Vol. 7 – No.

1, year (2023), page 131-140

| ISSN 2548-8201 (Print) | 2580-0469) (Online) |

Population, Sample (Quantitative) and Selection of Participants/Key Informants

(Qualitative)

Sukmawati1, Salmia2, Sudarmin3*

Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar

* Corresponding Author. E-mail: [email protected]

Receive: 11/01/2023 Accepted: 21/02/2023 Published: 01/03/2023

Abstrak
Penelitian yang menggunakan populasi, sekiranya populasi ramai dan tidak mungkin
pengkaji mengkaji semua yang terdapat dalam populasi, disebabkan oleh dana, tenaga kerja
dan masa yang terhad, pengkaji boleh menggunakan sampel yang diambil daripada populasi
yang mewakili. Sampel kajian adalah sebagian dari populasi yang diambil sebagai sumber
data dan dapat mewakili seluruh populasi. Teknik Disproportonate Stratified Random
Sampling Persampelan Kelompok (Area Sampling) Teknik persampelan kawasan yang
digunakan untuk menentukan sampel apabila objek yang dikaji atau sumber data adalah
sangat besar. Untuk menentukan objek yang digunakan sebagai sumber data, persampelan
adalah berdasarkan kawasan populasi yang ditetapkan.Dalam kajian kualitatif, informan
dibahagikan kepada tiga iaitu: informan kunci, informan utama, dan informan pendukung.
Informan kunci ialah informan yang mempunyai maklumat yang komprehensif tentang isu
yang dibangkitkan oleh penyelidik. Pemilihan informan dalam kajian kualitatif ditentukan
sepenuhnya oleh pengkaji, justeru dinamakan persampelan bertujuan (purposive sampling)
iaitu memilih kes bermaklumat (information-rich cases) berdasarkan strategi dan objektif
yang ditetapkan oleh pengkaji yang bilangannya bergantung kepada objektif dan sumber
belajar.

Kata Kunci: populasi; sampel; informan

Abstract (English-Indonesia)
Research using a population, if the population is large and it is impossible for the reviewer to
examine everything in the population, due to limited funds, manpower and time, the
reviewer may use samples taken from a representative population. The study sample is part
of the population taken as a data source and can represent the entire population.
Disproportionate Stratified Random Sampling Technique Group Sampling (Area Sampling)
The area sampling technique is used to determine the sample when the object being studied
or the data source is very large. To determine the object used as a data source, sampling is
based on the specified population area. In a qualitative study, informants were divided into
three, namely: key informants, main informants, and supporting informants. Key informants
are informants who have comprehensive information about the issues raised by
investigators. The selection of informants in a qualitative study is determined entirely by the

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reviewer, which is why it is called purposive sampling, namely choosing information-rich

cases based on the strategy and objectives set by the reviewer whose numbers depend on
the objective and learning resources.

Keywords: population; sample; informant

Introduction (10%) Thus, informants were determined using the

Every type of research has a starting snowball sampling technique, namely the
point. Without research problems it is process of determining informants based on
impossible. The point is that when you start previous informants without determining the
thinking about research, you need to think exact number by digging up information
about and formulate it clearly, concisely, and related to the required research topic. The
carefully. Indeed, all other elements of search for informants will be stopped after
research are based on the formulation of the the research information is considered
problem. sufficient.
Every investigation, both quantitative Data collection techniques are
and qualitative, is always rooted in a methods used by researchers to collect
research data from data sources (subjects and
problem. However, there is a fundamental
research samples). Data collection techniques
difference between "problems" in are an obligation, because these data
quantitative investigations and "problems" in collection techniques will later be used as the
qualitative investigations. Whereas in a basis for compiling research instruments. The
quantitative investigation, the "problem" that research instrument is a set of tools that will
the investigator wants to solve must be clear, be used by researchers to collect research
precise and considered fixed, in a qualitative data (Kristanto, 2018). Data collection is a
very important stage in a research.
investigation, the "problem" raised by the
investigator is still vague, even blurred, Correct data collection techniques will
complex and dynamic. Therefore, the produce data that has high credibility, and
"problem" in a qualitative investigation is vice versa. Therefore, this stage cannot be
still temporary, an investigation and will wrong and must be carried out carefully
according to the procedures and
develop or change when the investigator
characteristics of qualitative research. This is
enters the field. because errors or imperfections in the data
As previously mentioned, the collection method will have fatal
selection of informants as data sources consequences, namely in the form of data
requires a method. The method or technique that is not credible, so that the results of the
for selecting informants that is commonly research cannot be accounted for. In
used in qualitative research is based on the qualitative research, data collection is carried
principle of the subject mastering the out in natural settings (natural conditions),
problem, having data, and being willing to primary data sources and data collection
provide complete and accurate information. techniques involve more participant
Informants who act as sources of data and observation, in-depth interviews, and
information must meet the requirements. documentation (Sugiyono, 2019).
Qualitative research does not question Basically the use of data (after being
the number of informants, but can depend on processed and analyzed) is as an objective
whether or not the selection of key basis in the process of making
informants is appropriate, and the complexity decisions/policies in order to solve problems
of the variety of social phenomena studied. by decision makers (Situmorang, 2010). For

