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PROJECT REPORT ON
“Fire Suppression Flooding Systems for Fire
Protection: Detailed Applications and
Calculations for FM-200, CO2, and Inergen
Systems at GAIL VIJAIPUR Process Units”

AT
GAIL (INDIA) LIMITED
VIJAIPUR , GUNA (M.P)

SUBMITTED BY:-
1. ISHANA UKEY
2. ALOK DEEP
3. NAVEEN MAHLA

NATIONAL FIRE SERVICE COLLEGE , NAGPUR

3rd YEAR STUDENTS (2021-25 BATCH)
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CERTIFICATE

It is certified that the project entitled, “Fire Suppression Flooding Systems

for Fire Protection: Detailed Applications and Calculations for FM-200, CO2,
and Inergen Systems at GAIL VIJAIPUR Process Units” was completed by
Mr. ISHANA, Mr. ALOK DEEP & Mr. NAVEEN MAHLA under my
guidance during the period of 10-06-2024 to 23-06-2024.The same
is hereby approved.

D.G.M. (F&S)
GAIL (INDIA) LIMITED
VIJAIPUR, DIST. GUNA, MP.
(Mr. PRASHANT GIRIPUNJE)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I bow in reverence to the almighty for bestowing upon me the
opportunity and determination to embark on this study. Learning is
an active process hence perseverance to complete this task has been
a pleasing memory.

I thank to the management of GAIL (INDIA) LIMITED, VIJAIPUR who

gave me opportunity for obtaining training at this prestigious
organization, as a part of my academic curriculum.

I express my sincere thanks to Mr. R.P.SINGH, G.M. (Fire & Safety) &
Mr. Prashant Giripunje, D.G.M(F&S) , GAIL (INDIA) LIMITED Vijaipur ,
for their precious direction .They have at all times been a source of
inspiration and knowledge for me.

I am obliged to Mr..Arpit Shrivastava , Senior Manager (F&S), Mr. Dev

Gadhvi , Senior Officer(F&S) & Mr. Dhrumit Gandhi, Senior Officer
(F&S) and Mr. Utkarsh Kamal (F&S) for their valuable guidance . They
have guided and trained me whole-heartedly apart from their busy
schedule. My sincere thanks to the entire F&S personnel & O&M
personnel of GAIL (INDIA) LIMITED ,VIJAIPUR , for their support
provided during the training.

I also thank Director of my college NATIONAL FIRE SERVICE COLLEGE,

NAGPUR, who permitted me to take this vocational training todevelop
interface between theory and practical aspects of various fire
protection facilities in the industry.
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INDEX

Sr.No. CONTENT Page.No.

1 Company profile 5
2 Process Description 6-10
3 Green Hydrogen Plant 10-11
4 SSLNG 19-23
5 CO2 Total Flooding 24-32
System
6 FM-200 Total Flooding 35-41
System
7 IG-541 Total Flooding 42-51
System
8 IG-55 Total Flooding System 52-59
9 IG-100 Local Flooding 60-63
System
10 Comparison Between 63-64
Inergens
11 References 65
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ABOUT GAIL VIJAIPUR

The GAIL India Limited, Vijaipur ,Guna district in the state of Madhya
Pradesh, is one of the biggest installations of GAIL India Limited, a
Public Sector Government of India Enterprises & Maharatna
Company. GAIL Vijaipur comprises of a Gas Processing (LPG Recovery)
Unit, Natural Gas compressor station and C2/C3 plant and 6” LPG line
to IOCL.
GAIL (India) Ltd., Vijaipur is one of the most strategic locations for
GAIL, being centrally located for the business of Gas transmission,
processing and marketing of Liquid Hydrocarbons. The company
commissioned in the year 1987 the nation’s first 2280 Km long cross
country trunk pipeline which was known as HVJ (Hazira-Vijaipur-
Jagdishpur) pipeline that had a gas transmission capacity of 18.2
MMSCMD for which GAIL Vijaipur was made the O&M (Operations &
Maintenance) headquarters. GAIL (India) Limited currently owns &
operates about 14,488 Km. of natural gas pipeline network with
approx. 75% of market share in Natural Gas Transmission within
country , connecting multiple gas sources to various customers .Since
then multiple major trans-state pipelines such as DVPL (Dahej-
Vijaipur Pipeline), VDPL (Vijaipur- Dadri Pipeline), GREP
Upgradation (Greater Rehabilitation Expansion Pipeline) & VKPL
(Vijaipur-Kota Pipeline) have been laid all with Vijaipur being
centrally located for continuous pipeline monitoring through Main Control
Room (MCR) at Vijaipur as well as day to day Pipeline O&Mactivities. This
MCR works in coordination with the National Gas Management Centre
(NGMC) at Noida (U.P.) for effective control & support for all pipelines
falling under the jurisdiction of Central
Region & therefor Vijaipur.
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PROCESS DESCRIPTION
The details of Major Facilities/Processing Units are given in table:

PROCESS DESCRIPTION OF GAS PROCESSING UNIT:

 Introduction LPG PH-1 & PH-2:
GAIL (India) Limited is having its first LPG Plant at Vijaipur. In this
plant, LPG is extracted from Natural Gas by following latest Turbo-
expander process. The design gas processing capacity of the plant
(both trains combined) is 15 million standard cubic meters of gas per
day (MMSCMD) with annual production capacity of LPG as well as the
other allied products, Propane, Pentane and Naphtha being as
following:

 Process Description in brief

The entire process consists mainly of the following:
1. Gas receiving, drying and regeneration
2. Pre-cooling & Chill down in Expander
3. Distillation
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a. Gas receiving, drying & regeneration:

Natural gas is received from HVJ (Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur) pipeline
at a pressure of around 54.2 Kg/cm2g and temperature of around 30-
degree C. The gas flows to a Knock Out Drum (KOD) where any liquid
present in the gas is knocked off. After this the gas is dried in
Molecular Sieve Dryers to remove the moisture to below 1 ppm level.
A two bed dryer system is used – one for drying & another forregeneration.
b. Pre-cooling & Chill-down Section:

