INFORMATION SHEET 4.

1-1

Title
Safety First
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, the learners should be able to:

1. Identify the basic steps on how to avoid accidents occurring.

2. Differentiate cold ground from hot ground.

 Whenever you’re working on any electronic equipment, your own

safety has to come first. Every Electronic technician must always
take safety precautions before he she starts work.
 Electricity must be handled properly, or else it can injure or cause
fatalities.

STEPS ON HOW TO AVOID ACCIDENTS

1. Electrical Shock
Once you open up a set cover, you’re actually exposing yourself to
the threat of electrical shock.
Rules which should help you to avoid electricity hazards.
a. Always turn off the equipment and unplug it before you begin to
work.
b. If you have to run test while the equipment is operating, turn the
equipment on, make your test carefylly, and then turn the
equipment off again.
c. Wear rubber bottom shoes or sneakers.
d. Try to do the work with one hand, while keeping the other in
your pocket. That keeps the possible current paths away from the
heart.
e. Dont attempt repair work hen you are tired or rushed.
 f. Always assume that all the parts in the power supply are “HOT”
G. Use only plastic screwdriver for shock protection during service
operation.

2. DISCHARGING SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY(SMPS) CAPACITORS

Most SMPS have a resistor to drain the charge in the main filter
capacitor.
Capacitors has a range of about 15µf to 330µf at 400 working voltage.
Before you start to work on a power supply, always turn off the
power and discharge the capacitor.You can do this by placing a resistor
across the two legs of the capacitor.
NOTE/WARNING:

Do not discharge capacitor with screwdriver because:

1. It may melt the tip of the screwdriver.
2. It will damge the capacitor and its terminal.
3. If we are too near to the point of discharge, the heavy spark generated
may cause injury to our eyes.

3. HOT GROUND PROBLEM

Modern equipment consist of two grounds, one of which is a “hot” ground

while the other is a “cold ground.”

HOT GROUND- is in the primary side of a switch mode power supply.

COLD GROUND- is in the equipment ground.
If the hot ground is not used and you use only the cold ground, the
voltage measurement might not be correct and it may destroy your
meter.One way to prevent this is to use an isolation transformer.
4. ISOLATION TRANSFORMER
 Is a transformer that has a 1:1 turn ratio to provide the standard
line voltage at the secondary outlet.This means that it does not change
the voltage.If you accidentally touch one of these outputs you would be
protected.

 When servicing any electronic equipment, always use an isolation

transformer to protect yourself from electrical shock.
 During servicing, the isolation transformer is connected
between the equipment and AC power line.

Note: A variable transformer or variacs is not an isolation transformer.

5. DISCHARGING THE CATHODE RAY TUBE(CRT) ANODE

The CRT of a Monitor and TV can hold a dangerous charge, even if

the monitor and tv have not been used several days.All CRT have
graphite coating on the internal and external surfaces of the glass
bell.This conductive graphite coating are commonly known as aquadag
coating and its forms the two plates of a high voltage filter capacitor
using the glass in between as dielectric.
This high voltage filter capacitor has a very low leakage. Before
removing a CRT, ensure that you discharge this capacitor in order to
prevent shocks or serious injuries.

6. HIGH VOLTAGE
Monitors snd TV have sections that use very high DC voltages. The
high voltage is needed to be applied to the CRT to attract the lectron
beam to the phosphor.
Flyback transformer is the part that is used to generate the high
voltage.
The high voltage circuit inside a Monitor or TV can give you a
dangerous electric shock and causes you to jerk violently.You could cut
yourself by accidentally
knocking on sharp chassis edges. Be familiar with the high voltage
circuits before you work on any high voltage equipment.

7. X-RADIATION
An X-Ray is aform of radiation produced when a beam of electrons
strikes some material at a relatively high speed. The only source of X_ray
in a modern monitor or TV is from the CRT.Prolong exposure to X-ray can
be harmful. When high voltage is excessive, then only X-ray is capable of
penetrating the shell of the CRT, including the lead in glass material.

8. WEARING GOGGLES
The CRThas a complete vacuum inside. It must be handled carefully
and safely. Always wear goggles, to protect the eyes from fyling glass, in
the event of an implosion when removing and old tube from set and
installing a replacement. Also be sure to place the crt facing downwards
on a soft surface.

9. ELECTROSTATICALLY SENSITIVE DEVICES(ESD)

Integrated circuits(IC) & some field effect transistors are exampls
of ESD devices.

Techniques to reduce the incidence of component damage, caused by static

electricity.

a. Immediately, before handling any ESD devices drain the electrostatic charge
from your body by touching a known earth ground.
b. Store ESD devices in aconducive foam pad until installation in circuit.
c. Wear a grounding strap, attached to your wrist.
d. Use only a grounded tip soldering iron to solder or desolder ESD devices.

10. FIRE
 Before returning the equipment to the user, every reasonable
precaution is taken to avoid fire hazards.Be sure to use only direct
replacements and not one that defeats some safety measure.

