earned bachelor's degrees in physics and
economics. Two days after enrolling in a graduate physics
program at Stanford University, Musk deferred
(3)____________ to launch Zip2, one of the earliest online ATTEND
navigation services. He reinvested a portion of the proceeds
from this startup to create X.com, the online (4)____________ PAY
system that was sold to eBay (EBAY) and (5)____________ ULTIMATE
became PayPal Holdings (PYPL).
In 2004, Musk became a major (6)____________ of Tesla FUND
Motors (now Tesla), which led to his current position as CEO
of the (7)____________ vehicle company. In addition to its ELECTRICITY
line of electric automobiles, Tesla produces energy
(8)____________ devices, automobile accessories, and, STORE
through its (9)____________ of SolarCity in 2016, solar power ACQUIRE
systems. Musk is also CEO and chief engineer of Space
Exploration Technologies (SpaceX), a (10)____________ of DEVELOP
space launch rockets.
Taken from: Investopedia. (2023, July 1). The 10 richest people in the world
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/012715/5-richest-people-world.asp

22. [C], [U], QUANTIFIERS: Rewrite the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do NOT
change the word given. You can refer to Access to FCE (p.118-129) for
help.

1. What is the price of this book?

MUCH
_____________________________________________________________

2. She doesn‘t have much money; she can‘t make ends meet.
LITTLE
_____________________________________________________________
3. There are some useful saving tips that you can follow.
FEW
_____________________________________________________________

4. There are no coins in the piggy bank.

ANY
_____________________________________________________________

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5. Let me give you some tips on how to be rich.
ADVICE
_____________________________________________________________

23. Write a 200-word academic paragraph on ONE the following topics:

A. Having a lot of money allows you to buy happiness.
B. The benefits of becoming a self-made millionaire
C. Living on a budget is not so hard.

Brainstorm and narrow down the topic before writing. Use the information from
the previous activities and your own ideas. Try to include at least six specific
words and expressions.

Revise the qualities of a good topic sentence, supporting sentences and

concluding sentence and organize your ideas in an outline. Remember that
you cannot use the topic given as the T.S. or title. Then, write the first draft
of your paragraph, edit it and hand in your first draft.

CONSOLIDATION

In the section Having a lot/little money of the tab Unit 3: Money and
Shopping in the VLE, you will find vocabulary, reading and listening
activities to practise what you have learned in this section. Remember
that you can try the self-check activities as many times as you want to!

Revise what you have learned in this section and try to answer the
following questions in full. Put a tick if you can answer them or a cross if
you cannot. Good luck!

Can you…
 mention 10 set expressions related to being rich?
 say 10 set expressions related to having little money?
 name 3 advantages and disadvantages of being wealthy?
 name 3 examples of self-made millionaires and their impact to society?
 refer to the story of Jane and Jacqueline Novogratz‘s work.
 express you opinion about Heidemarie Schwermer‘s life choice.

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SHOPPING

Main objectives  To learn about shopping, types of shoppers,

shopping psychology and online shopping
 To learn key words, collocations, set
expressions and common phrasal verbs related
to shopping

Sections 1. Types of shoppers

2. Shopping psychology
3. Online shopping
4. Consolidation

TYPES OF SHOPPERS

1. Interview another student using the questions below.

Would you say that you enjoy shopping? Why (not)?

What do you enjoy buying?
Are there many shops near your home?
Is it difficult for you to make a choice when you shop?
Do you prefer shopping alone or with others?
Do you usually splash out when you go shopping?
Do you compare prices when you shop?
Do you like shopping in the sales?
Do you like window shopping?
Who usually does the shopping (i.e. shops for food) in your home?

Adapted from: Kanan.co. (2023, January 4). IELTS Speaking Part 1 Shopping. https://www.kanan.co/ielts/speaking/part-
1/topic-shopping/

2. In small groups, describe the situations in the following cartoons and

memes. Do you have a favourite shopping meme?

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3. Look at the following pictures and try to describe the different types of
shoppers using the words below.

go window shopping pick up a bargain

make a shopping list keep receipts
look for designer labels try things on
buy on credit Browse
go on a shopping spree shop till they drop
talk down the price look at all the price tags
buy in the sales splash out
be ripped off go binge shopping

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4. Complete the sentences below by selecting the appropriate type of

shopper that matches each description.

1. John is an _______________ shopper who often makes unplanned

purchases without thinking about the consequences.
2. My sister is very _______________, she always looks for the best deals
and discounts before making a purchase.
3. Laura is a _______________ shopper who only buys products from well-
known brands.
4. Michael is a _______________shopper, he is willing to pay a little bit
more for products and services that give him back more time in his week.
5. Mark is an _______________ shopper who prefers buying
environmentally friendly and sustainable products.
6. Fashion _______________ are always ahead of the curve, setting new
trends and inspiring others.

5. You are going to read an article about different types of shoppers.

Complete the sentences with the following words that appear in the
article.

accessibility value sustainability-oriented

cost trigger budget
trendsetters convenience ecological footprint
reputation

1. Sara prefers to shop online due to its ______________ and ease of browsing
through different products.
2. John always considers the ______________ aspect before making a
purchase, aiming to find the best deals.
3. Some consumers are highly concerned about the image and
______________ associated with certain products or companies.
4. The store's location in the city center provides great ______________ for
shoppers who rely on public transportation.

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5. Lucy is always on the lookout for environmentally friendly alternatives,
making her a ______________ shopper.
6. Fashion______________ are always ahead of the curve, setting new trends
and inspiring others.
7. Mark enjoys browsing through different stores and comparing prices to
ensure he gets the best ______________ for his money.
8. Alex is mindful of his spending habits and always plans his purchases to stay
within his ______________ .
9. Discounts and promotions can be ______________ for budget-conscious
buyers to make a purchase.
10. By adopting sustainable practices such as recycling and reducing energy
consumption, individuals can significantly reduce their ______________and
contribute to a healthier environment.

6. Read the article and find out about different kinds of shoppers.

Types of Shoppers: A Comprehensive Overview

In today's globalized world, the act of shopping has evolved into a multifaceted
phenomenon, reflecting the diverse preferences and behaviors of consumers.
Understanding the different types of shoppers is essential for marketers and
retailers seeking to tailor their strategies to meet the needs of their target audience.
This article aims to provide an overview of various shopper profiles, shedding light
on their characteristics, motivations, and behaviors.

Impulsive Shoppers
Impulsive shoppers are characterized by their spontaneous and unplanned
purchase decisions. They are easily influenced by attractive displays, limited-time
offers, and impulse-buying triggers. Impulsive shoppers often derive a sense of
excitement and instant gratification from their purchases, which can lead to
impulsive spending and potential regrets.

Budget-Conscious Shoppers
Budget-conscious shoppers are driven by a strong desire to find the best deals and
maximize the value of their purchases. They carefully compare prices, seek
discounts, and engage in extensive research before making a buying decision.
These shoppers are likely to prioritize cost-effectiveness over brand loyalty and
are experts at finding economical alternatives without compromising quality.

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Brand-Conscious Shoppers
Unlike budget-conscious shoppers, brand-conscious shoppers place a high value
on the reputation, image, and perceived quality associated with certain brands.
They are often willing to pay a premium for products from renowned brands and
view their purchases as an expression of their personal identity and status. Brand-
conscious shoppers tend to be more influenced by advertising, endorsements, and
social trends.

Convenience Shoppers
Convenience shoppers prioritize ease and efficiency when making purchasing
decisions. They seek out stores and services that offer convenience in terms of
location, opening hours, and the overall shopping experience. Online shopping has
become increasingly popular among convenience shoppers due to its accessibility
and time-saving benefits. This type of shopper values convenience over factors
such as price or brand loyalty.

Eco-Conscious Shoppers
Eco-conscious shoppers prioritize environmentally friendly products and
sustainable consumption practices. They are committed to reducing their
ecological footprint by choosing products that are ethically sourced, recyclable, or
made from renewable materials. Eco-conscious shoppers may support brands and
retailers who are sustainability-oriented and willing to pay a premium for eco-
friendly options.

Trendsetters
Trendsetters are early adopters who actively seek out the latest trends and fashion-
forward products. They are influenced by popular culture, social media, and
celebrity endorsements. Trendsetters enjoy being at the forefront of new styles
and use their purchases to make a statement or differentiate themselves from the
crowd. This type of shopper often values novelty and exclusivity.
Recognizing the diverse types of shoppers is vital for marketers, retailers, and
consumers alike. By understanding the unique motivations and behaviors displayed
by these shopper profiles, businesses can customize their marketing strategies and
product offerings to effectively cater to the preferences of their target audience.
Adapted from:
Koesters, J. (2021, February 7). Three types of shoppers and what they want from retailers. Forbes.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2021/06/21/three-types-of-shoppers-and-what-they-want-from-
retailers/?sh=23011e6775b4
Solomon, M. R. (2019). Understanding consumer behavior: A comprehensive guide to consumer psychology (pp. 67-
75). Routledge.

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7. Read the text again and decide whether the following statements are
TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).

1. Impulsive shoppers carefully plan their purchases.

2. Budget-conscious shoppers prioritize cost-effectiveness over
brand loyalty.
3. Brand-conscious shoppers are not influenced by advertising or
social trends.
4. Convenience shoppers prioritize ease and efficiency when
shopping.
5. Eco-conscious shoppers prioritize sustainable consumption
practices.
6. Trendsetters are not influenced by popular culture or social media
7. Recognizing different shopper types is only important for
marketers.
8. Understanding shopper profiles helps businesses tailor their
strategies to their target audience.

8. In pairs, answer the following questions. Try to rely on your memory,

but feel free to refer to the text if necessary to fill in any missing or
important details.