The dried gas is cooled to approx (-) 69 degree C in two stages. In the
first stage it is pre-cooled to approx (-) 39 degree C in chiller by heat
exchange with various cold streams generated later in the process in
the chill down system and external Propane refrigeration. Propane
refrigeration system is provided to supply additional refrigeration
required in chiller and LEF condenser for Propane recovery. The
condensed liquid is separated out in Separator-I and vapor is
expanded through a single stage Turbo-expander. The vapor-liquid
mixture from Turbo-expander is fed to Separator-II. The hydrocarbonliquid
from the two separators, after heat exchange, is fed to the fractionation
section to recover the products i.e. LPG, Propane,
Pentane and NAPHTHA. Vapors (Lean Natural Gas) from the second
separator are taken through the chiller to recover refrigeration. Then
it is compressed to about 30 Kg/cm2g by the expander compressor.
The quantity of lean gas required for NFL Plant & branch line of HVJ
pipeline is compressed in a GT driven two stage Lean Gas Compressor
to 45 Kg/cm2g (Medium Pressure Lean Gas) and the rest of gas is
compressed to 55.2 Kg/cm2g (High Pressure Lean Gas) and sent to
Vijaipur compressor station of HVJ pipeline for further transmission.
c. Distillation Section:
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The distillation section consists of four columns namely LEF, Propane,

LPG and NAPHTHA columns.
(a). LEF Column – Liquid from the two separators flows to chiller to
supply cold & is then routed to Light Ends Fractionation (LEF) column.
This column removes all Methane, Ethane and most of Carbon dioxide
as overhead vapors. Bottom stream consists of part of
Propane, Butane, Pentane & heavier hydrocarbons. Condensing a
part of overhead vapors generates reflux. The refrigerant duty is
supplied by vapors from second separator and external Propane
refrigeration.
(b). Propane Column – Liquid from LEF column bottom is fed to
Propane column where Propane is produced as top product.
(c). LPG Column – Liquid from Propane column bottom is fed to LPG
column for separation of LPG & heavier hydrocarbons. This column
separates LPG as top product.
(d). NAPHTHA Column – Liquid from the LPG column bottom is fed to
NAPHTHA column where Pentane is produced as the top product and
NAPHTHA as bottom product.

Brief Description of GSU Unit:

Introduction
GAIL (India) limited, a Maharatna company is operating successfully
two parallel trains of LPG plant (Train 11 & Train 12) of equal capacity
of 7.5 MMSCMD each at Vijaipur. GAIL is now planning to expand the
petrochemical plant at Pata for enhancing the polymer capacity to 900
KTPA. As a part of expansion project, new Gas Sweetening Unit (GSU)
followed by Gas Processing Unit (GPU) at Vijaipur is being set up.
The purpose of the Gas Sweetening Unit is to reduce the
concentration of CO2 in sour feed gas, received from HVJ pipeline
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and then send this sweet gas to Gas Processing unit for recovery of
C2/C3 product.

Brief Description of GPU Unit:

Introduction :
Gail (India) Limited, a Maharatna company is operating successfully
an integrated gas based Petrochemical complex at Pata (U.P.) since
March 1999. This complex recovers ethane propane (C2/C3) from
natural gas after sweetening (CO2 removal) coming from Vijaipur
through HVJ pipeline for producing Petrochemicals. The ethane-
propane recovered from gas processing unit is cracked in Gas cracker
unit to produce ethylene and propylene. Ethylene is converted to final
products-HDPE (High density Poly Ethylene) and LLDPE (Linear Low-
Density Poly Ethylene) in three polymer units. GAIL is expandingthe
petrochemical plant at Pata, District Auraiya in Uttar Pradesh for
enhancing the polymer capacity to 900 KTPA. To enable feedstock
availability, a new Gas Sweetening Unit, followed by a Gas Processing
unit at Vijaipur is proposed. The Feed gas from HVJ pipeline is first
treated in Gas Sweetening Unit for CO2 removal and then fed to Gas
Processing Unit (GPU) for recovery of mixture of ethane and propane
by turbo expansion process. The main product (mixture of ethane &
propane) from GPU is spiked into the HVJ pipeline. This C2/C3
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product forms the feedstock of Gas Cracker Unit at GAIL Pata plant.
Heavier product (propane and heavier) from GPU is sent to existingLPG
units phase I/II to produce Propane, LPG, Pentane & Naphtha. The lean
gas produced from C2/C3 recovery unit is sent back to existing HP/LP
Lean gas lines. Lean gas is also used as fuel gas in petrochemical
complex at Vijaipur.

Unit Capacity:
The GPU is designed to process total 21.72 MMSCMD mixed feed gas,
out of which 20.22 MMSCMD gas available from HVJ pipeline after
removal of CO2 in upstream Gas sweetening unit & 1.5 MMSCMD
RLNG gas from DVPL pipeline.

 Green Hydrogen Unit:

The unit is 4.3 TPD PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) electrolyser

based Green Hydrogen Generation Unit (a Pilot Project) in existing
Vijaipur Plant premises in Madhya Pradesh. The Green hydrogen shall
be produced by way of electrolysis of water using Renewable Energy
Source.
The design capacity of Green Hydrogen unit is considered as 2100
Sm3/hr (~179 Kg/hr) production of Green Hydrogen by 10 MW
Electrolyser (PEM).
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List of Hydrocarbon Storages:

PIPE LINE SYSTEM:

The rapid growth of business all over the world requires increasing
hydrocarbon transport capacity. A pipeline is actually a system of
equipment designed to allow material to flow continuously or
intermittently from one location to another.
GAIL operates approximately 11000 KM buried onshore Natural Gas
pipeline and around 2000 KM of exclusive LPG pipelines in India. The
Natural Gas pipeline network includes following cross country
pipelines viz. HVJ & GREP (Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur and Gas
Rehabilitation & Expansion Project) and DVPL-II (Dabej-Vijaipur
Pipeline) and VDPL (Vijaipur-Dadri P/L), DUPL-DPPL (Dahej Panvel
Dabhol Pipeline) & DBPL (Dabhol-Bengaluru Pipeline) and other
regional pipelines spread over western, southernand
eastern regions of India.
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GAIL has five Gas Processing plants situated at five different locations
of the country for recovery of value added fractions from natural gas
such as LPG. Propane, Pentane, and Naphtha. Five such plants are
located HVJ at Vaghodia, Gandhar, Usar, Vijaipur (02 units) & Auraiya.
In addition, GAIL is having one integrated Petrochemical Complex en-
route HVJ pipeline at Pata, Uttar Pradesh-Further C2C3 recovery plant
has been installed at Vijaipur.
The Major installations of GAIL are as under:

