sSkeletal System

The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones that

make up the limbs and connect them to the rest of the
body.
1. The skeletal system is the framework of the body.
2. It is made up of several bones that facilitate movement 1. The upper extremities consist of the:
and give the body structure and support. ● shoulder
● upper arm
The skeletal system is divided into: ● elbow

The axial skeleton and The appendicular skeleton. ● forearm

1. Axial Skeleton: ● wrist

The axial skeleton mainly provides support and protects ● hand

the brain, spinal cord, and organs inside the thorax

2. The lower extremities consist of the:
(chest).
● hip
● thigh
Its main function is to protect the central nervous system
● knee
(brain and spinal cord).
● lower leg
● ankle

the axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body: ● foot

the skull | ossicles of the middle ear | hyoid bone of

the throat | vertebral column | the thoracic cage The Composition of Bones
(ribcage)
Bones are composed of three layers:

● an outer layer known as compact bone

● a deeper layer known as spongy bone
The brain and ● a core component known as bone marrow
sensory
1. Compact bone is usually smooth and solid:
organs, such
as the eyes
and inner ear,
are protected
by the skull.

The spinal
cord is
connected to
the brain and exits the skull. It is then surrounded by a
2. spongy bone is hollow and comprised of a
long bony structure called the vertebral column. It is
network of thin bony structures called
made up of 5 different types of vertebrae:
trabeculae:
1. cervical
2. thoracic
3. lumbar
4. sacral
5. coccygeal

2. Appendicular skeleton:
provides a point of attachment for the upper and lower
limbs.
3. Bone marrow can be red or yellow.
1. The lower extremities enables walking Red bone marrow consists of blood and usually
2. The upper extremities allows for the disappears over time.
manipulation of objects Yellow bone marrow mostly contains fat and
becomes the predominant type of bone marrow
as humans grow older.
The Skull The Rib Cage and Vertebral Column
The skull is the group of bones in the axial skeleton that
supports the face and works as a protective cavity for the brain. The rib cage consists of 12 pairs of ribs, the 12 thoracic
vertebrae, and the sternum.
The Skull consists of 22 bones divided into the viscerocranium
(or facial skeleton) and the neurocranium (or skullcap) and The sternum is a flat, T-shaped bone found in the front and
base of the skull. center of the chest.

The viscerocranium consists of: The ribs articulate in the front with the chest and in the back
with the vertebral column.
● 1 occipital bone
● 1 sphenoid bone The upper 10 ribs are called "true ribs"
● 1 ethmoid bone
● 1 frontal bone because they attach at the front

● 2 temporal bones
The lower two ribs are called "floating ribs"
● 2 parietal bones
because they do not.

Several muscles, fatty tissue, and cartilage attach between, on

top, and around the ribs to support the rib cage and protect the
inner organs.

The vertebral column consists of 26 vertebrae. There are:

● 7 cervical vertebrae
● 12 thoracic vertebrae
● 5 lumbar vertebrae
● 1 sacrum
● 1 coccyx

All the vertebrae articulate together, while the spine as a whole

The neurocranium consists of:
articulates above the skull, in the thorax with the ribs, and the

● 1 vomer pelvis with the hip bones. It provides a site of attachment for

● 1 mandible many muscles and ligaments and protects the spinal cord.

● 2 nasal bones
CERVICAL VERTEBRA | C1-C7
● 2 nasal conchae
● 2 palatine bones
● 2 zygomatic bones
● 2 maxilla
● 2 lacrimal bones

THORACIC VERTEBRAE | T1-T12

 ● hand

The shoulder is a joint between the scapula (shoulder blade),

clavicle (collar bone), and the humerus. This joint connects the
arm to the chest and provides its wide range of motion. The
humerus is the only bone of the upper arm.

The elbow is a joint between the humerus of the upper arm and
the two bones of the forearm: the ulna and radius, which can
twist upon each other to give the forearm it's twisting abilities.

The wrist connects the hand to the arm and consists of 8 carpal
bones and multiple joints. The carpal bones include the:
LUMBAR VERTEBRA | L1- L5
● scaphoid
● lunate
● triquetrum
● pisiform
● trapezium
● trapezoid
● capitate
● hamate

Finally, the hand consists of 5 metacarpal bones and 14

phalanges. Each finger has 3 phalanges, except the thumb,

SACRUM AND COCCYX (CAC) | S1-S5 which only has 2.