1. What type of shopper do you consider yourself to be? Why?

2. Do you know someone who fits the description of an impulsive shopper?
How does their behavior differ from other types of shoppers?
3. In your opinion, which shopper profile is the most influenced by
advertising and celebrity endorsements? Why?
4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being a budget-conscious
shopper.
5. Share an example of a convenience shopper in your life. How does their
preference for convenience affect their shopping decisions?
6. How important is eco-consciousness in consumer behavior today?
Discuss the benefits and challenges of being an eco-conscious shopper.
7. Are trendsetters always brand-conscious shoppers? Why or why not?
8. Share an experience when you made a purchase influenced by a specific
brand or its reputation. How did it affect your decision?

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9. COST/PRICE: Use your monolingual dictionaries to find the difference

in meaning and use between cost and price. Then complete the phrases
below with either cost or price. Only one option is possible in each case.

half ________ two for the ________ of one

total________ ________ list
________ tag fair_ _______
________ of living included at no extra ________
pay/cover the ________ of sth a rise/drop in the ________

10. Now use some of the previous phrases in the following sentences.

1. Do you miss living in London?

No, not really because ____________________ was so high. I never had
any money.
2. That‘s a nice jacket. Is it new?
Yes. I bought it ____________________ in the sales.
3. Why did you get two packets of coffee?
It was a special offer -____________________.
4. I enclose a copy of our brochure and current ____________________.
5. Can you tell me how much this jacket is?
I can‘t see a ____________________ on it.
6. The price of the air ticket alone was £120, but the
____________________ was much more than that.

Culture note: Notice that price is usually a noun and cost a verb, but cost can also be used as a
noun. These two questions mean about the same: How much does it cost? What‘s the price?
Oscar Wilde came up with this famous quote ―What is a cynic? A man who knows the price of
everything and the value of nothing.‖

11. FEE/CHARGE/FARE: Use your monolingual dictionaries to find the

differences in meaning and use among fee, charge and fare.

12. SET EXPRESSIONS: Mark each of the following sentences to say that
something is free, cheap or expensive.

1. Do you like my jacket? It‘s made of pure silk.

Really? It must have cost you a packet.

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2. I thought the hotel was good value for money –considering how nice
it was. The hotel restaurant also offered food at a reasonable price.
3. Two weeks in Barbados! It must have cost a fortune/the earth.
4. I‘m not going to New York until February. The flights are a bit pricey at
this time of the year.
5. I got this Beatles CD in the second-hand shop for a pound. It was a real
bargain!
6. I like the new car. Was it expensive?
It didn’t cost me a penny. My brother gave it to me.
7. New York was fantastic but the trip cost me an arm and a leg.
8. We had to get tickets at the last minute so we had to pay through the
nose for them. It was a real rip-off.

Adapted from: Gough, C. (2002). English vocabulary organiser. Boston: Thomson Heinle (pp.126-127).

13. PHRASAL VERBS RELATED TO SHOPPING: Replace the words in

bold with a phrasal verb derived from the verbs below. You may need to
use the same verb more than once. Use your monolingual dictionaries for
help.

bring out clear sth ↔out come out

get back get carried away go over
let sth ↔down let sth ↔out look around
run out of see to/about sell out
snap sth ↔up stock up take sth ↔in
take sth ↔up track sth ↔down trade up

1. Impulsive shoppers get very excited when shopping.

2. Apple has put on the market a new mobile phone; I can‘t wait to buy it!
3. The latest Samsung phone has just become available, I can‘t wait to
buy it!
4. Can I help you? No, thanks, I‘m just having a look.
5. Sorry, we don’t have bread left.
6. I don‘t like supermarkets. I can‘t bear the queues.
7. You should carefully examine the items of clothing before buying. This
pair of trousers is too short; you will have to lengthen them. And the
sleeves of this shirt are too long; you will have to shorten them.
8. This skirt is too tight; I need to make it larger. And this pullover is too
big; I need to make it smaller.

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9. As I am not satisfied with the equipment I have bought at your shop, I‘d
appreciate it if you could deal with the problem and if I could recover my
money.
10. I'm trying to find out information about my package to see when it will
be delivered.
11. Ford is offering discounts in order to sell all the available stock of last
year‘s models.
12. The new trainers were all sold quickly, but I managed to quickly buy a
pair.
13. The supermarkets are full of people buying a lot of things to have
enough for future use for the New Year's holiday.
14. Teenagers quite frequently exchange a lesser/inferior item for a better
or more desirable one their old smart phones for the latest models.

SHOPPING PSYCHOLOGY

14. In this section, you will learn about various shopping psychology
strategies employed by major retail stores to attract customers. In pairs,
answer the questions below.

Which important stores in Argentina do you enjoy shopping at?

Why do you like them?
How frequently do you visit these stores?
Do you shop in these places quite frequently or occasionally?
When you go shopping, do you typically only purchase the items you
originally intended to buy, or do you end up buying additional products
that were not part of your initial plan?
Based on your shopping experiences, can you identify any shopping
psychology strategies that these stores employ?
If so, which specific strategies do you think they use?

15. Read the text below and check your answers.

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The Impact of Shopping Psychology on Consumer Behavior and Global Retail
Strategies

Shopping psychology plays a crucial role in influencing consumer behavior and

driving increased spending. Understanding the psychological factors that shape
customer decisions enables businesses to strategically design their stores and
marketing strategies to persuade shoppers and boost sales. In this article, we will
explore how shopping psychology influences customer spending, with a focus on
Target and the Gruen Effect. Additionally, we will highlight various global shopping
stores that employ shopping psychology strategies, along with the influence of
social media on these strategies.

Shopping Psychology and Customer Spending

Shopping psychology encompasses a range of tactics that businesses employ

to encourage customers to spend more. By understanding the following
psychological phenomena, retailers can effectively shape consumer behavior:
The Gruen Effect: Named after Victor Gruen, the Gruen Effect refers to the
phenomenon where customers become disoriented and lose track of time while
shopping. This effect is achieved through intentionally confusing store layouts and
product placements. The maze-like environment created entices customers to
explore further, leading to increased time spent in the store and a higher likelihood
of impulse purchases.
Target and Shopping Psychology: Target, a prominent retail chain in the USA,
exemplifies the use of shopping psychology strategies. Target employs various
techniques, including targeted marketing, pricing strategies, store layout
optimization, and limited-time offers. By analyzing customer data, Target tailors
their marketing campaigns to specific customer segments, creating personalized
advertisements that increase the perceived value of products and drive spending.

Shopping Stores Worldwide and their Strategies

Numerous shopping stores globally implement shopping psychology strategies

to influence consumer behavior. Some noteworthy
examples include:
Tesco (UK): Tesco, a leading supermarket chain in
the United Kingdom, implements shopping psychology
strategies to drive sales. They employ personalized

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marketing techniques, loyalty programs, and effective product positioning to
influence customer behavior. Tesco's environmental efforts can attract customers
who value sustainable shopping choices and seek out retailers with strong
environmental policies. They have taken steps to implement responsible sourcing
practices. They have committed to sourcing seafood responsibly, working with
organizations like the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) to ensure sustainable
fishing practices. Tesco also aims to source palm oil from certified sustainable
sources, addressing concerns related to deforestation and biodiversity loss. Tesco
has also set ambitious targets for reducing carbon emissions, food waste, and
plastic packaging. Additionally, they actively support recycling initiatives and
encourage customers to reduce their environmental impact.
IKEA (Sweden): IKEA, a renowned furniture retailer with a global presence,
incorporates shopping psychology tactics into its store design and layout. By
utilizing a deliberate store flow that guides customers through various product
displays and room setups, IKEA
encourages shoppers to explore and
visualize products in their homes. The
store's layout also strategically leads
customers to different departments,
increasing the likelihood of additional
purchases. Besides, IKEA caters to
families by offering play areas for children
and providing shopping carts designed to accommodate both children and
products. This family-friendly approach creates a welcoming and convenient
environment for parents, promoting longer visits and potential additional purchases.
Many IKEA stores include a restaurant or a Swedish food market section. This
strategy enhances the overall shopping experience by offering customers the
opportunity to enjoy Swedish cuisine and take a break during their visit.
Liverpool (Mexico): Liverpool is an
important department store chain in Mexico. It
collaborates with popular national and
international brands to offer exclusive product
lines and limited-edition collections. By creating
a sense of exclusivity and uniqueness,
Liverpool entices customers to visit their stores
and make purchases, tapping into the psychological desire to own special and
sought-after items. Through their loyalty program, "Liverpool Insiders," they provide
exclusive promotions, discounts, and early access to sales events for program

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members. This personalized approach strengthens customer engagement, fosters
loyalty, and incentivizes spending within the Liverpool stores.

Influence of Social Media on Shopping Psychology Strategies

Social media platforms have become influential tools in shaping shopping

psychology strategies. Retailers use social networks in the following ways:
Targeted Advertising: By leveraging user data, retailers can deliver
personalized advertisements to specific demographics, increasing the chances of
capturing consumers' attention and driving them to make purchases.
Influencer Marketing: Collaborating with influencers allows retailers to tap into
their influence over their followers' purchasing decisions, employing the power of
social media to increase spending.
User-Generated Content: Retailers actively encourage customers to share their
experiences and opinions, using user-generated content as social proof to influence
others' perceptions and purchase decisions.
Shopping psychology exerts a significant influence on consumer behavior, with
retailers worldwide employing various strategies to increase spending. Target and
the Gruen Effect serve as prominent examples of how shopping psychology is
applied. By understanding the impact of shopping psychology strategies and the
role of social media, businesses can effectively engage customers, enhance the
shopping experience, and drive increased sales.
Adapted from:
Graves, P. (2013). Consumerology: The truth about consumers and the psychology of shopping. Nicholas Brealey.
Jansson-Boyd, C. (2022, April 22). How shops use psychology to influence your buying decisions. The Conversation.
https://theconversation.com/how-shops-use-psychology-to-influence-your-buying-decisions-180355
McMahan, D. (2018, November 8). The 'Target Effect:' A psychologist explains why you can't just buy one thing. Better
by Today. https://www.nbcnews.com/better/pop-culture/target-effect-psychologist-explains-why-you-can-t-just-buy-
ncna923456

16. Read the text again and identify the key words and phrases listed
below. Pay attention to the context in which they are used. Try to
understand the meaning of each word or phrase based on how it is used
in the text.