11. LIFTING
Many problems arise when lifting this equipment from the floor.
Wrong posture when lifting equipment may cause acute back pain. The
right way to lift is keep your back straight and upright, and use your legs
to supply the lifting power.
12. VENTILATION
Be sure that your work place has a good ventilation. Prolong
exposure or excessive inhalation of vapours from chemical spray and
fumes from lead may cause damage to your nervous system or body.
13. LASER WARNING LABELS

If you are troubleshooting DVD,VCD, laser printer and other laser

related products, you will notice a laser warning label on or near the laser
head assemble.
Do not stare at the laser beam at any time.Prolong exposure of
laser beam to the eyes may cause eye injury or loss of sight.
SELF- CHECK 4.1-1

TRUE OR FALSE

Directions: Write T if the statement is TRUE, write F if the statement is

FALSE. Write your answers in your answer sheet.

1. An X-Ray is a form of radiation produced when a beam of

electrons strikes some material at a relatively high speed.
2. Always wear apron, to protect the eyes from flying glass, in the
event of an implosion when removing and old tube from set and
installing a replacement.
3. Wear a grounding strap, attached to your wrist.
 4. Stare at the laser beam at any time.Prolong exposure of laser
beam to the eyes may not cause eye injury or loss of sight.
5. Be sure that your work place has a good ventilation.
 INFORMATION SHEET 4.1-2

Title
USING ANALOG AND DIGITAL MULTIMETER

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, the learners should be able to:
1. Identify the steps on how to use the multimeter.

USING ANALOG AND DIGITAL MULTIMETER

A. Initial Steps in Using Analog Multi‐tester

1. Connect the test probe to the appropriate jack. The red test probe
to the positive (+) jack and the black to the common (‐) jack.
2. Check if the pointer rests exactly at the infinite zero position in ohmmeter
range.

3. Check the

a. Set the Multi‐tester to corresponding selector resistance range.

b. Short the two test probes lead together.

B. Resistance Measurements

1. Always do the “Initial Steps in Using Analog Multi‐tester”.

2. In testing resistors, capacitors, diodes etc. do not touch both test

probe lead, because our body also has resistance that could affect
the reading value of the electronic components we are testing.

3. If you do not know the value of the resistor to be measured, find the
ohmmeter selector setting until you have a clear reading in the
ohmmeter scale.
4. Select the desired resistance range scale with selector switch.

Testing a 55 K ohm resistance

Range: x10 Kohm

 SELF CHECK 4.1-2

ENUMERATION

Directions: Enumerate the initial steps on how to use the analog

multimeter. 1.

2.

3.

4. is being adjusted to set for desired resistance range scale.

5. is being used to measure the voltage, current and resistance.

 INFORMATION SHEET 4.1-3

Title
ELECTRONIC SYMBOL
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, the learners should be able to:
1. Define Electronic symbol.
2. Identify the different Electronic symbol.

ELECTRONIC SYMBOL
An electronic symbol is a pictogram used to represent various electrical
and electronic devices (such as wires, batteries, resistors, and transistors)
in a schematic diagram of an electrical or electronic circuit. These symbols
can (because of remaining traditions) vary from country to country, but
are today to a large extent internationally standardized. Some symbols
represent components (such as vacuum tubes) which ceased to be used
routinely as newer technologies were introduced.

Electronics Symbols
Below are tables with many of the symbols one would encounter in the
study of electronics. The symbols are shown in their more common
expression with some alternate expressions included. This presentation is
not exhaustive in that there are many other alternate expressions for
many of the symbols and there are many other symbols not shown for
practical reasons. The symbols are arranged in the following
categories. Click on a category name to move to and back from that group.

 Resistors
 Sources
 Wires, Cables and Connections
 Circuit Protection Devices
 Switches and Electro-mechanical Devices
 Connectors
 Inductors and Transformers
 Capacitors
 Diodes
 Thyristors
 Transistors
 Tubes
 Digital Logic
 Miscellaneous

Resistors
Variable
Fixed Potentiomete Rheostat Tapped
(Generic)
r

LDR - Light
Dependant
RTD-Resistive VDR-
Resistor,
Thermal Voltage Alternate Alternate
Photoresistor,
Device, also Dependent VDR VDR
Photoconducti
for Resistor, or symbol symbol
ve Cell, or
Thermistor Varistor
Photocell

Sources
Singl DC Piezoelect
DC Photovolt
e Cell Voltage AC Genera r ic Thermocou
Curren a ic Cell
of Source Voltage t or Generator p le
t or Solar
EMF or Source or Crystal
Source Cell
(DC) Battery
 Wires, Cables and Connections
Wires Wires Ground
Bus Connections Terminal
Crossing Connected Symbols

Earth Fem
or general a le
symbol
Male
Chassi
s
Joi
ned
Circuit
Coaxial Multiconduct Shielded
Shielded Shielded Plug
Cable or or Cable Multiconduct
Conductor Conductor and
Shielded with Jacket or Cable
Socket
Line