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example, if researchers want to obtain third reason is that library data remains
information about teachers' perceptions of the reliable to answer research questions (Zed,
new curriculum, then the technique used is 2008). However, information or empirical
interviews, not observation. Meanwhile, if data that has been collected by other people,
the researcher wants to know how the teacher whether in the form of books, scientific
creates a lively classroom atmosphere, then reports or research reports, can still be used
the technique used is observation. Likewise, by library researchers. Even in certain cases
if you want to know about student the field data is still not significant enough to
competence in certain subjects, the technique answer the research questions to be
used is a test, or it could be a document in the conducted.
form of exam results. Thus, the information Tahapan-tahapan yang harus taken by
you want to obtain determines the type of the author in library research are as follows:
technique used (materials determine a means) a). Gather research materials. Because this
(Kristanto, 2018). However, researchers still research is library research, the material
need the skills to use these techniques. collected is in the form of information or
Because it could be that if they are empirical data sourced from books, journals,
inexperienced or do not have adequate results of official and scientific research
knowledge, the researcher is unable to dig up reports and other literature that supports the
in-depth information, as is characteristic of theme of this research. B). Reading for
data in qualitative research, because they are research purposes is not a passive
not competent in using the technique, even occupation. Readers are asked to simply
though the technique chosen is appropriate. absorb all the "scientific" information in the
The solution is to continue studying and reading material, but rather a "hunting"
reading the results of similar previous studies activity that requires the active and critical
which will greatly help increase the skills of involvement of the reader in order to obtain
researchers. maximum results. In reading research
materials, readers must dig deeper into the
reading material that allows them to find new
Method (15%) ideas related to the research title. C). Make
This research is a type of library research notes. The activity of recording
research. What is called library research or research materials is arguably the most
often also called library research, is a series important stage and perhaps also the toughest
of activities related to how to collect library peak of the whole series of library research
data, read and record and process research (Zed, 2008). Because in the end all the
materials (Zed, 2008). material that has been read must be
In this study, the authors apply the concluded in the form of a report. d). Process
library research method because there are at research records. All material that has been
least several underlying reasons. First, that read is then processed or analyzed to obtain a
data sources cannot only be obtained from conclusion that is compiled in the form of a
the field. Sometimes data sources can only be research report.
obtained from libraries or other documents in Content analysis or content review is a
written form, whether from journals, books research methodology that utilizes a series of
or other literature. Second, literature study is procedures to draw valid conclusions from a
needed as a way to understand new book or document. Meanwhile, Harold D.
phenomena that occur that cannot be Lasswell stated that content analysis is
understood, then with this literature study research which is an in-depth discussion of
you will be able to understand these the content of written or printed information
symptoms. So that in dealing with a symptom in the mass media. From the explanation
that occurs, the author can formulate a above, it can be concluded that content
concept to solve a problem that arises. The analysis is a research method with certain