Shopping psychology The use of psychological tactics in the retail

environment to influence consumer behavior
and increase sales.

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Gruen Effect

Maze-like environment

Targeted marketing

Store layout optimization

Limited time offers

Perceived value

Loyalty programs

Product positioning

Sustainable shopping
choices

Responsible sourcing
practices

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Influencer marketing

User-generated content

17. Before watching the video about Target, the American retail
corporation headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota, look the following
words up in the dictionary.

overwhelmed mindset knickknacks

affordable hype scarcity
to grab fancy pricing

18. Watch the video and decide whether the statements below are TRUE
(T) or FALSE (F).

Wild Ways Target Gets you to Overspend

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-MOyJ54Zjk

1. The Target Corporation eventually became The Dayton

Company.
2. When customers are overwhelmed, they tend to spend more time
in the mall, resulting in increased purchases.
3. The Bullseye's Playground or Target Dollar Spot is a section that
offers discounted products.
4. Target is loved by many celebrities, including Beyonce, Heidi
Klum, and Al Pacino.
5. One strategy Target uses is called "Design for All," which focuses
on offering exclusive products at exorbitant prices.

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6. The Halo Effect is a psychological phenomenon where people let
one positive trait influence their overall opinion about a person,
product, or pet.
7. "Tarjey" is a nickname given to Target because of design
partnerships that associate the store with high-end brands.
8. Target employs three strategies to enhance the shopping
experience: Circle Offers: Scarcity, Odd-Even Pricing, and Red
Card Discounts for Cashless transactions.

19. Watch the video again and answer the following questions.

1. What is the Gruen Effect and how does it relate to the Target shopping
experience?
2. What role do Bullseye's Playground and the Dollar Spot play in the
overall shopping experience at Target stores?
3. How does Target's collaboration with well-known designers and high-end
fashion brands contribute to its success?
4. What is the Halo Effect, and how does Target benefit from it in their
brand image?
5. What is the purpose of Target's Circle Offers, and how do they use the
principle of scarcity to influence consumer behavior?
6. What is odd-even pricing, and why does Target utilize this strategy in
their pricing?
7. How does the Cashless Effect influence consumer spending behavior,
and how does Target's Red Card discount take advantage of this
phenomenon to encourage increased purchases?

ONLINE SHOPPING

20. In pairs, answer the following questions.

Do you like shopping on the internet?

What kinds of things do you purchase online?
Do you prefer online shopping to in-store shopping? Why?
Are you a vampire shopper?
Do you usually fall for online shopping tricks?
Have you ever had any problems when shopping online? Which ones?

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21. Complete the graph with the missing words. There is one you do not
need to use.

basket/cart checkout delivery

Order packing shipping
Quantity sign stock

Taken from: Maxwell, K. (n.d.). Language for online shopping. One Stop English.
https://www.onestopenglish.com/language-for-/language-for-online-shopping/555522.article

22. Read the following sentences describing the step-by-step process to

shop online and put them in order.

_____ Go to the cart, review your order and go to checkout.

_____ Find the items you want to buy and check the price and shipping costs.
_____ Choose the method of payment and enter the payment details.
_____ Add the item(s) to the cart by clicking on ―Add to cart‖.
_____ Check other shopping sites to comparison shop.
_____ Search for your item online.
_____ Log/in to your account or sign up to create one.
_____ Choose the shipping method.
_____ Sign out and wait for the items to come into the mail!
_____ Wait for the order confirmation mail.

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23. Skim this article about pros and cons of online shopping and match
the following headings (A-L) with the appropriate paragraph (1-12).

A. What You See Isn‘t Always Available

B. Compare Prices Easily
C. Avoid Crowds
D. Shop Any Time from Anywhere
E. Human Interaction Is Not Guaranteed
F. Easily Save Items for Later
G. Buying on Faith
H. Time Delays
I. Take Advantage of Resales and Discounts
J. Convenience
K. Low-Pressure Purchases
L. There May Be Hidden Fees

Top 15 Pros and Cons of Online Shopping

Shopping online has quite a few benefits. Purchasing plane tickets,

groceries, household necessities, and office supplies has never been more
convenient than it is right now. Online stores are often very competitive with
prices and products, providing shoppers with a wealth of options that brick-and-
mortar stores may not have.
However, it can feel overwhelming to compare prices, reviews, and products
without having the ability to physically see the items. Before you begin shopping
online for your next purchase, large or small, take into consideration the
advantages and disadvantages of online shopping when compared to traditional
shopping.

Advantages of Online Shopping

Aside from the convenience of shopping from the comfort of your home — or
anywhere, for that matter — shopping online comes with many advantages.
Some of the perks include avoiding parking hassles, long lines, and crowds
during particularly busy shopping seasons. Let‘s dig into some of the additional
benefits of online shopping.

1__________
The most obvious benefit of shopping online is the hours that you can shop.
Where else do you have the ability to shop at any time, day or night, while
wearing your pajamas?

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The 24/7 nature of online shopping allows everyone to take advantage of the
perks of a sale and the low prices of a particular retailer, regardless of where
they live or what hours they can shop. This means people living in rural areas or
working the night shift enjoy the same savings and convenience of those in a city
working 9-to-5 jobs.

2__________
The COVID-19 pandemic forced many of us to revise the way that we
approached everything, from shopping for groceries to enjoying various forms of
entertainment. Avoiding crowds became the norm, and although that may no
longer be necessary, it may be preferable for many shoppers. Visiting shopping
malls, especially during high volume times, also means dealing with traffic and
crowds.
When you shop online, not only do you avoid long lines at checkout, but you
also save money on gas, skip roaming the parking lot trying to find a parking
space, and avoid all the associated dings and scrapes on your vehicle.

3__________
Time and place considerations are just the beginning of the convenience
advantages offered by shopping online. With online shopping, packages are
delivered to your doorstep, saving you time and money on gas. In addition,
shopping through an app that saves your personal information makes checkout
quicker and more convenient.

4__________
If you have some time to spend browsing, online shopping gives you the
chance to thoroughly shop around and compare prices. Going from store to store
in a physical shopping center takes a lot more time than simply opening a new
browser tab and running a few searches.
By reading reviews and comparing products prior to making a purchase, you
can feel confident that you are getting the best value for your money without
wasting as much time and energy.

5__________
Online shopping gets easier and saves you more money over time as you
learn how to fully take advantage of the benefits that are unique to this shopping
method. For example, the online retail space is full of alternative sellers and
websites that specialize in gently used and refurbished items that can save you
money.
Another way to save money online is to sign up for discount and sale
notifications via email or text message. These services notify you about the best
time to shop, and because you can shop anywhere at any time, it‘s easy to take
advantage of these deals.

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6__________
When making large lifestyle purchases such as cars, insurance, and travel,
it‘s common to encounter aggressive salespeople when shopping in person. In
contrast, online shopping offers a no-pressure sales experience. Without a
person pressuring you to make a decision, it‘s easier to conduct additional
research, call friends and family to get their opinions, and fully evaluate options
before making a purchase. It‘s easy to save your progress for later or abandon
your cart instead of completing a transaction if you change your mind.

7__________
Unlike walking away at a department store, if you choose to abandon a cart
online, all the items you considered purchasing remain accessible, at least for a
while. Many retailers also send product reminder emails if you leave items in your
cart or save them for later. Additionally, these reminder emails sometimes
contain special offers or discount codes.

Disadvantages of Online Shopping

Online shopping comes with some clear advantages, but there are
disadvantages as well. In some cases, a deal is too good to be true or falls short
of the website‘s description. It can also be hard to receive satisfactory customer
service online if the company uses chatbot robots or makes it difficult to reach a
person on the phone.
Some of the other disadvantages of shopping online include:

8__________
Shopping in person allows you to look closely at a product before purchasing
it to determine if it‘s the right size, fabric, or quality that you‘re searching for
before committing to a purchase. Online shopping, on the other hand, requires a
willingness to ―buy before you try‖ policy. Especially when purchasing clothing,
it‘s important to know your exact size and measurements in order to avoid a bad
experience.

9__________
Besides having the ability to try on an item in person, when you have
something in your hands, you know you can buy it. That isn‘t always true when
shopping online. It‘s not uncommon to deal with items that are on backorder or
no longer available when attempting to make purchases. This can be quite
problematic when shopping for gifts and you need to have an item by a certain
date.

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10__________
Although you save money by not driving back and forth to stores, fees for
shipping and other items can impact the final price you pay when shopping
online. For example, if you choose to return an item, sometimes you may have to
pay restocking fees or other costs associated with shipping an item back to the
seller. In addition, depending on the item, location, and business, you might
spend as much or more on shipping costs than what you spend on the item.

11__________
Another clear disadvantage of online shopping is the delay between
purchasing an item and actually receiving it. Although many online retailers have
gotten better at fast shipping, you often need to pay extra for overnight delivery.
Other factors, such as weather, can also delay shipping times even further.