Circuit Protection Devices

Multi-
Therm Circuit Switch
Fuse Fuse line
al Breaker Circuit
Circuit
Cutout Breaker
Breaker
 Switches and Electro-mechanical Devices
Thermal Limit
Pushbutto
Switch Switch
Single- n Normally Rotary
Single-Pole Double-Pole Open (NO), Normally Normally
Pole Open Open and Slide
Single- Single- Normally (NO) and (NO) and Selector
Double-
Throw Throw DPST Closed (NC), Normally Normally
Throw and Dual
Switch
SPST Closed Closed
SPDT Circuit (NC) (NC)

Relay Relay
Contacts Contacts Motor,
Relay or Relay , Normally , Normally
Telegraph Relay with Armature
Solenoid with NO Open
Open
Key NC and Field
Coil contacts (NO) and (NO) and
contacts Normally Coil
dual
Closed
contacts
(NC)
NO & NC

Connectors
AC AC Power Male Plug
AC Power AC Power Female and
Power Plug and
Connector Connector Male
Plug Female
Coaxial
and Jack Socket
 Jack with
Phon Switch
Phone
e Jack Phone Phone (various Phono or
Jack
(two Plug Plug switch Single Line
(three
conduct arrangem Jack and
conductor)
or (two (three e nts Plug
) conductor) conductor) available)

Inductors and Transformers

Air Iron Coil Ferrite
Air Core Iron Core
Core Core with Core Autotransfor
Transform Transformer
Induct Induct adjusta Transform me r
er with phasing
o r or o r or bl e dots er
Coil Coil Ferrite
Core

Capacitors
Older
Symbol, no
Fixed longer Electrolytic
Variable Ganged Split-Stator
Capacito used, Capacitor
r conflicts
with relay
contacts

Diodes
Signal Zener
Zener Schottky Varactor
or (Alternates)
Rectifie
r
 Rectifie LED - Light Tunnel
Photodiode Tunnel
r Emitting (Alternates)
Bridge
s

Thyristors
SCR - Silicon
Diac Triac
Controlled
Rectifier

Transistors
N-
PNP Type NPN
NPN Channel
Bipolar Darlington Junction
NPN Phototransist P-Channel
Junction Transistor Field
Type or JFET
Transistor (Available
(BJT) (Also available as as PNP) Effect
(BJT) PNP) Transistor
(JFET)

N-Channel P-Channel N-Channel P-Channel Dual Gate Unijunctio

n
Depletion Depletion Enhancemen Enhanceme MOSFET N- Transistor
Mode Mode t Mode n t Mode Channel
 MOSFET Depletion
,

MOSFET MOSFET MOSFET (others

available )

Note: Dual gate MOSFETs may also be enhancement mode and P-

channel

Tubes
Vacuum-
Triode Tetrode Pentode Tube
tube
elements
Diode
Plat
e
Grid

Cathode

Filament/
He
ater
CRT -
X-ray Tube Photo Photo Tube
Cathode
Tube Multiplier Elements
Ray
Electrostatic
Deflection
Plates

A dot inside of
a tube
envelope
implies gas-
filled.

Digital Logic
 Exclusive- NAND (NOT
AND OR NOR (NOT OR)
OR AND)
(XOR)
 Integrated Schmitt- Clocked
Inverter or Flip-Flop
Circuit Trigger Flip- Flop
NOT
Input (JK)

Miscellaneous
Headphone
Incandesce
Neon Bel Speakers Microphon s and
nt Lamps
Bulbs l e Headset
with Mic

Loop
General Voltmeter (A External Dipole
Op Amp and
Amplifier or mA for Antenna Antenna
Monopol
current)
e
Antenna
 Self-Check 4.1-3

IDENTIFICATION
Directions: Identify the electrical symbol below. Write your answers in your
answer sheet.

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

7. 8.

9. 10.
 LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 2

PLAN AN APPROACH FOR COMPONENT TESTING

Contents:
1. Resistance and Resistors.
2. Capacitors
3. Diode
4. Transistors
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

 Various testing methods are Identified based on

types of electronic components
 Characteristics and appropriateness of
testing methods to be used during development and on
completion is determined
 Testing methods are considered/selected in
relation to appropriate testing strategy
 Plan for testing components is
developed at specified points during development and on
completion
 Required test & measuring instruments and tools
are prepared and checked in accordance with established procedures
 Records system is established to document
testing results, including problems and faults

CONDITIONS:

The following resources must be provided:

 Tools and equipment (see range of variables)
 Working area/bench
 Electronic components
 Testing instruments and equipment
 Assessment rating sheet
 Reporting forms

METHODOLOGIES
 Film Viewing
 Individualized Learning
 Direct Student Laboratory Experience
 On-the-Job Training
 Project Method

ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Demonstration and Questioning
 Assessment of Output Product
LEARNING EXPERIENCES
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
PLAN AN APPROACH FOR COMPONENT TESTING
Learning Activities Special Instructions