1. HVJ-DVPL network The pipeline system includes the following

Compressor Stations
situated at different parts of the country:
a) Hazira (Gujarat) e) Vijaipur (Madhya Pradesh)
b) Vaghodia (Gujarat) f) Auraiya (Uttar Pradesh)
c) Jhabua (Madhya Pradesh) g) Chainsa (Uttar Pradesh)
d) Khera (Madhya Pradesh) h) Kailaras (Madhya Pradesh)
2. DVPL-11: Dahej Vijaipur
3. VDPL: Vijaipur Dadri Pipeline.
4. DUPL DPPL: Dabej Uran- Dabhol Panvel Pipeline.
5. Chainsa-Jhajjar Pipeline.
6. Dadri-Bawana Pipeline.
7. Dabhol-Bengaluru Pipeline.
8. Bawana-Nangal Pipeline.
9. KKBMPL: Kochi-Koottanad- Bengaluru -Mangalore Pipeline.
10. KMKRPL Karanpur Muradabad-Kashipur-Rudrapur Pipeline
11. JLPL (Jamnagar Leni Pipeline) system: This LPG pipeline includes
various pump
stations located at Jamnagar, Kandla, Samakhiali, Abu Road.Nasirabad,
and Jaipur
13 For transportation of LPG from Jamnagar and Kandla (Gujarat) to
Loni (Uttar Pradesh).
12. VSPL (Visakhapatnam - Secunderabad pipeline) system: This LPG
pipeline include pumping station at Visakhapatnam for
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transportation of LPG to Secunderabad (AP) through G Konduru

pumping station,
13. Regional Pipeline Systems: GAIL is having the following regional
pipeline network
locates at different regions of the country
a) Cauvery (Tamilnadu)) e) Mumbai (Maharashtra)
b) KG Basin (Andhra Pradesh) f) Tripura
c) North & South Gujarat g) Assam
d) Ramgarh (Rajasthan)
14. LPG Recovery Plants Location of LPG plants spread over the
following parts of the country
a) Vijaipur, Madhya Pradesh d) Gandhar, Gujarat
b) Vaghodia. Gujarat e) Usar, Maharashtra
c) Auraiya. Uttar Pradesh
15. Petrochemical Complex at Pata, District Auraiya, Uttar Pradesh.
16. C2C3 recovery plant at Vijaipur. District Guna, MP.
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LOADING PROCEDURE:

 ROAD LOADING PROCEDURE

GAIL (INDIA) LIMITED making the product for the commercial

use so make it available to the customer it is dispatched by
the road and railway process . A loading Control Room
monitors and records all loading operations that are taking
place at Road Gantries. The Control Room is also provided
with LEL Detector panel where all the indications from Gas
Detectors located around the loading areas are monitored.
Fire Alarm will come in LPG Control Room in mimic panel.
In case of emergency loading operations can be stopped from
Control Room itself. Water sprinklers through fire water ROV
(in propane, pentane and LPG/NAPHTHA gantries)have been
provided to cool the products’ tankers in case of fire/gas
leakage.
❖ LPG Road Loading Gantry comprises of 7 nos. of loading
points.
❖ Propane dispatch facility comprises of Road Loading
Gantry having 5 Nos. loading points.
❖ NAPHTHA dispatch facility comprises of having 3 Nos.
loading points.
❖ Pentane dispatch facility comprises of Road Loading
Gantry having 2 Nos. loading points.
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 Railway loading system

LPG is dispatched by Rail and Road both. Rail loading facilities

comprise of two gantries North and South. Each gantry is
having 40 nos. of loading points. There is a separate
provision for unloading sick wagon for which two nos.
unloading points are provided in each gantry. Unloaded LPG(in
case of sick wagon/overfilling of wagon) goes back to Sphere
through LPG supply line (to the gantry).
A Loading Control Room monitors and records all loading
operations that are taking place at Rail and Road Gantries. The
Loading Control Room is also provided with safety panels
where all the indications from Gas Detectors located around
the loading areas are monitored. Fire Alarm (mimic) panel is
located in central control room (i.e. LPG Control Room).
In case of emergency loading operations can be stopped from
Control Room itself. Water sprinklers through firewater ROVs have
been provided to cool the LPG wagons in case of
fire/gas leakage. There is a Positive Displacement (PD) Meterprove
facility installed in a shed at western side of North
Gantry of Rail loading where PD Meters are calibrated.
There are two numbers of Locos (no. 137 & 140) and are used
for placing and formation of rake before and after loading
respectively. There is also a Loco Shed situated on the
southern side of South Gantry for parking and repairing of
Locos.
 Purging and Degassing of Wagon:
In South Gantry there is facility for purging and degassing of
wagon. At a time three (3) wagons can be purged/degassed.
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(1) Before a wagon is sentto Railway Workshop for POH, wagon is

degassed through cold vent header in the gantry and then purged
with Inert Gas (IG). (2) When a wagon comes back after POH from
Railway Workshop for filling, wagon is first purged with IG and
then with LPG vapour. Procedures for Purging and Degassing
of Wagon are given in Annexure – III. Request forpurging of
wagon comes from respective Oil Companies.
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 SSLNG- SMALL SCALE LNG:

Natural Gas (NG) is the cleanest, efficient, non-polluting,
environmentally friendly and relatively economical of the fossil fuel in
the modern-day industrial society. Natural gas can be transported
through pipelines from one place to another. However, in order to
transport NG in large volumes in cryogenic tankers across seas / land
its physical state is changed to liquid and is called as Liquefied
Natural Gas (LNG).
The facility consists of
 Liquifaction Unit
 Feed pre-treatment
 LNG storage
 Tanker loading facility with capacity of 36MT/Day
 Metering skid
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The Cryobox LNG-Production Station is a fuel producing unit that

offers approximately 10k gallons per day of LNG.

Portability / plug-and-play
Every Cryobox module has the size of a 40 feet sea container, which
facilitates its delivery in a single trailer and multiple relocations in
reduced footprint plant areas.

The installation requires only concrete pads for its erection and
connection to gas sources, electricity services, compressed air and
internet.
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Proprietary technology
Its multi-stage liquefaction cycle eliminates possible inert contents
and is powered by a 450 kW motor connected to a MX 400 Galileo
Compressor.

Boil-off free
The automatic boil-off recovery system provides emission-free LNG
storage and loading. This feature avoids natural gas waste, ensuring
safe operations in compliance with environmental regulations.
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Start-up record time

Its cold start-up capacity allows it to reach peak production in only 10
minutes, without energy losses nor inefficiencies. This is a clear
advantage of Cryobox when compared to mid-scale or large-scale
plants that require 12 to 18 hours to start production.