12__________
While avoiding the pressure of dealing with sales personnel is a positive part
of online shopping, the flip side to this benefit is that it can be hard to find help
when you need it. Many online retailers rely on overseas customer service and/or
chat bots that make it difficult to get direct answers if a question or issue arises.
Taken from: Reiszel, J. (2023, April 17). Top 15 pros and cons of online shopping. https://www.hrccu.org/blog/benefits-
online-shopping/

24. As we have learned in the previous section, retailers use

psychological techniques to make consumers buy more and online
shopping is no exception. Read about some ways shopping sites trick
consumers into buying more and tick the ones you are likely to fall for.

Tapping into shoppers' fear of missing out, or FOMO, on the latest and
most popular products
Giving incentives, like free shipping, for adding more items to online
carts
Offering 10% to 15% discounts on customers' first orders in exchange
for an email and mobile phone number so that customers are then
contacted about everything from seasonal sales a company is offering
to a reminder about items left in their carts.
Making the checkout process easier by offering multiple payment
options to consumers.
Bringing shoppers into the store with the ―buy online, pick up in store‖
option.
Using scarcity marketing by saying there's limited inventory of a product
and it's not coming back in stock, showing an item is selling fast (by
showing how many people have added/ordered/looked at an item), or
being able to hold items in the cart for a limited time displayed in

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countdown timers.
Showing social proof: positive ratings and reviews (sometimes given by
people in your area or people you follow on social media) and
influencer marketing, where celebrities and social media stars are paid
to promote products tailored to what their audiences and followers
might be tempted to purchase.
Using was/is pricing tactic to let shoppers know they're getting a good
deal
Offering great deals with shopping events such as Amazon Prime Day,
Black Friday, and Cyber Monday.
Adapted from:
Hartmans, A. & Sanatana, D. (2023, June 4). Here are 6 ways shopping sites trick you into buying more – and how to
avoid taking the bait. Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/psychological-tricks-used-by-shopping-sites-how-to-
avoid-them-2023-1

25. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS: Rewrite the second sentence so that it

has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do NOT
change the word given. You can refer to Access to FCE (p.84-89) for help.

1. Big shops are cheaper than smaller shops.

EXPENSIVE
_____________________________________________________________

AS
_____________________________________________________________

2. If you go to the supermarket early, you will be able to leave sooner.

EARLIER
_____________________________________________________________

3. I can‘t afford to buy those boots.

TOO
_____________________________________________________________

ENOUGH
_____________________________________________________________

4. Jane‘s car is as old as Lisa‘s.

SAME
_____________________________________________________________

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5. Kate shopped much less than Helen did.
DIDN‘T
_____________________________________________________________

26. Write a paragraph of about 220 words on ONE of the following topics:
A. It is easy to become a budget-conscious shopper.
B. Shops encourage people to buy, even when they do not need to.
C. Customers prefer shopping online.

Brainstorm and narrow down the topic before writing. Use the information from
the previous activities and your own ideas. Try to include at least six specific
words and expressions.

Revise the qualities of a good topic sentence, supporting sentences and

concluding sentence and organize your ideas in an outline. Remember that
you cannot use the topic given as the T.S. or title. Then, write the first draft
of your paragraph, edit it and hand in your first draft.

CONSOLIDATION

In the section Shopping of the tab Unit 3: Money and Shopping in the VLE
you will find vocabulary, reading and listening activities to practise what
you have learned in this section. Remember that you can try the self-
check activities as many times as you want to!

Revise what you have learned in this section and try to answer the
following questions in full. Put a tick if you can answer them or a cross if
you cannot. Good luck!

Can you…
 say 6 set expressions related to shopping?
 describe the main types of shoppers?
 name 10 phrasal verbs to refer to shopping?
 explain what shopping psychology is?
 mention 5 tricks shops use to make customers buy more?
 list the steps to shop online?
 refer to some pros and cons of online shopping?

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TYPES OF SHOPS
Main objectives  To learn about different types of shops, corner
shops/supermarkets, shopping centres/
department stores, and markets
 To learn the strategy cooperating with others
and note taking

Sections 1. Types of shops

2. Corner shops/ supermarkets
3. Shopping centres/ department stores
4. Markets
5. Consolidation

TYPES OF SHOPS

1. Shop signs and notices can be funny. In pairs, look at these notices and
decide in which shops they might have appeared. Do you think that
humour was intended?

2. In small groups, write down the name of 10 types of shops. Then

compare the list with your class, do you have the same names?

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COOPERATING WITH OTHERS

This social strategy consists in interacting with your classmates

to become more proficient users of English. In fact, when you carry out a pair
and/or group work activity, you can learn from your classmates by interacting
with them. Your peers can also benefit from your contributions. This is a very
useful strategy and you should try to use it in and outside class!

Adapted from: Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies. What every teacher should know. Heinle & Heinle.

3. TYPES OF SHOPS: Complete the following crossword with more types

of shops.

DOWN
1. A shop that sells fruit and vegetables.
2. A shop that sells flowers and indoor plants for the home.
4. A shop that sells small things that are suitable for giving as presents.
6. A shop or website where books are sold.
7. A shop which sells newspapers, magazines, sweets and cigarrettes.
9. A shop that sells/makes cakes and bread.

ACROSS
3. A shop that sells tools and equipment for your home and garden.
5. A shop that sells wine, beer and other alcoholic drinks, in bottles or cans.
6. A shop where you can buy meat.

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8. A shop where medicines and toiletries are sold.
10. A shop that sells food and small things for the home.
11. A shop that sells chocolate, cigarrettes, and often newspapers.

4. Which are the British equivalents of the following American words?

candy store drugstore liquor store

Culture note: In British English stores are large shops that sell lots of different things –a
department store, for example, which has a shoe department, a cosmetics department and so
on. A chain store has branches all over the country. A shopping centre or shopping mall is a
place with lots of different shops under cover in one place.

5. GUESSING GAME: In small groups, take turns to talk about a shop

using the words from the table so that your classmates can guess it.

products clothes – nails – hammer – designer labels – fresh

fruit and vegetables – handicrafts

Qualities old-fashioned – busy – specialist – impersonal –

friendly – large – modern – small – (little) variety –
expensive – cheap – general – open long hours

personnel shopkeeper – manager – ckeckout assistant – shelf

stacker – stall holder – shop assistant

Features counter – changing room – display – shelves –

racks – trolley – till – aisles – basket – checkout –
stall

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CORNER SHOPS/SUPERMARKETS

6. Use your monolingual dictionaries to learn the difference between these

types of shops.

Corner shop:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Convenience store:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Supermarket:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

7. Find 8 words related to supermarkets in this word scramble. Have fun!

leisa
uhccokte
lretoyl
tabesk
eslsehv
ptlcbisa ga

8. Use some of the words above to complete the following sentences.

1. I hate carrying those wire _______________. I use a _______________

at the supermarket.
2. I think working on a _______________ must be a really boring job.
3. If everyone uses one _______________ every time they go shopping,
that‘s an awful lot of pollution.
4. Could you tell me where the coffee is, please?
Third _______________ on the right.

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9. Complete each of the spaces below with a word from the list:

foodstuff trolley corner aisles

own-brand out-of-town range till
cashier receipt brands checkout
value convenience

I prefer a trip to a large (1)_______________ supermarket to shopping in the

local (2)_______________ shop because there‘s so much variety. You can
choose between all the usual well-known (3)_______________, or if you prefer,
there are the store‘s cheaper (4)________________ products. As well as tinned
and frozen (5)_______________ food, there‘s a wide (6)_______________ of
fresh fruit and vegetables, meat, fish and other (7)_______________. The
household goods are particularly good (8)_______________ for money,
compared to other shops.
Once I‘ve walked down all the (9)_______________, filling my
(10)_______________ with enough food to last a month, I head for the
(11)_______________. I try not to look when the amount I‘ve spent is displayed
on the (12)_______________ and I try not to listen as the
(13)_______________ reads it out. I hand over my credit card and hurriedly put
the (14)_______________ in my purse, preferring not to look at it until I get
home.
Taken from: Norris, R. (2001). Ready for FCE. Oxford: Macmillan (p.82).

Culture note: The expressions down the road/ round the corner are used to show that a place
is near. They are often followed by a more specific place expression: There’s a stationary just
down the road past the traffic lights – There’s a café just round the corner on Gower Street.

10. When we go shopping for food, we like to believe that we buy only
what we want, but do we? Think about a large supermarket near your
home try to discover the selling tricks for each of the following
sections/places.

Entrance

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Shopping
cart/trolley

Back of the
store

Eye level

Checkout

11. Now watch this video to check your predictions and note down
information about the tricks supermarkets use to get their customers to
buy more than they actually need.

Supermarket Tricks

https://youtu.be/d6-04fQLh8E

TAKING NOTES

This cognitive strategy is very useful for listening and reading.

You should always remember that the focus of note taking is on understanding,
not writing. That‘s why you should try to jot down key ideas or words and, if
possible, use personal codes and symbols to save time while writing. A good
way to organize your notes is by using a T-list: first draw a ―T‖on a piece of

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paper, write the main theme or title on the top line (the crossbar of the T), write
the basic or main topics on the left side of the vertical line and the secondary
ideas or details on the right.

Adapted from: Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies. What every teacher should know. Heinle & Heinle.

12. Using the useful expressions and the notes below, compare and
contrast the corner shop and the supermarket.

COMPARISON CONTRAST
Similarly, However,
Equally, Nevertheless,
In the same way, On the one hand…. On the other
Likewise, hand,
Like/As with x, x is… On the contrary,
Unlike x, x is…
X is…while/whereas x is…
e.g.
Corner shops are within walking distance, but/; however,/; on the other
hand, they are quite pricey.
Supermarkets can provide their customers with a great variety of
products whereas/while corner shops have a very limited range of
goods.