 If you think that you are now

 Read information 4.2-1 knowledgeable on the content
on Resistance and of the information sheet,
Resistor answer self-check provided in
the module.
 If you got almost 100% correct
 Answer self-check 4.2- answer in this Self-check 4.2-1, you
1and compare answers with can now move to the next
answer key 4.2-1 Information sheet. If not, review the
information sheet and go over the
self-check again.
If you think that you are now
 Read information 4.2-2
knowledgeable on the content of the
on Capacitor.
task, answer self-check provided in
the module.
 If you got almost 100% correct
 Answer self-check 4.2-2 answer in this Self-check 4.2-2, you
and compare answers with can now move to the next
answer key 4.2-2 Information sheet. If not, review the
information sheet and go over the
self-check again.
If you think that you are now
 Read information 4.2-3 on knowledgeable on the content of the
Diode. task, answer self-check provided in
the module.
 If you got almost 100% correct
 Answer self-check 4.2-3 answer in this Self-check 4.2-3, you
and compare answers with can now move to the next
answer key 4.2-3 Information sheet. If not, review the
information sheet and go over the
self-check again.
If you think that you are now
 Read information 4.2-4
knowledgeable on the content of the
on Transistor.
task, answer self-check provided in
the module.
 If you got almost 100% correct
 Answer self-check 4.2-4 answer in this Self-check 4.2-4, you
and compare answers with can now move to the next
answer key 4.2-4 Information sheet. If not, review the
information sheet and go over the
self-check again.

After doing all activities of this LO, you

may proceed to LO3: Test Components.
INFORMATION SHEET 4.2-1
 Title
RESISTANCE AND RESISTOR

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, the learners should be able to:
1. Define Resistor and Resistance.
2. Differentiate Active from Passive components.
3. Identify the different types of resistors.
4. Calculate resistance value of a resistor.

ELECTRONICS

 Electronics deals with behaviour of electron in semi-conductor.

 Materials or the electronic Components.
 SEMI-CONDUCTOR serves as a good insulator or good conductor at
certain instances.
 Silicon, gallium and germanium are the most common materials to
manufacture semi-conductors electronic components by adding
or “doping” impurities like indium or antimony.
 N-type is semi-conductors which charge carries are electrons
which are negatively charge.
 P-type is semi-conductors which charge carries are holes have positive
charge.

COMMON ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

 PASSIVE are components or device which doesn’t generate

voltage but controls the current in an electronic circuit.
 EXAMPLES; RESISTORS,CAPACITORS, INDUCTORS, ETC.
 ACTIVE are the components which generate, amplify and also
control the voltage and current in an electronic circuit.
 EXAMPLE; DIODE, TRANSISTOR AND IC(INTEGRATED CIRCUITS)
AND ETC.
 Are the elements or components that interactively work in an
electronic circuit to produce the desired result.
  Basic electronic components are; resistors, capacitors, transistors
and other semi-conductor materials.

RESISTANCE AND RESISTORS

 RESISTANCE means opposition to some action. In electricity

resistance means the opposition to the flow of current.
 Measured in ohms(Ω)
 Expressed in kilo-ohms, milli-ohms etc. With
1000Ω= 1 kilo ohms,1000000Ω= 1 mega ohms.
 The symbol of resistance is shown as:

 act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower
voltage levels within circuits.
 used to limit current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active
elements, and terminate transmission lines among other uses.

Types of Resistor

1. Carbon-Composition Resistors
2. Carbon-Film Resistor
3. Metal-Film Resistors
4. Wire Wounds
5. Fusible Resistor
6. Variable Resistor

VARIABLE RESISTOR

 can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control

or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light,
humidity, force, or chemical activity.
 physical means of adjustment, either a rotating shaft or lever
that can be moved to vary the amount of electrical resistance.
 FUNCTIONS OF RESISTOR

 The hydraulic analogy compares electric current flowing through

circuits to water flowing through pipes.
 When a pipe (left) is filled with hair (right), it takes a larger pressure
to achieve the same flow of water.
 Pushing electric current through a large resistance is like
pushing water through a pipe clogged with hair:
 It requires a larger push (voltage drop) to drive the same
flow (electric current).

 Electrical resistors are very similar—affected by the same three

factors. If you make a wire thinner or longer, it's harder for
electrons to wiggle through it
RESISTOR COLOR CODES
SELF CHECK 4.2-1
CALCULATE

Directions: Calculate the following resistor color code. Write your answer in
your answer sheet.

1. Violet, Yellow, Red, Gold

2. Green, Blue, Grey, Orange, Silver
3. Blue, Red, Orange, Green, Gold
4. Brown, Black, Red, Blue, Gold
5. Yellow, Red, Orange, Yellow, Gold
 INFORMATION SHEET 4.2-2

Title
CAPACITOR
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, the learners should be able to:
1. Define Capacitor.
2. Identify the types of a resistor.
3. Decode Capacitor codes.

CAPACITOR

 A capacitor (formerly known as a condenser, and prior to that known as

a permittor) is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
stores electric energy in an electric field.
 Capacitors (sometimes known as condensers) are energy-storing
devices that are widely used in televisions, radios, and other kinds.
 Take two electrical conductors (things that let electricity flow
through them) and separate them with an insulator (a material that
doesn't let electricity flow very well) and you make a capacitor:
something that can store electrical energy.

CAPACITANCE

 The amount of electrical energy a capacitor can store.