Easy and fast loading

The transfer of LNG to storage tanks can be completed without the
use of pumps. Through the priority panel, LNG can be sent from those
tanks to distribution trailers, to industrial vehicles or to equipment for
immediate consumption.
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High availability
The minimization of dynamic components, use of fluids and labor
ensure an autonomous operation rate over 99%. This is especially
important for the operation in remote areas, such as hydrocarbon
fields.

Multiple fuels for every need

Besides producing LNG, the Cryobox offers Compressed Natural Gas
(CNG) or Compressed Biomethane (Bio-CNG*) on demand. This way,
both fuels are simultaneously available, ready to meet every need, for
example: CNG/Bio-CNG for light-duty vehicles and LNG/Bio-LNG** for
high horsepower applications.

24/7 monitoring
The operation runs entirely unmanned and includes a 24/7 remote
monitoring through Galileo Technologies SCADA System.
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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
OF CO2 FLOODING SYSTEM OF
PRU COMPRESSOR IN LPG UNIT
 INTRODUCTION
Carbon dioxide is a gaseous fire protection agent, also known by
its chemical equation CO₂, one molecule of carbon and two
molecules of oxygen. Normally, the air we breathe contains 21%
oxygen, 79% nitrogen, and only a trace amount of carbon dioxide,
0.03%. The presence of significantly higher percentages of carbon
dioxide in a room cannot be
Although these properties of carbon dioxide, combined with its
property of being incapable of conducting or transmitting electrical
charges, make it useful for protecting many items of equipment,
they also create a scenario for a potential hazard to human life when
high volumes of carbon dioxide are injected into a room. A CO₂
flooding system is a type of fire suppression system that uses
carbon dioxide (CO₂) to extinguish fires. CO₂ systems are
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commonly used in areas where water-based fire suppression

systems might cause damage, such as in data centers, electrical
rooms, and other spaces containing sensitive equipment.

 Why CO2 is used?

 It is an effective fire suppression agent applicable to
a wide range of fire hazards. It has a high rate of
expansion whichallows it to work fast.
 When applied to a fire, CO2 provides a heavy blanket
of gasthat reduces the oxygen level to a point where
combustioncannot occur.
 Since carbon dioxide is a gas, there is no clean up
associatedwith a system discharge.
 CO2, a compound of carbon and oxygen, is a
colourless gaswhich cause coughing to occur when
inhaled. At higher concentrations it is acutely toxic.
 Low and high pressure CO2 is used for the fire
protection of machinery spaces, pump rooms, cargo
holds, paint stores andgalley exhaust ventilation ducts
on board ships.

 ADVANTAGES
 Density is 1.5 times higher than air. So CO2 settles down
anddisplaces air.
 It can be easily liquefied and bottled.
 20% – 30% CO2 concentration extinguishes
fire bysmothering
 Non-corrosive
 Non- conductor of electricity
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 No residues left after application

 No deterioration with age

 DISADVANTAGES

 CO2 is highly asphyxiating. 9% concentration

causesunconsciousness within minutes
 Very little cooling effect. So there is danger of re-ignition.

 When discharged, solid CO2 particles present and

generatesufficient static electricity to produce spark.

 APPLICATIONS

 Gaseous and Liquid Flammable material.

 Electrical hazards such as Transformers, Switches, Circuit Breakers,
and Rotating Equipment.
 Engines utilizing Gasoline and other Flammable fuels.
 Ordinary combustibles as paper, wood and textiles.
 Hazardous solids.


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COMPONENTS OF CO2 FLOODING

SYSTEM:

The CO₂ System consists of 02 Nos. of 45 Kg capacity CO2 Cylinders with

the following accessories: -Master Valve, Slave Valve, Non Return Valves,
Discharge Hoses .In cylinder assembly, 24V DC Solenoid operated valve will
be fitted with Master CO₂ cylinder (first cylinder of the cylinder bank).
Remaining cylinders will be fitted with pneumatically operated slave valves.
Discharge hose from each cylinder shall be connected to the common
Manifold.

CO2 Cylinder – 68 LTR WATER CAPCITY FILLED WITH 45 KG CO2 GAS.

Primary Cylinder:
During a fire, on commencement of manual release switch, the valve of the
primary cylinder opens up to discharge the suppression agent. It is also
called 'Pilot Cylinder' as it is the first one to actuate and operate.

Slave Cylinder:
After the actuation of Primary Cylinder, the valves of these cylinders are
too actuated with the help of a pilot line so that they ensure continuous
supply of suppression agent.

Electric Valve Actuator:

It operates on solenoid actuation mechanism. When the manual release
switch is operated, it ensures the opening of cylinder valve to discharge the
suppression agent.
Manual Valve Actuator:
It is a pull pin type manual cylinder actuation mechanism to ensure the
system operation even in case of failure of electric actuation or NO power
supply. To operate it manually first pull the pin and then press the plunger
and this will open the cylinder valve spontaneously.
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 WORKING AND OPERATION: -

If fire condition occurs it is detected by the Gas Release Panel through the detection
system. After implementation of logic and time delay, the panel will give 24V DC supply
to Master Valve solenoid. When the CO₂ master cylinder valve is opened, pressurized
CO2 gas will flow to the manifold through the high-pressure hoses, NRV. Part of the gas
quantity will be diverted from the Manifold and flows through hoses to actuate the slave
cylinder valves. Then pressurized CO2 will be discharged through discharge nozzles for
oneminute duration. Pressure Switch is fixed on the manifold, which shall sense CO2
Discharge & In turn, gives "Gas Discharged" signal to the Gas Release Panel.