CORNER SHOP SUPERMARKET

It is small. You may need to wait for the It is a large self-service store.
shopkeeper/shop assistant to help you.
You may not always find a special It is fully equipped.
product.
The shopkeeper knows you very well Nobody knows you.
The staff are friendly and they offer It‘s impersonal. It may be difficult to find
personal service someone to help you.
It is usually located on busy streets and Big hypermarkets are on the outskirts.
street corners.
It is close to where people live Customers need a car or public
transport to shop there.
It is convenient for quick shopping, daily It offers bonus/loyalty cards with
or emergency food needs. cashback rewards or points to loyal
shoppers.

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There is a limited range of goods or There is a wide variety of items or
brands brands
Products may be overpriced. It offers lower prices, many deals or
discounts to attract consumers.
It is open long hours/at unusual The opening hours are usually from 9am
times/on Sundays. to 10 pm.
Products may not be nicely displayed. The merchandise is strategically
organized into an aisle format
It may take debit cards It accepts debit and credit card.
Customers may buy on credit (buy now Shoppers have to queue up at the
and pay later) checkouts.
It may be the ―meeting point‖ for gossip Customers can shop online and have
customers! their goods delivered.

13. Group the characteristics listed above according to their advantages

and disadvantages.

CORNER SHOP SUPERMARKET

Pros

Cons

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SHOPPING CENTRES / DEPARTMENT STORES

14. Watch this scene from the film Confessions of a Shopaholic and try to
answer these questions.

Where is Rebecca?
Which type of shopper is she? Why?
What makes her splurge on the green scarf?

Green Scarf

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfPuQLbnsu8

15. What is the difference between a shopping centre and a department

store? In small groups, try to come up with a clear and complete definition
of both. Compare them with the rest of the class and with monolingual
dictionaries. Which definition was the best one?

Shopping centre:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Department store:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

16. Watch the scene again and fill in the gaps with the exact words used
by the film characters. The strategy guessing intelligently (using linguistic
and non-linguistic clues) can be very useful to carry out this activity.

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Dialogue with the mannequin
1. Rebecca reminds herself that she has just got a credit card bill of
$__________.
2. The mannequin ironically suggests that Rebecca should __________
small jeans round her neck.
3. The mannequin says that the scarf would make Rebecca‘s eyes
look__________.
4. Rebecca adds that the scarf would make her __________ look more
expensive.
5. The mannequin says that she could __________ it with everything.
6. Finally, the mannequin says that the scarf would make Rebecca walk into
that interview __________.

Dialogue with the girl at the till

7. The cashier says that buying the scarf is a good choice because it‘s the
__________ one.
8. The scarf is $__________.
9. Rebecca pays $50 in __________.
10. Rebecca says that the scarf is so __________.
11. The cashier says that Rebecca‘s card is __________ declined.
12. When Rebecca asks the cashier to put the scarf to one side, the cashier
replies that she can‘t __________ sales.

17. REPORTED SPEECH: Rewrite the second sentence so that it has a

similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do NOT
change the word given. You can refer to Access to FCE (p.134-143) for
help.

1. ―Keep talking‖ said Rebecca to the mannequin.

ASKED
_____________________________________________________________

2. ―You do not need this scarf‖ Rebecca said to herself.

DIDN‘T
_____________________________________________________________

3. ―How would you like to pay?‖ the cashier asked Rebecca.

ASKED
_____________________________________________________________

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4. ―Do you have another credit card?‖ the cashier asked Rebecca.
IF
_____________________________________________________________

5. ―The cards have been rejected,‖ the cashier told Rebecca.

INFORMED
_____________________________________________________________

18. Read the text below and think of a word which best fits each space.
Use only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning.

Department Stores

In 1846 an Irish immigrant in New York named Alexander Stewart opened a

business called the Marble Dry-Goods Palace. By (0) doing so, he gave the
world something completely new – the department store. Before this, no-one
1.______ tried to bring together such a wide range of goods 2.______ a single
roof. The business did very 3.______. It expanded rapidly and soon had
4.______ staff of two thousand. For Stewart even that was not enough,
5.______. In 1862 he moved to an eight-storey building nearby, 6.______ he
renamed A. T. Stewart‘s Cast-Iron Palace. It was, 7.______ for many years
would remain, the largest shop in the world.
Others followed Stewart‘s example and soon there were stores 8.______ his in
major cities in the United States. We don‘t 9.______ when people started calling
them department stores. The expression wasn‘t used in print 10.______ 1893,
when it appeared in Harper‘s magazine, but the way that it was used there
11.______ it clear that it was already widely understood.
12.______ is certain is that department stores completely changed the
shopping experience for millions of people. They offered not only an enormous
range of goods, 13.______ also levels of comfort, luxury and excitement
previously unknown to customers. Almost from the start, they had restaurants,
toilets and many 14.______ facilities, so 15.______ was no need to go
elsewhere for anything.

Taken from: First Certificate in English handbook. (2001). Cambridge: UCLES (p. 31).

19. WORD FORMATION: Read the text below. Use the word given in
capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits the space
in the same line. There is an example at the beginning.

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Macy‘s

Macy‘s, (1)____________ R.H. Macy and Company, Inc., FORMER

is a major (2)____________ department store chain. It is AMERICA
the largest department store company by retail sales in the
United States as of 2015. The company offers home
(3)____________, cosmetics, fragrances, menswear, FURNITURE
(4)____________, and kidswear, intimate apparel, shoes, WEAR
and other accessories. The company markets products
under various private label brands and own brands such as
Bloomingdale‘s, Bloomingdale‘s The Outlet, Bloomies,
Macy‘s, Market by Macy‘s, Macy‘s Backstage and
Bluemercury. It also markets and sells products through
various e-commerce portals such as Macys.com,
bluemercury.com, and Bloomingdales.com. The company
has a business presence in the US, UAE, Columbia,
Guam, and Puerto Rico.
Macy‘s is (5)____________ in New York City, New York. HEADQUARTERS
Its 11-story flagship store occupies a city block at New
York City‘s Herald Square (34th Street and Broadway).
The building's 2.5 million square (6)____________ FOOT
(230,000 m2), which includes 1.25 million square feet
(116,000 m2) of retail space, makes it the
(7)____________ department store in the United States LARGE
and among the (8)____________ in the world. BIG
Since 1924 Macy‘s has (9)____________ an HOLD
annual Thanksgiving Day parade in New York City; first
televised (10)____________ in 1947, it is one of the NATION
country‘s most popular parades.
Adapted from: Global Data. (2023). Macy’s inc: Overview. https://www.globaldata.com/company-profile/macys-inc/
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Macy’s Herald Square. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s_Herald_Square

20. Skim this article taken from Visitlondon.com, an official visitor guide,
and find out about the most famous department stores in London.

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Top London Department Stores

Harrods, Liberty, Selfridges, Harvey Nichols and more; London is home to a host
of big-name department stores.

Department stores are a London specialty. From Harrods to Harvey Nichols,

Selfridges to Liberty, they are located across the city, stocking everything from
footwear to furnishing and clothes to caviar.
Most London department stores also have cafés, restaurants or bars – perfect
when you need to recharge your batteries after an extended shopping session.
Some even offer you the chance to unwind with a luxurious spa or beauty
treatment. You'll also find extensive cosmetics departments as well as bridal wear
in the majority of larger stores.
Personal shopper services are becoming ever more common for both women and
men, and they're not just for clothes either. Simply contact the store directly and
make an appointment if you'd like some expert help finding that perfect purchase.

Debenhams
Popular department store Debenhams stocks
affordable ranges from a number of British
designers such as Jasper Conran and Ben de
Lisi. Debenhams' flagship store on Oxford
Street has a shoe department, lingerie section
and a cosmetics hall with all the top beauty
brands, and also offers extra services such as a
free personal shopper.
Fortnum & Mason
The quintessential English store, Fortnum &
Mason has been selling food, luggage,
homewares and clothes to London's finest
since 1707. The official grocer to The Queen,
the beautiful store has four restaurants and sells
the most indulgent foodstuffs. If you want
specialist teas or exquisite hampers, this is the
place to go.

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Harrods
Established in 1849 as a humble grocery store,
today Harrods offers everything from food to
fashion, furniture to sportswear plus 20
restaurants and specialist services including
dog coat fitting and piano tuning. Sights
include the Egyptian Hall and the Pet
Department. At night, the store is illuminated by
11,500 light bulbs.
House of Fraser
One of the best-known names on Oxford Street,
is renowned for its designer brands and
exclusive collections – it's the place to go for a
little bit of luxury, whatever your budget. Browse
through top brands including DKNY,
CathKidson and Ted Baker then relax in the
Clarins Spa. And don't miss the Café Zest
restaurant.
Marks & Spencer
You can't go wrong with M&S! London's
flagship Marks & Spencer at Marble Arch
boasts an impressive range of affordable buys.
Staples like lingerie and clothing are joined by
flowers, furniture and fabrics. There's also Café
Revive and the mouth-watering aisles of the
food hall – enough to keep even the most
intrepid shopper occupied.
Selfridges
Whatever you're after – bags, shoes,
cosmetics, soft furnishings, books, a speciality
food hall or cafés – you'll find it in Selfridges,
London's amazing one-stop department store!
There's a budget-busting designer clothing
section and a Superbrands department with big
names such as Balenciaga, Dolce & Gabbana
and Stella McCartney.
Adapted from: Visit London. (n.d.). Best 10 London department stores. http://www.visitlondon.com/things-to-
do/activities/shopping/department-store/top-10-london-department-stores

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21. Scan the article to find out which London department store (A - J) has
the following characteristics. Where more than one answer is required,
these may be given in any order.