 The capacitance of a capacitor is a bit like the size of a bucket: the
bigger the bucket, the more water it can store; the bigger the
capacitance, the more electricity a capacitor can store.
 Three ways to increase the capacitance of a capacitor.

1. One is to increase the size of the plates.

2. Another is to move the plates closer together.
3. The third way is to make the dielectric as good an insulator as possible

TYPES OF CAPACITORS
1. Ceramic capacitor: The ceramic capacitor is a type of capacitor that is
used in many applications from audio to RF.

Ceramic capacitor types are by far the most commonly used type of
capacitor being cheap and reliable and their loss factor is
particularly low although this is dependent on the exact dielectric
in use.

2. Electrolytic capacitor: Electrolytic capacitors are a type of capacitor

that is polarized. They are able to offer high capacitance values -
typically above 1μF, and are most widely used for low frequency
applications - power supplies, decoupling and audio coupling
applications as they have a frequency limit if around 100 kHz.

3. Tantalum capacitor: Like electrolytic capacitors, tantalum capacitors

are also polarized and offer a very high capacitance level for their volume.
However this type of capacitor is very intolerant of being reverse biased,
often exploding when placed under stress.
4. Silver Mica Capacitor: Silver mica capacitors are not as widely used
these days, but they still offer very high levels of stability, low loss
and accuracy where space is not an issue.

5. Polystyrene Film Capacitor: Polystyrene

capacitors are a relatively cheap form of capacitor but offer a close
tolerance capacitor where needed.

6. Polyester Film Capacitor: Polyester film

capacitors are used where cost is a consideration as they do not offer
a high tolerance.

7. Metallised Polyester Film Capacitor: This type of capacitor is a

essentially a form of polyester film capacitor where the polyester films
themselves are metallised.

8. Polycarbonate capacitor: The

polycarbonate capacitors has been used in applications where
reliability and performance are critical.

9. Polypropylene Capacitor: The polypropylene

capacitor is sometimes used when a higher tolerance type of capacitor is
necessary than polyester capacitors offer.

10. Glass capacitors: As the name implies, this

capacitor type uses glass as the dielectric.

11. Supercap: Also known as a super capacitor or ultra capacitor,

as the name implies these capacitors have very large values of
capacitance, of up to several thousand Farads.

FUNCTIONS OF CAPACITOR
 In the hydraulic analogy, a capacitor is analogous to a rubber
membrane sealed inside a pipe. This animation illustrates a
membrane being repeatedly
 stretched and un-stretched by the flow of water, which is analogous
to a capacitor being repeatedly charged and discharged by the flow
of charge.
 In the hydraulic analogy, charge carriers flowing through a wire are
analogous to water flowing through a pipe. A capacitor is like a
rubber membrane sealed inside a pipe. Water molecules cannot
pass through the membrane, but some water can move by
stretching the membrane.

Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal

electric field. A dielectric (orange) reduces the field and increases the
capacitance.

CAUTIONS: Never use a capacitor into a circuit with higher voltages than
the capacitor is rated for otherwise it becomes hot and may explode. It’s
all right to replace a 0.22µF of 200WV capacitor with one rated 0.22µF,
250WVDC.

CAPACITOR SAFETY

 A capacitor can store a charge for some time after equipment is power
off.
 High voltage electrolytic caps, and even large value, low voltage
electrolytic, can pose a safety hazard.
 Be sure to connect electrolytic capacitors in the right polarity i.e
negative to negative and positive to positive.
 If the electrolytic is connected in opposite polarity, the reversed
electrolysis forms gas in the capacitor.
 It becomes hot and may explode. This is a possibility only with
electrolytic capacitors.
HOW TO READ CAPACITOR NUMERIC CODE
GRADES OF FARAD SI UNIT
 HOW TO DISCHARGE CAPACITOR

 CAPACITOR discharge is the first thing you should do as an

electronic repairer before touching the power supply section.
 The large filter capacitor in the power supply section can hold
dangerous high voltage even if the unit has been off for few days.
 It is advisable to discharge the filter capacitor first before
you start to troubleshoot in order to protect yourself from
electrocuted.

Three ways to discharge the large filter capacitor in switch mode power supplies.

Note: Discharging the capacitor with a

screw driver(not recommended).

The reason for not using the screw driver to discharge a capacitor is
because the printed circuit board or circuitry can be damaged due to the
spark generated while discharging the high voltage in the capacitor.
 Just place the screw driver tip to touch the two pin of the
capacitor, within seconds the charge will be gone.
 Another method is that you can use a 100 watt electric light bulb and
touch the two wires coming out from the light bulb on the leads
of the capacitor. If there is a charge the light bulb will light and
after discharge the light bulb will goes off.

 Third method and also my favorite method are place the leads of a
high wattage resistor on
the leads of the capacitors you want to discharge. You can use either
a 1.8 k or a 2.2 kilo ohm 5 to 10 watt resistor to discharge the high
voltage capacitor in a switch mode power supplies. Please do not
hold the two ends of the resistor with your finger, only hold the body of
the resistor.
 I strongly recommend to those who are using the screw driver to
discharge a capacitor in power supply to consider the second and
third method as these is the safest methods. It not only protects the
circuit, it also protects you. If you had discharge the capacitor and
you are still not sure or no confidence whether the charge already
gone, you can always use a meter to confirm it.