STERNUM AND RIBS

ARM
The upper extremity, or arm, has 32 bones each, and consists of
the:

● shoulder
● upper arm
● elbow
● forearm
● wrist
 Together, the hip bones make up the pelvis, a bowl-like structure
that contains gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive organs.
The femur is the only bone of the thigh.

The knee is the joint between the femur, patella (knee cap), and
the two bones of the lower leg: the tibia and fibula.

The ankle is the joint between the tibia, fibula, and talus, which
is the highest of the (7) tarsal bones. The rest of the tarsal
bones include the calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and three
cuneiform bones. All of these bones articulate together to give
the ankle its wide range of motion.

THE LEG
The lower extremity, or leg, has 31 bones each, and consists
of the:

● hip
● thigh
● knee
● lower leg
● ankle Finally, the foot has 5 metatarsal bones and 14 phalanges.
● foot Each toe has 3 phalanges, except for the big toe that only has 2.

The hip is made up of the hip bone and the femur.

The hip bones are each made of 3 fused bones: the pubis,
ischium and ilium.
bones in the human body

head 29

trunk 51

hands 38

feet 38

shoulders & arms 10

hips & legs 10

wrists 16

ankles 14

total 206

bone type appearance function example

long bones longer than mechanical femur

they are strength tibia
wide fibula SMALLEST MUSCLE: STAPEDIUS
ulna BIGGEST MUSCLE: GLUTEUS MAXIMUS

short bones cube-shape multi-direct carpal

LARGEST BONE: FEMUR
d ional motion bones
SMALLEST BONE: STAPE, OR STIRRUP
tarsal bones

flat bones thin and flat mechanical cranial LARGEST ORGAN INTERNALLY: LIVER
protection bones LARGEST ORGAN EXTERNALLY: SKIN
to soft sternum
tissues ribs SMALLEST ORGAN: pineal gland
beneath scapulse

irregular complicated provides vertebrae How many nerves are all together?:
bones shapes major hyoid 2 to 30 peripheral nerves.Largest cell?: Ovum
mechanical bones
support Lrgest Artery: Aort
Lrgest Nerve?: Sciatic
sesamoid unnamed protects the patella
bones from
additional
friction

Lrgest Gland?: Liver

Organs of the Skeletal System

● Bones
● Cartilage
○ Connective tissue that is more flexible than
bone
○ Ex. nose, tops of ears, ends of bones
 ● Ligaments
○ Hold bones together to form joints
● Bone Marrow
○ Marrow - soft connective tissue found in
spaces in bone
■ Red Marrow - produces the body’s
blood cells
■ Yellow Marrow - stores fat (energy
reserve)
Largest cell?: Ovum
Lrgest Artery: Aorta
Lrgest Nerve?: Sciatic
Lrgest Gland?: Liver
 Terms Definition Examples

Right Toward the right side of the body Right ear

Left Toward the left side of the body Left eye

Superior A structure above another The chin is superior to the

navel

Inferior A structure below another The navel is inferior to the chin

Cephalic Closer to the head than another structure The chin is cephalic to the
(superior) navel

Caudal Closer to the tail than another structure The navel is caudal to the chin
(inferior)

Anterior The front of the body The navel is anterior to the

spine

Posterior The back of the body The spine is posterior to the

breastbone

Ventral Toward the belly (anterior) The navel is ventral to the

spine

Dorsal The the back (posterior) The spine is dorsal to the

breastbone

Proximal Closer to the point of attachment to the The elbow is proximal to the
body than another structure wrist
● closer to the core of the body
 Distal Farther to the point of attachment to the The wrist is distal to the elbow
body than another structure
(Against the body)
● means farther from the core of the body.

Lateral Away from the midline of the body The nipple is lateral to the
● Farther from the midline breastbone

Medial Toward from the midline of the body The nose is medial to the eye
● Closer to the midline

Superficial Toward or on the surface The skin is superficial to muscle

● means located on or near the surface. It's the
opposite of deep.

Deep Away from the surface, internal The lungs are deep to the ribs
● Farther From the Surface