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stages to explore the essence of an idea or researcher can use a sample taken from a
information and then draw a conclusion representative population.
(Lexy, 2008). The author uses data analysis The sample is a small part of the
techniques in the form of content analysis population taken according to certain
because this type of research is a type of procedures to represent the population
library research, where the data sources are in (Somantri, 2006). Some members of the
the form of books and documents as well as population are called samples (Nazir, 2005).
other forms of literature.. Part of the members of a group (subject
Results and Discussion (70%) group) as a basis for obtaining information
(or drawing conclusions) about the group
1) Kuantitatif (group) (Pasaribu, 1975). (Sugiyono, 2019)
a. Populasi argued that "a sample is a small part of the
The population is a general field quantity and characteristics possessed by a
consisting of subjects/objects with certain population". (Arikunto, 2002) states that the
qualities and characteristics determined by sample is part of the population (part or
the reviewer to be studied and then representative of the population studied).
The research sample is some of the
conclusions drawn (Sugiyono, 2019).
population taken as a data source that
Therefore, the population is not all people, represents the entire population. Therefore, it
but also objects and other objects. Population can be concluded that the sample is part of
is not only the number of objects or subjects, the data that is the subject of the population
but all the characteristics possessed by being sampled.
objects or subjects. How to determine a satisfactory
sample: an ideal sampling technique
The population is divided into two
(method) has the characteristics of being able
parts (Sugiyono, 2019), namely: to provide an accurate picture of the
1) The target population is the population, can be determined accurately, is
population that has been identified based on easy to apply, can contain extensive
the research problem and conclusions will be information, is reliable, at a low cost.
drawn from the research results of the Precision is the standard error, the population
population. size minus the sample mean.
2) The survey population is the
c. Sampling Technique
population included in this study. The
population consists of the elements that are The sampling technique is a sampling
sampled, namely the elements that are technique for determining the sample to be
sampled. The sampling frame is a list of all used in an investigation (Suharsaputra,
the sample elements in the sample 2012). The sampling technique is shown in
population. This sampling element is taken Figure 1. From the figure it can be seen that
using a sampling frame. basically the sampling techniques can be
grouped into two, namely probability
b. Sample sampling and capacity non-deterministic
The sample is a small part of the sampling.
number and characteristics of the population. Probability samples were taken from
If the population is large and the researcher simple random samples, stratified
cannot study everything in the population due proportional random sampling, stratified
to budget, human and time constraints, the unbalanced random sampling, and area
random sampling. Non-probability sampling

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includes systematic sampling, secondary

quota, random sampling, purposive sampling,
systematic saturation, and snowball
Figure 2 Simple random sampling
sampling. technique

Teknik Sampling b) Pengambilan sampel acak stratifikasi

proporsional
Cara yang digunakan apabila
populasi memiliki anggota/elemen yang
Pengambilan Non Probability heterogen dan terstratifikasi secara
Sampel Sampling proporsional, misalnya jumlah pegawai
Probabilitas
dalam suatu organisasi memiliki formasi
yang terstratifikasi secara proporsional
1. Simple random 1. Sampling seperti yang diilustrasikan pada Gambar 3
sampling sistematis adalah sebagai berikut:
2. Proportianote 2. Sampling kuota
stratified random 3. Sampling
sampling aksidental Diambil
3. Disproportionate 4. Purposive Populasi Secara
stratified random sampling Berstrata
sampling 5. Sampling jenuh
4. Area (cluser) 6. Snowball Random
sampling sampling Proporsional

Figure 1. Sampling Technique Gambar 3. Teknik Stratified Random Sampling

1) Probability Sampling
sampling technique that provides c) Unbalanced stratified random
equal opportunities for each element (expert) sampling
of the population to be selected as a sample This method is used in determining the
expert (Azwar, 2009). These techniquessample, if the population is stratified but not
include: proportional. Identification of samples with this
a) Simple random samplingSimply becausetechnique can be seen in Figure 4. Below:
the sampling of the population is carried
out periodically without taking into
account Diambil
the existing strata in the
population. This processing is done if the
Secara
Populasipopulation members are considered the
same. Random
This technique
Kurangcan be explained as
follows:
Proporsional

Figure 4. Disproportionate Stratified Random

Sampel
Populasi Sampling Technique
Homogen
yang
d) Cluster Sampling (Sampling Area) mewakili
Diambil Secara populasi

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The regional sampling technique is used by chance is deemed suitable as a data