A. Debenhams F. House of Fraser

C. Fortnum & Mason I. Marks & Spencer
D. Harrods J. Selfridges

Which department store…

has affordable prices? 1.___ 2.___
offers extra services? 3.___ 4.___
is the oldest? 5.___
was another type of shop in the past? 6.___
has a café? 7.___ 8.___
has a spa?? 9.___
has a restaurant? 10.___ 11.___ 12.___
only sells top and exclusive products? 13.___ 14.___
is the place where the queen gets her 15.___
groceries?

22. In pairs, use the strategy guessing intelligently to explain the meaning
of the words in bold in the article above. Then, use your monolingual
dictionaries to confirm your guesses.

GUESSING INTELLIGENTLY

This strategy is essential for reading and listening. It involves

making intelligent guesses; that is, guessing the meaning of a word or
expression in an informed way. To do so, you can use linguistic clues: use
your knowledge of English such as your knowledge of suffixes, prefixes and
word order. You can also use non-linguistic clues: use the information
provided by other sources such as the pictures that illustrate a text, the
information about the writer or the speaker, the speaker‘s tone of voice and
facial expression, the situation, the context and your knowledge of the world.

Adapted from: Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies. What every teacher should know. Heinle ELT.

23. CONDITIONALS AND WISHES: Rewrite the second sentence so that it

has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do NOT

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change the word given. You can refer to Access to FCE (p.158-165) for
help.

1. I wish I won the lottery to splash out in a department store in London!

IF
_____________________________________________________________

2. I wish I had money to burn to buy high-end labels.

ONLY
_____________________________________________________________

3. I am disappointed that he splurged all his savings.

WISH
_____________________________________________________________

4. I was deceived by the supermarket tricks and spent a fortune!

WOULDN‘T
_____________________________________________________________

5. He didn‘t save for a rainy day so he went bankrupt.

IF
_____________________________________________________________

24. For questions 1-15, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. There is an
example at the beginning (0).

If you need to buy food, 0__or__ perhaps a book for school, there is probably a
shop or department store close to your home that sells just what you want. But
shopping has not 1.______ been so easy. Shops started only 2.______ the
introduction of money in Ancient China. In earlier times people used to barter: in
exchange for the goods 3.______ needed, they traded things they 4.______
grown or made. The first shops sold just a 5.______ specialised products; the
butcher sold meat, the baker sold bread. In 1850 the first department store, a
shop which sells many different items under 6.______ roof, opened in Paris. At
about the 7.______ time the first mail order shopping services 8.______ set up
for people who lived a long way 9.______ shops. Self-service stores developed
in the United States in the 1930s. They replaced the old methods of serving
customers individually 10.______ allowing people to serve 11.______ straight
from the shelves. Modern supermarkets have large car parks 12.______
provide their customers with trolleys so that they can shop weekly 13.______ of
daily. Nowadays you do not even have to leave home to go shopping. You can
shop by post, by telephone or through a computer terminal straight to the
warehouse. But one of the oldest methods of shopping, visiting an open-air

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market, is still popular with people 14.______ want to buy fresh food 15.______
low prices.
Taken from: Morris, S. & Stanton, A. (1996). Practice tests for FCE. Essex: Longman (p.65).

MARKETS

25. Use your monolingual dictionaries to learn the difference between

these types of markets.

street market – flea market – farmers’ market – floating market

26. Watch the first scene of the film Notting Hill featuring Hugh Grant
walking down Portobello Road and answer these questions.

Which type of market does Hugh Grant walk through?

Where is it?
What does it sell?
Would you like to visit it? Why?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qWZ5FYygg38

27. Watch the scene again and fill in the blanks with the missing words
from the script.

Of course, I've seen her films and always thought she was, well, fabulous but, you
know, 1._______________ from the world I live in which is here -- Notting Hill—my
favourite 2._______________. There's the market 3._______________, selling
every 4._______________ known to man. The 5._______________ -- with a guy
outside who got drunk and now can't remember why he chose 'I Love Ken'. The
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radical 6._______________ where everyone comes out looking like the Cookie
Monster, whether they like it or not... Then, suddenly it's the weekend, and from
break of day, 7._______________ appear out of nowhere, filling Portobello Road
right up to 8._______________. And thousands of people buy
9._______________, some genuine...and some not so genuine. And what's great
is that lots of friends have ended up in this part of London -- that's Tony, architect
10._______________, who recently invested all the money 11._______________
in a new restaurant... So this is where I spend my days and years -- in this
12._______________ in the middle of a city in a house 13._______________ that
my wife and I bought together... before she left me for a man who looked like
Harrison Ford, only even handsomer... .. and where I now lead a strange half-life
with 14._______________ called...Spike!

28. Read about two more famous markets around the world. Where are
they? What type of markets are they? Which market would you like to visit
if you had the chance? Why?

Queen Victoria Market

Queen Victoria Market is much more than the city‘s fresh-food shopping mecca –
it‘s a historic landmark, a tourist attraction and a Melbourne institution. Spanning
several city blocks, Queen Vic Market is the largest open-air market in the Southern
Hemisphere. Shoppers can find everything from fruit and vegetables to local and
imported gourmet foods, fashion and general merchandise. Wander through the
bustling Meat, Fish and Dairy Halls, where you can pick up artisan cheeses,
dressed meats and takeaway food, or discover the seemingly endless array of
seasonal fruit and vegetables showcasing the best of Australian produce. Explore

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the market's historic sheds to grab a bargain or find a Melbourne-made treasure
amongst clothing, jewellery, handcrafts, homewares and souvenirs. The historical
importance of the market has been recognised with its addition to the National
Heritage List. The market is open five days a week, with Sunday taking on a
carnival atmosphere as entertainers delight the crowds. Guided tours highlight the
market‘s food, heritage, culture, shopping and history. City Ambassadors provide
roving customer service on every market day, helping visitors explore all the sights
and delights of the market and more. The friendly volunteers are approachable and
equipped with extensive local knowledge and complement the market‘s customer
service staff. Keep an eye out for the ambassadors in their distinctive red uniforms
next time you‘re at the market.
Taken from: What‘s on Melbourne. (n.d.). Queen victoria market.
https://whatson.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Placestogo/MelbourneLandmarks/Historic/Pages/4144.aspx

Dammoen Saduak

Dammoen Saduak in Ratchaburi is the most popular floating market in Thailand,

great for photo opportunities, food and for giving you an insight into a bygone way
of life. Every day many Thai and foreign tourists travel here to shop, eat, and
absorb the atmosphere of Thailand water markets that have been like this for over
a 100 years. Damnoen Saduak is the straightest and longest canal in Thailand. The
canal was built on royal initiative as King Rama IV of Thailand wanted to link the
Mae Klong River with Chinese river ways to support transportation and trade. It
took over 2 years to dig, and was eventually finished under the reign of his
successor King Rama V. The canal is 32 kilometers long and has more than 200
branches. Damnoen Saduak Floating Market‘s popularity grew to new heights in
1971 – 1973 when the river was full of farmers on their boats selling their wares.
And that is the way trade is performed in this area until today.

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An early morning start is worth it to avoid the heat and catch Damnoen Saduak at
its liveliest. Most visitors who come to Thailand want to visit a floating market and
many of them will end up here. Don‘t let that put you off though; it‘s an enjoyable
morning out of the city and, if you avoid the tourist shops, you can get a real sense
of the place. The market is over an hour outside Bangkok, and the easiest way to
get there is to join a tour. The bus driver will take you to the pier to hop onto
decorated long-tail boats that are waiting to take you to the market. The journey
takes around 20 minutes and it‘s great to enjoy the peace before the hectic pace of
the market. It may feel overcrowded at first glance, but visitors and sellers bring
noise and colour to the area. Stepping off the boat, you find yourself amongst the
busy stalls selling similar products to those you can find at Chatuchak weekend
market, small toy elephants, tiger balm and the compulsory ‗I was here‘ T-shirts. It‘s
not surprising to find this at the most famous floating market in Thailand and it can
feel a little commercialised but, if you walk further, you will find the food-sellers, who
not only look more photogenic, but also have some far tastier goods. Unlike most of
the other floating markets, the popularity of Damnoen Saduak attracts many fruit
sellers rowing their boats along the narrow canals. There is plenty of tasty food to
try along the docks, from freshly-made mini coconut pancakes to boat noodles in
their rich meaty broth.
Adapted from: Amazing Thailand. (n.d.). Damnoen Saduak floating market.
https://www.tourismthailand.org/Attraction/Damnoen-Saduak-Floating-Market--989

29. Browse the Internet and look for a famous market around the world
that you would like to visit. Be ready to talk about it for 4 minutes!

30. Decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space.

Street Markets
Most people enjoy looking for 1.______ in street markets. It can be very
enjoyable walking around the 2.______, among the crowds of 3.______, and
trying to spend as 4.______ as possible. Of course it depends 5.______ the
market. In fruit and 6.______ markets, there is usually a wide variety of
7.______ produce, but it may not be cheap. There may be goods at 8.______
prices at the end of the day, however. Clothes markets can be a problem, as it
is difficult to 9.______ on new clothes in the open 10.______! My favourites are

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antique markets, where although there is not much 11.______ of finding
valuable objects which are also cheap, you can enjoy yourself looking at all the
things for 12.______ Whatever kind of market you look 13.______, and whether
you buy things or not, you usually 14.______ up feeling completely worn
15.______. Still, it is an interesting way of shopping.