SELF CHECK 4.2-2

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Directions: Read the questions carefully, Choose the correct answer from
the choices. Write your answers in your answer sheet.

1. This is a type of capacitor that is used in many applications from audio to

RF.

a) Electrolytic capacitor
b) Ceramic Capacitor
c) Silver Mica Capacitor
d) Tantalum Capacitor
2. This is a type of capacitor that is polarized.

a) Electrolytic capacitor
b) Ceramic Capacitor
c) Silver Mica Capacitor
d) Tantalum Capacitor
3. This is used where cost is a consideration as they do not offer a high
tolerance.

a) Electrolytic capacitor
b) Ceramic Capacitor
c) Polyester Film Capacitor
d) Tantalum Capacitor
4. Also known as a super capacitor or ultra capacitor, as the name
implies these capacitors have very large values of capacitance, of up to
several thousand Farads.
a) Electrolytic capacitor
b) Ceramic Capacitor
c) Polyester Film Capacitor
d) Supercap
5. This type of capacitor are not as widely used these days, but they
still offer very high levels of stability, low loss and accuracy where
space is not an issue.
a) Electrolytic capacitor
b) Silver Mica Capacitor
c) Polyester Film Capacitor
d) Supercap
 INFORMATION SHEET 4.2-3

Title
DIODE

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, the learners should be able to:
1. Define Diode.
2. Identify the types of Diode.

DIODE

 Diodes- is to convert the ac voltage to dc voltage.

 Is an electronic equivalents of one-way streets. Diodes allow
an electric current to flow through them in only one direction.
 They also known as rectifiers.
 Conduct electric current in only one direction.
 Composed of two terminals: Anode & Cathode.
 ANODE is the positive electrode, the point of exit of electrons from a
device to the external circuit.
 CATHODE is the negative electrode, the point of entry of
electrons into a device from external circuit. It is also the
terminal connected to the positive point of circuit.

ANODE(+ CATHODE(-
) )

 Diodes are basically a one-way valve for electrical current. They let
it flow in one direction (from positive to negative) and not in the
other direction.
 Most diodes are similar in appearance to a resistor and will have a
painted line on one end showing the direction or flow (white side is
negative). If the negative side is on the negative end of the circuit,
current will flow. If the negative is on the positive side of the circuit
no current will flow. More on diodes in later sections.
LEDs: Light Emitting Diodes:
 LEDs are simply diodes that emit light of one form or another. They
are used as indicator devices. Example: LED lit equals machine on.
They come in
 several sizes and colors. Some even emit Infrared Light which
cannot be seen by the human eye.
 LED emits light when the current flows through it, when it is forward
bias.
 FORWARD BIASED permit the flow of current when DC voltage is
applied to cathode (negative terminal). The diode is its active
stage.
 LED does not emit light when it is reversed-biased.
 REVERSED BIASED do not permit the flow of current when DC
voltage is applied to the anode(positive terminal). The diode
becomes an insulator.
 “The conductivity of diode depends on the supply voltage polarity
which follows the Law of Attraction and Repulsion which states
Like poles repel and unlike poles attract”
 LED used as low current indicator lamp in many types of
consumer and industrial equipment, such as monitors, TV,
printers, hi-f- systems and machinery control panels.
 LED only needs 2v across its anode and cathode terminals to
,make it emit light.
 The cathode of the LED is identified on the package by flat side on
the plastic. The life expectancy of LED is about
100,000 hours.
BRIDGE TYPE RECTIFIER
 The function of the bridge rectifier in the power supply is to
convert the AC supply voltage into DC voltagr.
 Full wave rectification, it is not necessary to use four individual
diodes since all four diodes can be obtained in one package as
shown in fig.1
 Each package has two AC input terminals and two DC output
terminal marked (+) and (-).

 A schematic for full wave bridge rectifier is drawn in fig. 2 Bridge

rectifiers are classified in the samw way as single diodes, i.e by their
maximum reverse voltage or peak inverse voltage(PIV) and forward
current, IF. It is label as “BR” in electronic circuit.

ZENER DIODE
 Used as regulator.
 Before you start to test any zener diode, you
must first understand the marking or part
number and then look for the voltage ratings.
 Zener diode markings.
 2.4=2.4 volt zener diode
 2V4=2.4 volt
 SELF CHECK 4.2-3

IDENTIFICATION

Directions: Identify what is being ask below, write your answer in your
answer sheet.

1. This permit the flow of current when DC voltage is applied

to cathode (negative terminal). The diode is its active stage.
 2. Do not permit the flow of current when DC voltage is
applied to the anode(positive terminal). The diode becomes an
insulator.
3. The function of this diode in the power supply is to convert the
AC supply voltage into DC voltage.
4. This is used as regulator.
5 This is the positive electrode, the point of exit of electrons from a
device to the external circuit.
 INFORMATION SHEET 4.2-4

Title
TRANSISTORS

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, the learners should be able to:
1. Define Transistor.
2. Identify the configurations of a
transistor.