There are total 8 compressor present in HVJ Compressor Unit Out of this 5 are main line
and 3 are branch lines compressor. Each compressor is protected by CO2 flooding
systems with 2 Cylinder of 45 kg and the system is operated automatically and manually.
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 PRESENT SYSTEM DETAIL

SPECIFICATIONS:

TYPE - HIGH PRESSURE, SEAMLESS RECHARGEABLE CO₂

CYLINDER

CODE OF MANUFACTURER – IS 7285: PART 2: 2004

FILLING RATIO – 0.667 Kg/ ltr

TEST PRESSURE - 250 Kg/cm2

CHARGE WEIGHT – 45 Kg

CAPACITY – 68 litres water capacity

LENGTH – 150 mm (approx)

NOMINAL TARE WEIGHT – 78 kg (approx)

CYLINDER WALL THICKNESS – 6.00 mm

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 THEORETICAL CALCULATION FOR

AMOUNT OF CO2 REQUIRED (IS-
15528) :-

Given:
Length: - 6.45m
Width:- 2.6m
Height :- 2.5m
Volume factor :- 1.01 Kg CO2/m3
Conversion factor :- 1

Amount of CO2 = Vol. of unit to be flooded x vol. factor x conversion factor

= (6.45m x 2.6m x 2.5m) x 1.01 Kg/m3 x 1

= 42.34425 Kg
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 ACTUAL AMOUNT OF CO2 MEDIA

PRESENT AT PRU (GT) COMPRESSOR IN
LPG UNIT.
Total no. of cylinders present = 4 ( 2 initial+ 2 extended )  Bank
Amount of CO2 in each cylinder = 45 Kg

Therefore, Amount of actual CO2 present = 4 x 45 Kg

= 180 Kg

 CONCLUSION :-

The theoretical calculation of CO2 flooding systems is lesser than the Actual Calculation.So, The
capacity of present cylinders is more than required quantity. Therefore, the capacity of cylinders
is sufficient to extinguish the fire in any scenario.
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FM -200 TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEM

(According to NFPA-2001)
FM-200, also commonly known as HFC-227ea, is a clean agent fire
suppressant for Class A, B, and C fires and meets NFPA Standard 2001Clean
Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems.
It’s a colourless, non-toxic gas that leaves no residue. It’s an ideal
solution for protecting high-value assets in areas that are occupiedand
in locations where the cleanup of other agents is problematic.

It has zero ozone depletion potential (ODP). This colourless,

odourless agent vaporizes upon discharge and absorbs heat to
rapidly suppress fire while leaving no residue to clean up.
 Locations covered:
 DVPL solar turbine enclosure
 LEF gas turbine
 Satellite building
 Why FM 200 ?
 FM-200™ is a clean agent that is safe around people; therefore,
FM-200™ fire suppression systems are safe to install in occupied
spaces.
 When an FM-200™ fire suppression system activates to put out
a fire, no residue is left behind, and it is safe for equipment,
electronics, and machinery.
 Compared to other clean agents like NOVEC 1230 Fire
Protection Fluid, FM-200 is a slightly more cost-effective option.
 Because of the small amount of FM-200 required to suppress a
fire, smaller or fewer cylinders are needed when compared to
other agents like NOVEC 1230 fluid.
 P a g e | 34

 Working:

If fire occurs in any of the protected GT enclosure of the unit, the solenoidvalves
located on the master cylinder of the initial discharge bank will get
energized by the electrical signal from the detectors and in turn through thefire
protection system control panel.
From The Control Panel, the signal shall be sent to the solenoid valve of the
initial discharge main cylinder battery assembly. The solenoid will be Energized,
thereby opening the cylinder valve and FM 200 pressure is applied to the
cylinder discharge heads. The FM 200 gas will pass through the flexible hosesto
the initial cylinder manifold, piping and to the FM 200 nozzles to the protected
area. If signal is not generated by the pressure switch fitted in theinitial cylinder
bank within short time interval, the solenoid valve of the standby cylinder will
be energized automatically through the fire protection
control Panel. In the same way, after time delay, solenoid of the master cylinder
valve fitted in the extended cylinder bank will be energized and causing the
cylinder valve to open.
With the master valve, discharge of FM 200 passes the flexible hoses to the
cylinder via manifold, piping and to the FM 200 nozzles to the protected area.
Pressure switch fitted in the initial and extended cylinder bank shall send the gas
discharge.
 P a g e | 35

 Designing:
The design of the system consists of selection and proper placement
of the following equipment: Containers, Mounting brackets, Nozzles,
Pipe and fittings, Control panels, Detection, Optional accessories.
Step 1 – Agent Requirement: The first step in designing an FM-200
total flooding system is to determine agent weight requirements for
the desired concentration in the area(s) protected. To determine the
agent required for any space for a specific concentration, the volume
of the area must be known. Volume is defined as the capacity of an
area and can be found by multiplying its length x its width x its height.
Volume = (L x W x H).
The amount of FM-200 required to achieve the design concentrationat
a specific temperature can be calculated from the following
formula:

Where, W = Agent weight in pounds

V = Hazard volume in cubic feet
C = FM-200Agentvolumetric concentration, percent by volume
s = Specific vapor volume in cubic feet/pounds s
=1.885 + (0.0046 x T), where T = temperature °F

Step 2 – No. Of containers: The size and number of containers is based

on the agent requirement as determined in step 1. Once the
containers have been chosen, its location must be considered. When
two or more containers are grouped together on a common
manifold, they must be of the same select size and fill.

Step 3 – Container location: The containers should be mounted onwall

frames or columns capable of rigidly supporting the container
 P a g e | 36

mounting rail by bolting or welding. The container should be placed in

an area that permits access for inspection and easy removal. The
preferred location is outside the protected space. However, locating
the containers inside the protected space is an acceptable alternative
if not exposed to fire or excessive heat that could impair system
operation.

Step 4 – Nozzle determination: The nozzles are designed for 180° and
360° coverage. The nozzle should be placed as close or near to the
containers as possible to minimize system piping. The ceiling tiles
around each nozzle must be clipped to hold them in place during a
discharge and prevent damage. The orifices of the nozzles should not
be positioned to discharge on nearby objects. The maximum area of
coverage for a single nozzle in an underfloor is likewise 1,412 ft sq.
(131.2 m sq.)

Step 5 – Nozzle location: The nozzles may be positioned flush with the
ceiling or within 9.25 inch (23.5 cm) of the ceiling with the designradius
covering the required area.

RECOMMENDED ACCEPTABLE

Step 6 – Piping configuration: When installed, the distribution pipe

and fittings shall not exceed the limitations defined in the Chemetron
fire systems FM 200 Systems Design and Flow Calculation Manual,
 P a g e | 37

which provides detailed information regarding pipe sizing, discharge

time, pipe flow rates and nozzle orifice determination.
Step 7 – Pipe size: Pipe sizes are determined with the aid of acomputer
and the flow calculation software.