1. A) cheap B) sale C) expensive D) bargain

2. A) tables B) stalls C) boxes D) stores
3. A) shoppers B) public C) buys D) goods
4. A) little B) soon C) late D) is
5. A) from B) with C) on D) to
6. A) salads B) green C) farm D) vegetable
7. A) new B) fresh C) young D) early
8. A) half B) bottom C) reduced D) down
9. A) look B) try C) half D) take
10. A) time B) shop C) light D) air
11. A) likelihood B) instead C) in spite D) like
12. A) that B) all C) sale D) others
13. A) around B) for C) up D) out
14. A) shut B) bring C) get D) end
15. A) clothes B) however C) out D) through
Taken from: Vince, M. (2009). New First Certificate Language Practice. Thailand: Macmillan Education. 4th Edition (p.
235).

CONSOLIDATION

In the section Types of shops of the tab Unit 3: Money and Shopping in
the VLE, you will find vocabulary, reading and listening activities to
practise what you have learned in this section. Remember that you can try
the self-check activities as many times as you want to!

Revise what you have learned in this section and try to answer the
following questions in full. Put a tick if you can answer them or a cross if
you cannot. Good luck!

Can you…
 name 10 different shops?
 mention 3 shops that have different names in BrE and AmE?
 tell the difference between go shopping/do the shopping; corner
shop/supermarket, shopping centre/department store?

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 mention 5 ―sneaky‖ tricks supermarkets use to get customers to buy
more?
 list pros and cons of supermarkets and corner shops?
 describe a department store you would like to visit in the future?
 remember the different types of markets?
 describe a market you would like to visit?

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SECOND-HAND SHOPPING
Main objectives  To learn about second hand shopping and
circular economy
 To learn key words related to second hand
shops

Sections 1. Second-hand shops

2. Circular economy
3. Consolidation

SECOND-HAND SHOPS

1. In small groups, read this statements about second hand shopping.

What is your view about them?

Wearing what you already have in your closet is one of the best things you can do
for our planet.
The next best thing?
Buying secondhand clothes, which is now easier than ever thanks to online second
hand thrift stores.
Sustainable Jungle (2023, May 3). 33 second hand stores for the best online thrift shopping. Sustainable Jungle.
https://www.sustainablejungle.com/sustainable-fashion/best-online-thrift-stores/

Now, thrifting your clothes is considered less of an essential habit and more of a
fashion statement. In 2023, shopping for secondhand clothing actually makes you
cool. According to ThredUp‘s Annual Resale Report for last year, secondhand
shopping is becoming a global phenomenon, expected to grow 127% by 2026.
Quick, C. (2023, February 28). Thrifting is becoming popular among millenials and here’s why. Her Agenda.
https://heragenda.com/p/thrifting-becoming-popular-among-millennials-and-how-to-shop-second-
hand/#:~:text=Now%2C%20thrifting%20your%20clothes%20is,to%20grow%20127%25%20by%202026.

Rental fashion is a service that allows people to rent clothing and accessories
for a set period. This can be useful for special occasions or everyday wear. To
use the service, customers typically create an account and browse the available
items. They can then select the items they want to rent and have them delivered
to their doorstep.
Onrotate. (2022, September 8). 5 reasons why rental fashion is the future of Fashion. https://www.onrotate.com/5-
reasons-why-rental-fashion-is-the-future-of-fashion/

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2. Use your monolingual dictionaries to match the different types of

second hand shops to their meanings.

garage sale – flea market – charity shop (BrE)/ thrift shop (AmE)
carboot sale – jumble sale (BrE)/ rummage sale (AmE) - yard sale

a shop that sells clothes and other goods given by

people to raise money for a charity
an outdoor sale where people sell things that they no
longer want, using tables or the backs of their cars to
put the goods on
a sale of used clothes, furniture, etc., held in the garage
of somebody‘s house
a sale of things from somebody‘s house, held in their
yard
a sale of old or used clothes, etc. to make money for a
church, school or other organization
an outdoor market that sells second-hand goods at low
prices
Definitions taken from: Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/

3. Now label the pictures with the type of second hand shop.

1._______________ 2._______________ 3._______________

4._______________ 5._______________ 6._______________

Pictures taken from: Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/

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4. Which types of second hand shops are the texts describing? Why?

Basically, people drive to an open field in the middle of the country somewhere,
park their cars in a row, open the car boots, and sell the things they have inside. It‘s
great fun. I love browsing – just walking from car boot to car boot, looking at what‘s
on sale. They are often very cheap, tacky things, but sometimes you get a great
bargain. You can exchange something of your own for something from someone
else‘s boot. And you can haggle down the price, which is something you can‘t
usually do in British shops….

Often held in a church hall or local community centre to raise money for a local
charity or school, this sale involves lots of people bringing old clothes and second-
hand household items, and selling them very cheaply. It‘s good fun to root through
everything and find something you like. Jumble means a big pile of things in a
mess. And that‘s basically what it is. A pile of old things on a table and two old
ladies making tea for everybody.
Taken from: One Stop English (2019, July 7). British English shopping. http://www.onestopenglish.com/grammar/pdf-
content/vocabulary-british-english/british-english-shopping-worksheet-2-and-teachers-notes-2/147114.article

5. Read the following article. Do you agree with the author’s view?

I‘m a Car-Boot Sale Addict and Proud of It!

Let‘s face it, it‘s not much fun shopping in most shops anymore, is it? The thing is,
cities all over the world are starting to look more and more similar. In almost every
one, you find branches of the same global chains of shops and fast food
restaurants –Gap, Niketown, Benetton, McDonald‘s, the Body Shop and Starbucks.
As the chains corner the market, lots of little shops go out of business, and with
every one that goes bankrupt, the world becomes a little bit duller and more
predictable. Chains will never surprise you in any way. You know exactly what you‘ll
get before you even walk through their doors. It‘s getting harder and harder to find
unusual, interesting, or even just different things out there… that‘s really why I‘m a
car-boot sale addict.
Every weekend, in fields, car parks and school yards all over Britain, thousands of
people unload the contents of their car boots onto little tables and sell off all the old
junk they‘ve been meaning to get rid of for ages. The prices are usually made up on
the spot, and haggling over them is part of the fun. If you get there early enough,

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you can pick up some amazing bargains –old records, out of print books, vintage
clothes, incredibly cheap antiques. On top of all that, there‘s lots of other strange
bits and pieces to make you think: old photograph albums, collections of old love
letters, second-hand glass eyes. You can find anything and everything at these
places!
So next time you get fed up with being ripped off by a big chain which thinks three
pounds is a fair price for a cup of coffee, say goodbye to big business and hello to
the world of car boot sales!
Taken from: Dellar, H. et al. (2004). Innovations intermediate. Boston: Thomson Heinle (p.42).

CIRCULAR ECONOMY

According to UNCTAD

A circular economy entails markets that give incentives to reusing products, rather
than scrapping them and then extracting new resources.
In such an economy, all forms of waste, such as clothes, scrap metal and obsolete
electronics, are returned to the economy or used more efficiently.
(paras 1-2)

6. A circular economy is based on three principles. Read the following

article to learn about them and complete the chart.

Ellen Macarthur Foundation. (n.d.). What is a circular economy?

https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/circular-economy-
introduction/overview

Principles 1. 2. 3.

Main ideas

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General
comments

7. Watch the following video from European Parliament News and find out
what the circular economy means and how it affects you, the economy
and the environment.

News: European Parliament. (2023, May 24). Circular economy:

definition, importance and benefits.
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20151
201STO05603/circular-economy-definition-importance-and-benefits

8. Watch the following video, get together in small groups and discuss
how our society can rethink and change progress. Be ready to report to
the rest of the class.

Ellen Macarthur Foundation. (2011, August 28). Explaining the

circular economy and how society can re-think progress: animated
video essay. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCRKvDyyHmI

9. Have you ever heard of these companies? What do they have in

common? Read the following text to find out.

Pictures taken from https://www.flickr.com/

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Claudia Spataro, Claudia Schander, María José Morchio and Julia Martínez
Circular Economy Examples - How IKEA, Burger King, Adidas and More are
Investing in a Circular Economy

In a circular economy, waste is designed out of product manufacturing and

materials are kept in use.
Brands are embracing the circular economy in some inventive ways, helping
consumers rethink how they consume goods.
IKEA, Adidas, Burger King are one of the first circular economy examples.
What goes around comes around, according to the old saying. And in the case
of the circular economy, that‘s certainly true.
The circular economy takes a different approach to the take-make-dispose
model of consumption to which many have become accustomed. By reusing and
recycling as much as possible, plus repurposing and selling on items that have
outlived their initial use, the circular economy is creating jobs and generating
economic activity, while easing some pressures on the environment.
It‘s an approach based on ―designing out waste and pollution, keeping products
and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems,‖ in the words of the Ellen
MacArthur Foundation. The idea is gaining momentum and truly hitting the
mainstream as a growing number of household-name brands adopt circular
methods and develop products with circularity built in.
Organizations around the world are creating new platforms to support circular
innovation. For instance, the World Economic Forum's Scale360° Playbook
initiative brings together technologists, researchers, entrepreneurs and
governments to develop new products and solutions, maximize resources and
rethink value chains. Additionally, emerging circular innovators from around the
world can connect and work together in sharing ideas and solutions through
UpLink, the Forum's open innovation platform.

Circular Economy Examples

Big brands are getting involved in the circular economy. Here are four circular
economy examples that could be coming to a store near you.