to determine the sample if the subject or data source.
source is very large. For example, residents of a d) Sampling with a purpose
country, region or area. To determine the It is a sampling technique with
population to be used as a data source, the sample
several considerations. For example a diet
is based on a defined population area, for study, the data sample is a dietitian. This
example Indonesia has 33 provinces, the sample sample is more suitable for a qualitative
uses 10 provinces, so 10 provinces are taken study.
randomly. It should be remembered that regions
in Indonesia are stratified, so that the sample is e) Saturation sampling
taken using a stratified random sampling Saturation sampling is a sampling
technique as shown in Figure 5 below..: technique, when all members of the
population are used as samples. This is
usually done if the population is rather small,
namely less than 30 people. Another term for
a saturated sample is sissy, where all
members of the population are sampled.
f) Example of a snowball
Snowball Sampling is a technique for
identifying samples that are initially small in
Figure 5. Cluster Random Sampling number and then increase in size.
Technique d. Menentukan Ukuran Sampel
The number of sample experts is usually
2) Nonprobability Sampling expressed in the number of samples. The closer
Asampling technique that does not the sample number is to the population, the
provide equal opportunities for each smaller the probability of a generalization error,
population expert to be selected as a sample and conversely, the smaller the sample number,
expert (Creswell, 2016). Examples of this the further it is from the population, the greater
technique are:
(usually given) the generalization error. So
a) Systematic sampling basically no expert is the best match based on the
The sampling technique is based on the desired error rate. The desired level of trust
arrangement of population experts given always depends on financial sources, time and
a serial number. For example, a effort (Sugiyono 2019). The formula for
population member is assigned a serial calculating a known sample size of a population
number consisting of 50 individuals from
is as follows:
1 to 50. The sample may be only odd or
even or multiples of the given number.
𝜆². 𝑁. 𝑃. 𝑄
b) Quota sampling 𝑆=
Quota sampling is a technique for
determining a sample from a population that
d² (N − 1) + λ². 𝑃. 𝑄
exhibits certain characteristics in a desired
quantity (quota).
𝜆2 dengan dk = 1 Raraf kesalahan
c) Random sampling
Probabilistic sampling is a sampling 1 % , 5%, 10%
technique based on chance, meaning that 𝑃 = 𝐶3 = 0,5 𝑑 = 0,05 𝑠 =
anyone who happens to meet the investigator 𝐽𝑢𝑚𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙
may be used as a sample, if the person met

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Example of determining population Must be an active participant in an

size educated or cultured group, organization or
culture
This study was carried out among
employees of a company. Where workers 1) Must follow the culture being learned
"now". Focusing on "now" is
are collected according to educational important, because the main informant
stages, namely pre-student = 50, pre- does not forget the problem to be
student = 300, SMK = 500, junior high investigated.
school = 100, elementary school = 50 2) There must be enough time. It is not
(population stratification). The total enough for the main information giver
population = 1000 workers, the desired to only have a will, but he is also
error rate is 5%, then the sample size = allowed to provide information if
258 people. necessary
3) Must deliver information in (natural)
language. It is better to avoid
3) Qualitative, Selection of
informants who convey information in
Participants/Key Informants "analytic language" because the
a. Definition and Types of Informants information produced is unreasonable.
The definition of an informant is a The main informant in a qualitative
topic of study that may provide information investigation is similar to the "main actor"
about the phenomena/problems suggested in in one or more stories. Thus, the informant
the investigation. In a qualitative study, is someone who has technical and detailed
informants were divided into three namely knowledge of the study problem to be
(Sugiyono 2012): studied. For example, in studying teacher
1) Main information giver behavior in using teaching materials, the
2) Main informant main informant is the teacher, while
3) Support provides information students are the main informant. A
Informants are informants who have supporting informant is someone who can
complete information about the issues raised - additional
provide Dengan metode snowball
information to complete
by investigators. The main informant not atau iklan
the analysis and discussion in a qualitative
only knows the situation/phenomenon of investigation. Complementary information
society in general, but also understands providers sometimes provide information
information about the main informant. The that is not provided by the main or main
selection of key informants depends on the information provider. For example, when
unit of analysis being studied. For example, assessing the application of safety culture
in an organizational unit, the main among production workers in a
information giver is the head of the manufacturing company, informants may
organization. be selected from positions that are not
The main informant must be someone
who is willing to share concepts and
directly involved in the production process
knowledge with the reviewer and who is often or are not directly involved in the
used by the reviewer to ask questions. production process. expenditure positions,
Therefore, in collecting data, investigators must for example warehouse positions. . While
start from the main informants to get a the main informants are production
complete and complete picture of the problem workers and the main informants are
being considered. Therefore, there are four expenditure managers or HSE (K3)
criteria for identifying key informants (Azwar, managers. Qualitative studies are not
2009): supposed to cover the three types of
informants above, depending on the