 CALCULATION:

e
 P a g e | 38

 CALCULATION BASED ON DVPL

COMPRESSOR STATION SPECIFICATIONS:
We know that,
Dimensions of Compressor: Length= 10 m
Width= 3 m
Height= 3.2 m
Therefore, Volume = 96 Cu.Mtrs
Fuel: Re-Gasified Lean Natural gas(R-LNG) (METHANE)
Ambient Temperature: 90 deg. Celsius (Above Insulation)Now
for Calculations, we use:

Here, S= 0.1269 + 0.00051 T = 0.1269 + 0.00051 (90) = 0.1728

Cub. Mtrs/ Kg
Also, for FM-200, we take volumetric concentration for %(v/v) = 8%
 P a g e | 39

96 8
Therefore, W = *( )
0.1728 100−8
8
= 555.55 * ( )
92

= 48.31 Kgs
As, the total amount of FM-200 required for 8% Volumetric Conc. is
48.31 Kgs.
48.31 𝐾𝑔𝑠
Total no. of Main Cylinders= = 1 Cylinder
48.3 𝐾𝑔𝑠

 BATTERY DESIGN:
 RECOMMENDATION:
For a FM-200 cylinder of 46 ltrs water capacity, the suppressant
storage capacity is 48.3 Kgs.
And considering leakage losses and pressure losses in the cylinder, 1
cylinder of 48.3 kgs with 100% standby must be installed.
 P a g e | 40

 ACTUAL DESIGN:

(1 MAIN + 1 EXTENDED) + 1 MAIN’S STANDBY

48 KGS 68 KGS 48 KGS

 CONCLUSION :
NOTE: The extended delay cylinder is installed in addition to the
standby to increase the containment time and increase burn back
resistance thus making the system more effective
But, cost can be saved by considering sufficient less no. of cylinders.

 Physical and Chemical Properties:

FM-200 (CF3CHFCF3 - heptaflouropropane) is a compound that
consists of carbon, fluorine and hydrogen. It is colorless, odorless,
electrically non-conductive, and suppresses fire by interrupting the
combustion process and affecting the available oxygen content in the
area of the discharge.
FM-200 is clean, efficient, environmentally acceptable, and leaves no
residue, thus minimizing any downtime after a fire. If exposed to
temperatures greater than 1300°F, toxic products of decomposition
(hydrogen fluoride) are formed. The system should be designed to
discharge between a minimum discharge time of 5 seconds and a
maximum discharge time of 10 seconds. The amount of toxic
 P a g e | 41

byproducts formed during extinguishment of flames is greatly reduced

by discharging the agent in less than 10 seconds. Most materials
contained in areas protected by FM-200, such as
aluminium, brass, rubber, plastics, steel, and electronic components,
are unaffected when exposed to FM-200.
FM-200 is stored as a liquid in steel containers and super pressurized
with nitrogen to 360 psi (2482kPa) to increase its discharge flow
characteristics. When discharged, FM-200 will vaporize at the
discharge nozzles and effectively mix with the air throughout the
protected area.
 P a g e | 42

IG-541 TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEMS

(According to IS: 15501)
IG-541 known commercially as Inergen is an inert gas for fire
suppression, non combustible, noncorrosive and non-reactive with
most substances. IG 541 / Inergen is composed of a mixture of three
gases found in nature: Nitrogen (52%), Argon (40%) and Carbon
Dioxide (8%).
The fire suppression system with inert gas IG541 / Inergen is safe for
humans. When unloaded, it adds a mixture of gases that allow
breathing in an atmosphere with low oxygen levels, stimulating the
human body’s capacity to assimilate oxygen.

 GAS CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES

IG 541 is a colourless, odourless and electrically non-conductive gas
with a density approximately the same as that of air.
IG 541 gas is a mixture consisting normally of 52 percent nitrogen, 40
percent argon and 8 percent carbon dioxide (all by volume). The
mixture specification of IG 541 gas is shown in Table.
 P a g e | 43

 Why IG 541 ?
Inert Gas IG 541 fire suppression system advantages :
• Environmentally acceptable.
• Colourless and odourless.
• Leaves no residue in occupied spaces.
• Electrically non conductive.

 WORKING:

1. The “Inertech” IG 541 system comprises of a bank of cylinders;

each connected to a release Manifold via discharge hoses.
 P a g e | 44

2. In order to enable the removal of a particular cylinder (for

Maintenance if any), a check valve is available between the
discharge hose and the manifold.
3. Check valve is normally in closed condition and can open only in
the direction of flow.
4. Since the Provided system is designed to protect, more than
one volume (i.e. risk area), the manifold is Equipped with
normally closed directional/selector valves, which are actuated
pneumatically.
5. Small part of gas is tapped from the manifold and pressure is
reduced from 60 Bar to 8 Bar Through Pressure Regulator, since
the pilot pressure required for the directional valve is 8
Bar(max).
6. In between Pressure Regulator and Directional Valve, a Solenoid
Valve is provided to Achieve proper actuation of directional
valve provided to the hazard under fire.
7. In addition, a Manual operation device such as handle is also
provided on the Directional Valve. The directional Valve, when
opened, will release IG 541 Gas into the protected area.
In each (Main & Reserve) cylinder bank one cylinder is provided with
solenoid valve and Manual / pneumatic actuator termed as Master
Cylinder and other cylinders which are fitted with Pneumatic actuators
are termed as slave cylinders. The system is capable of
electric, manual Actuation and can be released by one or more of the
following methods.

 AUTOMATIC RELEASE :
1. The Automatic release is accomplished via detectors installed in
the protected area (detectors are Installed on cross Zone
principle to avoid accidental release of gas due to
malfunctioning / false Alarm). 2 As soon as a fire is detected by
 P a g e | 45

the two adjacent detectors, the fire signal from the fire Alarm
panel is sent to Gas Release Panel.
2. At the same time signal is provided to pre-discharge(Audio)
signal unit from the panel to allow personnel evacuation prior
to discharge.
3. Normally After a specified time delay (set time of 120 sec.) the
solenoid valve located on the master “IG 541” cylinder valve
assembly gets energised.
4. Simultaneously, respective solenoid valve/s Provided for the
selector/directional valve/s gets energised through Panel to
open directional Valve pneumatically, so that gas released from
cylinder bank can be directed to the hazard under Fire.

 MANUAL REMOTE RELEASE (BREAK GLASS TYPE)

Remote release is accomplished by breaking glass and pressing the
push button at a “Manual Release Push Button Station” and by
pressing the push button at Gas Release Panel. Once the Button has
been pressed, the system will be released as without time delay
described above.

 MANUAL EMERGENCY RELEASE

In the unlikely event of power failure, the system can be activated by
the manual pull lever of Manual/pneumatic actuator mounted the
solenoid valve of the Master “IG 541” cylinder valve and Consequently
opening the directional valve/s through handle provided on the
Directional Valve For releasing the gas to the desiredarea.