Recycling Incentives: Thousand Fell

Thousand Fell is already making a name for itself as an environmentally-
conscious manufacturer with shoes made from sustainable materials such as
coconut husk and sugar cane, and even recycled plastic bottles,
Now, in partnership with TerraCycle and UPS, the maker has launched a
special recycling incentive. Customers can return old pairs of Thousand Fell shoes
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back to the manufacturer. Thousand Fell will then recycle the returned footwear and
send customers $20 that can be used toward a new pair of shoes.

A Big Brand Selling Goods Second-Hand: IKEA

Visitors to the Swedish town of Eskilstuna, about 100km outside of the capital
Stockholm, could visit a 1,000-year-old stone covered with Viking runes and
pictures. They could also visit IKEA‘s first-ever second-hand store.
The shop will feature gently used IKEA furniture as part of its efforts to reach its
2030 climate targets.
Head of sustainability at the Scandinavian furniture giant Jonas Carlehed told
Reuters earlier this year that: ―We are making a huge readjustment, maybe the
biggest IKEA has ever made, and one of the keys to reaching [the company‘s 2030
climate targets] is to manage to help our customers prolong the life of their
products.‖
The company has also recently started a buy-back scheme for customers – it
gives vouchers in exchange for the return of unwanted furniture and other items.
That scheme has, however, been suspended in some locations because of ongoing
pandemic-related restrictions.

Re-Usable Fast Food Packaging : Burger King

Takeaway food is big business -- but the packaging for those meals poses a
sustainability challenge.
Global takeaway brand Burger King has unveiled a solution in the form of
reusable packaging intended to reduce the amount of waste it generates.
Customers in New York, Tokyo, and Portland, Oregon will soon be able to buy
burgers and drinks in reusable packaging.
The plan, one in place for next year, features a small deposit charged initially
and then refunded when the customer returns with the boxes and cups, which are
taken away for cleaning and processing via the zero-waste e-commerce system
Loop.

Shoes You Don’t Own: Adidas

Adidas is another circular economy example. This sportswear multinational has
a range of footwear designed with recycling in mind. Its UltraBoost DNA Loop
shoes are made from just one material – thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). No
glue is used in its manufacture, instead, it is assembled using high temperatures.
On its website, Adidas describes the UltraBoost Loop as the shoes customers
will never own, but will instead return once they are finished with them.
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―If the end can become the beginning, we can help keep products in play and waste
out of landfill,‖ the company says.
Taken from: World Economic Forum. (2023, July 25). 4 creative ways companies are embracing the circular economy.
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/12/circular-economy-examples-ikea-burger-king-adidas/

10. Answer the following questions about the text.

1. In what ways are these companies innovating?

2. What does the expression: ―What goes around comes around‖ mean?
3. How can this expression be applied to this topic?
4. Can you explain ―the take-make-dispose model of consumption‖?
5. How can you explain what a ―buy-back scheme‖ is?
6. What do you understand by ―the UltraBoost Loop‖?
7. Do you know any other big brand which is getting involved in circular
economy?

11. Check the following sites to learn some curiosities about sustainable
materials.

The Guardian. (2014, March 20). How sustainable is your

smartphone? – interactive.
https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/ng-
interactive/how-ethical-is-your-smartphone

The Guardian. (2014, September 5). The house made from 4,000
video cassettes and two tonnes of jeans.
https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-
business/2014/sep/05/house-video-cassettes-jeans-toothbrushes-
waste-brighton-circular-economy

12. Apart from building materials there are other examples of circular
economy at home. Read the following extract and think about other
possibilities.

At home
There are many examples of circular economy to apply at home, from composting
systems that use organic waste as fertilizer for plants to recycling inorganic waste.

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Plastics, glass, cardboard, paper and aluminum can be taken to various collection
and recycling centers that exist in each city, which often offer financial or in-kind
retribution.

Barter networks
Bartering has existed since time immemorial and, until a few years ago, only a few
towns preserved this practice; however, today it has gained momentum in big cities
thanks to social networks and mobile applications, where we can find groups of
people who exchange among themselves the goods they no longer need and even
give them as gifts.
Bartering helps significantly to reduce waste and resource consumption, promotes
the circular economy and household savings, which can be invested in other ways.
BBVA.CH. (2021, October 21). Innovative examples of circular economy. https://www.bbva.ch/en/news/innovative-
examples-of-circular-economy/

13. Learn the meaning and use of barter.

bar‧ter 1
/ˈbɑːtə ˈbɑːrtər/ verb [intransitive, transitive]
to exchange goods, work, or services for other goods or services rather than for money
barter (with somebody) for something I had to barter with the locals for food.
barter something for something They bartered their grain for salt.

Taken from: Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/barter

14. Check the following sources and complete the chart summarizing the
main concepts of bartering.

Investopedia. (2023, January 25). Barter (or Bartering) Definition,

Uses, and Example.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/barter.asp

Corporate Finance Institute. (2023, June 28). Bartering.

https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/economics/bartering
/

Definition

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Participants

Examples

Benefits

Drawbacks

Steps to barter

15. Get together in groups and discuss the advantages and disadvantages
listed here. Can you think of any other? Get ready to support your ideas
and exemplify them.

Advantages Disadvantages
Less extraction of virgin raw Lack of regulations governing
materials legal competition among
Reduced consumption of fossil companies
fuels Lack of environmental
Extending the useful life of awareness on the part of
products through actions such suppliers and clients
as recycling Economic barriers and access
Decrease in waste generation. to financing
Innovation and economic Technical skills and abilities
growth. that are not yet present in the
Allows for a change in workforce
consumption habits Presence of waste that is

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Greater independence in terms difficult to recycle and
of imports and agility in supply transform
Creation of new jobs Consumer acceptance
problems

16. Write a 200-word academic paragraph on ONE the following topics:

A. Problems of second- hand shopping
B. Car boot sales are great places for some types of shoppers.
C. Circular economy can bring on some disadvantages for humanity.

Brainstorm and narrow down the topic before writing. Use the information from
the previous activities and your own ideas. Try to include at least six specific
words and expressions.

Revise the qualities of a good topic sentence, supporting sentences and

concluding sentence and organize your ideas in an outline. Remember that
you cannot use the topic given as the T.S. or title. Then, write the first draft
of your paragraph, edit it and hand in your first draft.

17. WORD FORMATION: Read the text below. Use the word given in
capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits the space
in the same line. There is an example at the beginning.

Nuuly Rent

Nuuly is designed so you can come up with an

(1)____________ look every day—not just on special AMAZE
occasions. It's for going all out, for just (2)____________ HANG
out, for work, vacation and all the good stuff that happens in
between. It's about expanding your (3)____________ into OPT
the thousands—while keeping more of those $1000s in your
bank account.
(4)____________ and rent any 6 styles, every month, for SUBSCRIPTION
$98. What's included: fast, free shipping + returns. What's
not: (5)____________ fees. What else? You can pause or HIDE
cancel anytime.
Once you've subscribed, this is what it's like to Nuuly:
(6)____________ your 6: Four tops and the same dress in CHOICE

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two sizes? Six pairs of jeans? One of everything? It's your
call.
Wear them on repeat: They're all yours for the next month.
Don't worry about laundry or repairs—it's (7)____________ INCLUDE
in the plan.
Buy, return + refill: If you fall in love with something, buy it.
Send back the rest by your (8)____________ date and BILL
repeat. Skip the laundry and dry cleaning. Wine stains, party
fouls, paw prints, artistic kids with markers—let us handle it
at our state-of-the-art (9)____________ cleaning and repair PROFESSION
facility. We're experts in the chemistry of (10)____________ CLEAN
and sanitizing clothing while preserving the integrity of the
fabric for the next renter.
Subscribe to the Future. Pick any 6 items you like each
month, we'll do everything else!
Taken from: NuulyRent. (n.d.) How it works. https://www.nuuly.com/rent/how-it-works

18. REVISION: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar

meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do not change the
word given. If you have difficulty doing the activity, refer to Access to
FCE.

1. It‘s ages since I last went to a department store. [PRESENT TENSES]

HAVEN‘T
_____________________________________________________________

2. Sue usually watched Mr. Bean when she was young. [PAST TENSES]
USED
_____________________________________________________________

3. Terry intends to go shopping tomorrow morning. [FUTURE TENSES]

IS
_____________________________________________________________

4. Rebecca Bloomwood will go bankrupt if she doesn‘t stop buying. [0/1ST

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE]
UNLESS
_____________________________________________________________

5. It was wrong of Rebecca to buy the scarf. [MODALS]

SHOULDN‘T
_____________________________________________________________

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6. I tried to shop online once but the system declined my credit card.
[PASSIVE VOICE/CAUSATIVE HAVE]
WAS
_____________________________________________________________

7. Harrods is the most expensive department store in London.

[COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES]
MORE
_____________________________________________________________

8. He is broke. He has little money left.[C,U]

MUCH
_____________________________________________________________

9. ―Are you alright with your packing?‖ the cashier said. [REPORTED
SPEECH]
ASKED
_____________________________________________________________

10. I bought the books online and my credit card got hacked [2ND/3RD
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES/WISHES]
IF
_____________________________________________________________

CONSOLIDATION

In the section Second hand shopping of the tab Unit 3: Money and
Shopping in the VLE, you will find vocabulary, reading and listening
activities to practise what you have learned in this section. Remember
that you can try the self-check activities as many times as you want to!

Revise what you have learned in this section and try to answer the
following questions in full. Put a tick if you can answer them or a cross if
you cannot. Good luck!

Can you…
 describe 3 shops where you can by second hand goods?
 name pros and cons of second hand shopping?
 explain what circular economy is?
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 name specific examples of circular economy?
 refer to the advantages and disadvantages of a circular economy?

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