TRANSISTORS
 The transistor is possibly the most important invention of this
decade. I performs two basic functions.
1) It acts as a switch turning current on and off.
2) It acts as an amplifier. This makes an output signal that is a
magnified version of the input signal. More on transistors in
later sections.
 Transistors come in several sizes depending on their application. It
can be a big power transistor such as is used in power amplifiers in
your stereo, down to a surface mount (SMT) and even down to .5
microns wide( I.E.: Mucho Small!) such as in a microprocessor or
Integrated Circuit.
 Are solid –state devices similar in some way to the diodes you have
studied.
 Transistors are more complex and can be used in many more ways.
 The name transistor is derived from “transresistor”, meaning that
it changes resistance. Unlike a diode, a transistor has three leads.
 The three transistor leads are designated as Base(B),
Collector(C), an Emitter(E).

 NPN TRANSISTOR
 The base is formed by the connecting two anodes.
 The emitter is one of the cathode, and the collector is
the other cathode.

 PNP TRANSISTOR
 The base is formed by the connecting two Cathodes.
 The emitter is one of the anode, and the collector is the other
anode.
TRANSISTOR’S FUNCTION
 The main operational characteristic of a transistor is that a small
voltage placed on one of the three leads can control a large amount
of current flow through the two leads. This enables a transistor to
perform two basic functions:
1. A transistor can acts as an electronic switch, turning current flow ON
and OFF.
2. A transistor can amplify a signal, making it larger in amplitude.

 Either type transistor, NPN or PNP, can perform, essentially the

same function in an electronic circuit. The main difference between
an NPN and a PNP transistor in a circuit is the direction in which
electrons flow between emitter and collector.

TRANSISTOR HEATSINK
 The heat generated by current flowing
between the collector and emitter
junctions of a transistor causes its
temperature to rise.
 The heat must be conducted away from
the transistor otherwise the
temperature rise may be high enough
to irreparably damage the P- N
junctions inside the transistor.
 The heat sink draws heat away from
the transistor, allowing the transistor to
handle more power than if there were
no heat sink. Low power signal
transistor; do not normally require heat
sinking.

 Some transistors have a metal body thus a mica sheet has to be

used to prevent the body from touching the heat sink.
 SELF CHECK 4.2-4

ENUMERATION

1-3 Enumerate the three leads of a transistor

1.
2.

3.

4. This is being used to absorbed the heat from the transistor.

5. This is being used to prevent the body from touching the heat sink.
 LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 3
TEST COMPONENTS
Contents:
1. Testing
Resistor
 2. Testing Capacitor
3. Testing Diode
4. Testing Transistor
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
 Testing methods are applied to ensure that
products meet creative, production and technical requirements
 Problems and faults detected by
testing are recorded and remedial steps taken in records
system is documented
 Problems and faults detected during
testing are resolved in accordance with agreed project or
industry practice
 Evaluate final products against the
previously determined criteria
 Testing process is documented and
summarized evaluation report is submitted to relevant personnel

CONDITIONS:

The following resources must be provided:

 Tools and equipment (see range of variables)
 Working area/bench
 Electronic components
 Testing instruments and equipment
 Assessment rating sheet
 Reporting forms

METHODOLOGIES
 Film Viewing
 Individualized Learning
 Direct Student Laboratory Experience
 On-the-Job Training
 Project Method

ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Demonstration and Questioning
 Assessment of Output Product

LEARNING EXPERIENCES
LEARNING OUTCOME 3
TEST COMPONENTS
Learning Activities Special Instructions
  If you think that you are now
 Read information 4.3-1 on knowledgeable on the content
Testing Resistor. of the information sheet,
answer self-check provided in
the module.
 If you got almost 100% correct
 Answer self-check 4.3- answer in this Self-check 4.3-1, you
1and compare answers with can now move to the next
answer key 4.3-1 Information sheet. If not, review the
information sheet and go over the
self-check again.
 Observe the
demonstration on Testing a
Resistor
 Perform Task Sheet 4.3-1
 Let your trainer evaluate your
output based on the Performance
Criteria Checklist 4.3-1. If you got
 Have the trainer
100% correct answer in this task,
evaluate the performance
you can now move on to the next
task. If not, review the information
sheet and go over the task again.
 Evaluate the performance
based on the performance
criteria checklist 4.3-1
If you think that you are now
 Read information 4.3-2 on
knowledgeable on the content of the
Testing a Capacitor
task, answer self-check provided in
the module.
 If you got almost 100% correct
 Answer self-check 4.3-2 answer in this Self-check 4.3-2, you
and compare answers with can now move to the next
answer key 4.3-2 Information sheet. If not, review the
information sheet and go over the
self-check again.
 Observe the
demonstration on Testing a
Capacitor.
 Perform Task Sheet 4.3-2
 Let your trainer evaluate your
output based on the Performance
Criteria Checklist 4.3-2. If you got
 Have the trainer
100% correct answer in this task,
evaluate the performance
you can now move on to the next
task. If not, review the information
sheet and go over the task again.
 Evaluate the performance
based on the performance
criteria checklist 4.3-2
 If you think that you are now
 Read information 4.3-3 on knowledgeable on the content
Testing a Diode. of the information sheet,
 answer self-check provided in
the module.