 Installed In:
Following areas are covered under protection by Inertech System
1. Management Control Centre
2. HVJ Electrical Sub Station
3. DVPL Electrical Sub Station
 P a g e | 46

 DESIGNING (According to IS:15501)

Design Concentration : 38.5%
Total Flooding Quantity :
(a) The amount of lG 541 required to achieve The design concentration shallbe
calculated From the following equations:

Where,
M= total flooding quantity, in kg;
C= design concentration, percent by volume;
V= net volume of the hazard, in m^3
S= K1 + K2 (T), where K1 and K2 are constants specific to the agent used and T is
minimum temperature inside enclosure;
Vs= specific volume of superheated agent at 21 C, in m^3/kg
Specific volume constants for IG 541 gas are K1 = 0.658 and K2 = 0.00239. Itmay
also be noted that this equation provides an allowance for the normal leakage
from a tight enclosure.
(b) The agent requirement per unit volume of protected space can also be
calculated by using the Table 11 for various levels of concentration
corresponding to the temperature within the protected enclosure.
P a g e | 47
 P a g e | 48

 Present IG-541 Suppression System

Details at VDPL Sub-station.

No. of Main Cylinders: 28 No.

of Standby Cylinders: 28
Extra Cylinders: 4
Volume of Cylinders: 140 ltr
Storage Pressure of Cylinders: 300 bar
Ambient Storage Temp: 21oC
Storage Temp: 21oC
Discharge Time: 120 sec
IG-541 Mass in one Container: 58.625 Kg
No. of N2 Cylinders: 4
Filling Pressure of N2 Cylinders: 50 bar
Volume of N2 Cylinder: 3 ltr
 P a g e | 49

 Theoretical Calculation for amount of IG- 541

Present at VDPL Sub-station accordingto IS-
15501
 P a g e | 50

a. Switch Gear Room.

Room Void = 1889.4 m3
Ceiling Void = 165.5 m3
Trench Void = 346.5 m3
Total Volume = 2401.1 m3
Design Concentration = 38.5%
Ambient Temp = 21oC
Vs = 0.708 m3/kg
Using this data in this above mentioned formula the total flooding quantity of IG-541in
kg is
M= 1167.29 kg
The Capacity of each cylinder is 58.625 kg
The total No. of main cylinders to be installed = 1167.29/58.625
= 19.91
= 20 Cylinders
Considering 100% Standby i.e. = 20 Cylinders for standby
Therefore, the total No. of IG-541 Cylinders required for switch gear room = 40
Cylinders

b. Battery Room.
Room Void = 980.4 m3
Total Volume = 980.4 m3
Design Concentration = 38.5%
Ambient Temp = 21oC
Vs = 0.708 m3/kg
Using this data in this above-mentioned formula the total flooding quantity of IG-541in
kg is
M= 476.53 kg
The Capacity of each cylinder is 58.625 kg
The total No. of main cylinders to be installed = 476.53/58.625
= 8.12
 P a g e | 51

= 9 Cylinders
Considering 100% Standby i.e. = 9 Cylinders for standby
Therefore, the total No. of IG-541 Cylinders required for switch gear room = 18
Cylinders

As, the no. of cylinders required for switch gear room are more than that of
battery room so, the number of main cylinders for the entire substation will be
equivalent to the number of cylinders required for switch gear room.
Therefore, No. of Main Cylinders = 20
No. of Standby Cylinders =
20 Total No. of Cylinders =
40
Total Amount of IG-541 = 40*58.625
= 2345 kg

 Actual Amount of IG-541 Present at VDPL

Sub-station

No. of Main Cylinders = 28

No. of Standby
Cylinders=28
Amount of IG-541 in each cylinders = 58.625 kg
Total Amount of IG-541 = 2*28*58.625
= 3283 kg

 Conclusion
Hence, the present quantity of IG-541 suppressant present at the VDPLSubstation
i.e 3283 kg is more than that required according to IS-15501 i.e 2345kg.
This excess quantity is a result of considerations of certain ventilations and cable
openings and other automatic closure failure cases.
 P a g e | 52

IG-55 TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEMS

(According to IS: 15506)

IG-55 is one of the most popular fire extinguishing systems due to the
extinguishing efficiency of its mixture of agents. It is suitable for
protecting hazards when there may be people in the enclosure at the
time of fire. It enables a safe evacuation, both in terms of the level of
oxygen in the room and the visibility required for the evacuation of
personnel, as well as ensuring the absence of chemicals in the
discharge.
This agent reduces the oxygen concentration to extinguish the fire,
but to a percentage suitable for occupied areas. The 50-50 mixture of
Argon and Nitrogen allows the perfect distribution of the agent in the
room for effective extinguishment.
It is highly recommended for class A, B and C hazards. The system
operates by total flooding of the room, ensuring complete discharge
in less than 1 minute.
 P a g e | 53

Features and benefits

1)Suitable for occupied areas
2)Electrically non – conductive
3)Chemically inert
4)Colourless, odourless and flavourless
5)No residue to clean up after the discharge
6)Zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
7)No global warming impact
8)Non corrosive/toxic
9)Excellent post-discharge visibility
10)Very low refill cost.
11)Easy to obtain anywhere in the world
Only agent approved for automatic use in manned environments.

Gas Specification.
The gas specification is usually confirmed with a certificate of
conformity (COC) from the manufacturer. It’s also important to ensure
each specification is maintained during the 10-year testing and a new
COC is provided confirming each requirement below by your supplier
for the new re-filled or re-tested agent.