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context of the study problem. The use of case the reviewer may add informants so
the three types of informants above is for that sufficient information is obtained.
the purpose of cross-checking data 2) The reviewer may reduce the number of
validation. The investigator must collect informants if the information received is
information from these informants sufficient. For example, an investigation
sequentially starting from the main is designed with the participation of 5
informant, main informant, and supporting informants. It turned out that 2
informant (see Figure 3 below).. informants were enough to provide the
necessary information. Thus,
In some qualitative studies, only a key
investigators may stop the data collection
informant is needed if the real problem is
process with only 2 informants.
unique to that person. The determination of
The reviewer may replace the
the number of informants in a qualitative
study is explained in the following chapter informant (which is difficult to do in a
(Suyitno, 2006). quantitative study) if the informant does not
b. Number of informants cooperate in the chat meeting. For example,
Qualitative investigations do not if an informant is dishonest in his answer and
acknowledge the existence of a minimum feels he is deliberately giving wrong
sample size (sample size). In general, information, then the reviewer may stop
qualitative investigations use small sample collecting data from that informant..
sizes. Although in some cases only 1
informant was used. There are at least two Ditambah, jika
informasi masih
conditions that need to be met to determine tidak cukup
the number of informants, namely adequacy
and relevance (Martha, 2016).
What is the minimum and maximum
number of informants? Or what is the ideal Keputusan
number of selected informants? As explained jumlah
above, to determine the number of informan
informants as a marker of the level using
Stop, jika
information completeness requirements. The Ganti, jika informasi
need for perfection is met by determining the informan sudah jenuh
number of informants who provide sufficient tidak
information, so that the benchmark for kooperatif &
tidak jujur
Figure 8. Decisions toAdd, Reduce, and
researchers is to determine the number of
informants not representative of the region Replace Informants
but the depth of information is sufficient or
not. So, in a qualitative investigation, there c. Informant Selection Techniques
are three conditions for determining the The selection of informants can be
number of informants.
based on two aspects, namely theory and
1) Penyelidik boleh menambah bilangan
information giver if the information is assumptions which are both based on the
thought to be insufficient. For example, level of knowledge or experience of the
this study was designed to involve three respondent/reporter (and not the informant)
main informants. However, at the based on random selection). Selection of
meeting there were still informants based on theory or sampling
modifiers/instructions that had not been theory is appropriate if the main purpose of
given sufficient information. So, in this
data collection is to develop theory

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substantively. The technique of selecting conditions, namely: theory-based and

informants with assumptions (a priori problem-based research. Identification of
sampling) commonly used in public health theory-based roles used in research to
research is carried out by characterizing strengthen or complement the theoretical
informants based on the problem and foundations. While the determination of the
objective of the study. For example, if a informant's role according to the research
qualitative study wants to explore the health problem is to provide information that is
and behavior of adolescents in a community, appropriate to the indicators of the problem
the study's informants will be taken from that found by the researcher. Usually used in
community. (Robinson, 2014). qualitative studies to evaluate a program, find
The selection of informants in a out someone's opinion, understand/study
qualitative study is completely determined by someone's behavior, etc.
the researcher, even (Patton, 1999) calls it
purposive sampling which is the selection of 2) Find information about the availability of
suitable informants
cases with a lot of information (informative The next stage, the researcher
cases) according to the strategies and determines the "availability" of informants in
strategies that have been set. target. by the field. To obtain this information, the
researchers, that's the sum. depending on the researcher can obtain information from
purpose and source of the research. according people who are considered elderly/elderly in
to (Patton, 1999), there are 16 types of the social environment of the community
such as: community leaders, organization
informant selection techniques with
leaders, traditional leaders, religious leaders
purposive sampling techniques. and so on. In some cases, parents in the
d. Recruiting Informants social order of the community can be used as
A further problem in designing key informants if they meet the criteria and
informants for qualitative research is are able to cooperate with the researcher.
recruiting informants or determining who is 3) Decision to accept/reject the information
willing to provide complete and relevant provider
However, it is up to the researcher to
information. Basically, recruitment involving
decide who is the right informant. This is to
more than one research informant can follow avoid misinformation if identification is only
the recruitment model with the conditions set determined by a party outside the research
by the researcher based on the objectives of team. This situation often occurs in research
the study. The steps are as follows (Salam, that aims to evaluate programs or
2008): organizational activities. Often the
1) Analyze the role of the informant identification of informants is determined by
the management of the program/organization
The role of the informant here means to ensure that subjective decisions are based
his position in collecting research data to on the wishes of management.
produce relevant information. This position In the middle of the qualitative research
can act as a lead, lead or support informant. process, the researcher can make decisions to
The information expected from the informant add, reject, or exclude selected informants
is information that is compatible with the from the study..
theoretical framework and concepts used by Conclusion (5%)
the researcher. Therefore, the role of research Basically, qualitative research does not
informant can be determined based on two accept the term population sampling because

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this research does not aim to generalize the Lexy, J. M. (2008). Metodologi Penelitian
population, but uses in-depth information for Kualitatif. PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.
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Before determining the number of
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step the researcher must take is to determine Kualitatif untuk Bidang. Kesehatan.
the research analysis unit that describes the Rajagrafindo Persada.
research location and includes six aspects: Nazir, M. (2005). Metode Penelitian. Ghalia
people, structure, research perspective, Indonesia.
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