The mixture specification for IG-55 is as follows:

a) argon percentage range (50 ± 5) %

b) nitrogen percentage (50 ± 5) %

Extinguishant IG-55 shall comply with the specification shown below:

Component Argon Nitrogen

Purity > 99,9 % > 99,9 %

Moisture < 15 parts per million < 10 parts per million
 P a g e | 54

 Theoretical Calculation for amount of IG-

55 Present at MCR Building according to
IS-15506
NO. OF MAIN CYLINDERS = 48
NO. OF STANDBY CYLINDERS = 48
SIZE OF CYLINDERS = 80 LITRES ( WATER VOLUME )
QUANTITY OF IG-55 STORED IN ONE CYLINDER=32.1 KG
STORAGE PRESSURE OF CYLINDERS =300 BAR
AMBIENT STORAGE TEMPRATURE = 21oC
DISCHARGE TIME = 60 SECONDS (FOR 95 % DISCHARGE)
TYPE OF HAZARD : CLASS C

 AREAS TO BE PROTECTED BY ARGONITE

FLOODING SYSTEM FOR MCR BUILDING
1) Console room + PLC room + DCS/PLC room + Shift Incharge room
2) Rack room
3) UPS room
4) Battery room
 P a g e | 55

 TheoreticalCalculation for
amount of IG- 55 Present at
MCR Building according to
IS-15506
 P a g e | 56

1)Console room + PLC room + DCS/PLC room +

Shift Incharge room
Total Volume=2297.03 m3
Design concentration=37.9
Ambient temprature=21oC
Specific volume(Vs)=0.710514 at 21oC
Using the below mentioned formula, we get

M = 1094.373 Kg
The capacity of each cylinder is = 32.1 Kg
The total No. of main cylinders to be installed = 1094.373/32.1
=34.09 ~ 35 cylinders
 P a g e | 57

Considering 100% standby i.e. = 35 cylinders standby

Therefore the total number of IG-55 cylinders required for
Console room + PLC room + DCS/PLC room + Shift Incharge
room = 70 Cylinders

2) RACK ROOM
Total Volume=2244.507 m3
Design concentration=37.9
Ambient temprature=21oC
Specific volume(Vs)=0.710514 at 21oC
Using the below mentioned formula, we get

M = 1069.35 Kg
The capacity of each cylinder is = 32.1 Kg
The total No. of main cylinders to be installed = 1069.35/32.1
=33.31~ 34 cylinders
Considering 100% standby i.e. = 34 cylinders standby
Therefore the total number of IG-55 cylinders required
for RACK ROOM=68 Cylinders

3) UPS ROOM
Total Volume=520 m3
Design concentration=37.9
Ambient temprature=21oC
Specific volume(Vs)=0.710514 at 21oC
 P a g e | 58

Using the below mentioned formula, we get

M = 247.491 Kg
The capacity of each cylinder is = 32.1 Kg
The total No. of main cylinders to be installed = 247.491/32.1
=7.71~ 8 cylinders
Considering 100% standby i.e. = 8 cylinders standby
Therefore the total number of IG-55 cylinders required
for UPS Room=16 Cylinders

4) BATTERY ROOM
Total Volume=300 m3
Design concentration=37.9
Ambient temprature=21oC
Specific volume(Vs)=0.710514 at 21oC
Using the below mentioned formula, we get

M = 142.845 Kg
The capacity of each cylinder is = 32.1 Kg
The total No. of main cylinders to be installed = 142.845/32.1
=4.45~ 5 cylinders
 P a g e | 59

Considering 100% standby i.e. = 5 cylinders standby

Therefore the total number of IG-55 cylinders required
for Battery room = 10 Cylinders.

CONCLUSION: As the actual number of cylinders of IG-55 in

each room of MCR is more than the theoretically calculated
value of cylinders, the system follows the minimum
requirements to extinguish the fire, as specified in IS 15506.

MODE OF OPERATION

AUTOMATIC MANUAL
1)MCP
2)EPB
3)MANUAL LEVER
4)MANUAL ACTUATOR
 P a g e | 60

IG-100 TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEMS

(According to IS: 15525)

 What is Nitrogen/IG 100?

 Nitrogen/IG 100 is a naturally occurring gas present in the
earth’s atmosphere at 79% by volume. Inert Gas IG 100 is a clean
agent fire extinguishing system using 100% nitrogen, and is used
in total flooding systems. In typical applications, the agent will
be added to achieve a residual oxygen concentration of 12.5%,
but some liquid fuels might require a much lower value for
extinguishment.
 In an accidental discharge, systems designed for 12.5% residual
oxygen can be safe for a short period of time for healthy persons,
but where a fire may have already consumed oxygen, or the
design demands more agent, occupation during discharge might
be dangerous. Between 12%-10% the maximum exposure time
is 3 minutes, 10%-8% 30 seconds, and below 8% must be an
unoccupied compartment (figures provided for a healthy adult).
 Inert gas system quantities are determined from the
experimental evaluation of the ‘extinguishing concentration’ for
the fuel, and on to this is added a safety factor of 30% to give the
‘design concentration’.
 P a g e | 61

How it works?
 Nitrogen/IG 100 systems are total flooding gaseous
extinguishing systems consisting of a fixed supply of the gas
within pressurised cylinders (200 bar and/or 300 bar) connected
to a piping system with nozzles located in accordance with
design manuals to direct the agent into a protected enclosure
(floor/room/ceiling void spaces). The systems can be manually
operated, but are usually operated via a fire detection system.
 It is an invisible clear gas ensuring a safe and visually unobscured
exit from the affected area if discharged accidentally. In a fire
situation the discharge will mix the smoke to all levels of the
compartment, and this needs to be carefully considered in the
operating protocols.
 Gaseous systems are ‘extinguishing systems’ only. Suppression
without extinguishment is a failed design.
 P a g e | 62

Effective for use with:

• laboratories/telecommunication rooms
• computer and server environments
• control rooms/archive storage
• conventional detection systems
• Class A, Class B, and Class C Fires
• electrical equipment (non-conductive)
Has limitations in relation to:
• Class D Fires
• combustible metals (Sodium,Potassium, Magnesium, etc.)
• chemicals containing their own oxygen supply, such as cellulose
nitrate
• only for use in total flooding applications
• requires the enclosure to be gas tight and pressure managed
• more cylinders required for halon replacement.
Environmental credentials
Nitrogen/IG 100 has excellent environmental credentials and does not
have any harmful hydrogen fluoride producing chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) within the gas due to its mixture of naturally occurring gases. It
is considered an inert gas that has no adverse effect to the ozone
layer, zero global warming potential, and no atmospheric lifetime. The
suppression agent is not considered to provide any harm to the
environment and does not fall within the ‘F-gas Regulations’ as it does
not contain any fluorinated greenhouse gases.
 P a g e | 63

 COMPARISON BETWEEN IG-541, IG-55 AND IG-100

P a g e | 64
 P a g e | 65

 REFERENCES

 Fire Protection Manual of

GAIL(Vijaipur).

 ERDMP of GAIL Vijaipur

 OISD 116 :- (Fire protection

facilitiesfor petroleum refinery and
oil gas processing plant).

 IS- 15528 :- (CO2 flooding system)

 NFPA:2001 (FM-200)

 IS-15501 (IG-541)

 IS-15506 (IG-55)

 IS-15525 (IG-100)