 If you got almost 100% correct

 Answer self-check 4.3-3 answer in this Self-check 4.3-3, you
and compare answers with can now move to the next task. If
answer key 4.3-3 not review the information sheet
and go over the self- check again.
 Observe the
demonstration on Testing a
Diode.
 Perform Task Sheet 4.3-3
 Let your trainer evaluate your
output based on the Performance
Criteria Checklist 4.3-3. If you got
 Have the trainer
100% correct answer in this task,
evaluate the performance
you can now move on to the next
task. If not, review the information
sheet and go over the task again.
 Evaluate the performance
based on the performance
criteria checklist 4.3-3
 If you think that you are now
 Read information 4.3-4 on knowledgeable on the content
Testing a Transistor. of the information sheet,
answer self-check provided in
the module.
 If you got almost 100% correct
 Answer self-check 4.3-4 answer in this Self-check 4.3-4, you
and compare answers with can now move to the next task. If
answer key 4.3-4 not review the information sheet
and go over the self- check again.
 Observe the
demonstration on Testing a
Transistor.
 Perform Task Sheet 4.3-4
 Let your trainer evaluate your
output based on the Performance
Criteria Checklist 4.3-4. If you got
 Have the trainer
100% correct answer in this task,
evaluate the performance
you can now move on to the next
task. If not, review the information
sheet and go over the task again.
 Evaluate the performance
based on the performance
criteria checklist 4.3-4.

After doing all activities of this LO, you

may proceed to LO4: Evaluate the
testing process.
 INFORMATION SHEET 4.3-1

Title

TESTING RESISTORS
Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Identify the procedures on how to test the resistors;

TESTING RESISTOR
 There are two ways of testing resistor, using an analog or digital
multimeter.
 Normally if a resistor fails they will either increase in value or open up
at all (open circuit).
 You can check the resistor resistance by selecting the ohmmeter
range in the analog and digital multimeter.

USING ANALOG METER TO TEST RESISTOR

 First you must know the resistor value before you take any
measurement.
 With the resistor colour band calculation you have read from the
previous section, I’m sure you have no problem in identifying
resistor value by looking at the colour bands.
 Assuming you are measuring a resistor with colours of; yellow,
purple, black and gold. From calculation it is a 47 ohms resistor with
5% tolerance.
 Set your analog meter to x1 ohm, shorting the probes and calibrate
the pointer so that it will stay at zero ohm.
 Place your meter probes to the two points of the resistors as shown
in the photo. It doesn’t matter which probes to which two points
because resistor does not have polarity(positive and negative) like
battery.
 You should have get somewhere near 47ohm by observing the pointer.

 If you get more than 47 ohm say 150 ohm, this mean that the
resistor has gone up in resistance and need permanent
replacement.
 Remember to press a little bit hard on the leads of the resistor while
measuring it otherwise you may not get a precise reading or
intermittent reading could occur.
 Similarly if you want to check a 15K ohm resistor, short the two
probes together and calibrate by adjusting the adjuster knob.
 You must set your meter to x1 K ohm range so that the
measurement is within the range.

 Check the result to see if the pointer point

to near or exact 15K ohm. If the resistor has 5% tolerance the
pointer should point between the values of 14.25K to 15.75 K ohm.
 Any value you get that is not between the tolerance ranges, you
should replace the resistor.
 In order to check a 100K ohm resistor you
have to select the X10K ohm range. Follow the procedure explained
above and you should be able to get the measurement.

USING DIGITAL METER TO TEST RESISTOR

 By using digital meter the LCD display in your meter will show you
the exact value of the resistance under test. It is more accurate
than using analog meter.

 First, select the ohm range and place your test probes across the
two points of the resistor as shown in the photo.
 Digital meter does not need any calibration compare to analog
meter where you have to adjust the adjuster to make it zero ohm
before you begin to do measurement.
 The result shown at the LCD display of the digital meter is the exact
resistance value of the resistor.
  Digital meter really removed all the guess work!

 If you are a beginner I strongly recommend that you remove all the
resistors leg (I mean only one leg) and test it with your digital
meter.
 Hope with this secrets, checking should not be a problem to you
anymore.

SELF- CHECK 4.3-1

TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Write T if the statement is TRUE, write F if the statement is
FALSE. Write your answers in your answer sheet.

1. In testing the resistor the first, you must know its value before
you take any measurement.
2. It doesn’t matter which probes to which two points because
resistor does not have polarity(positive and negative) like battery.
3. If you are a beginner It is recommended that you don’t
remove all the resistors leg (I mean only one leg) and test it with your
digital meter.
4. Digital meter also need calibration where you have to adjust the
adjuster to make it zero ohm before you begin to do measurement.
5. By using digital meter the LCD display in your meter will show you
the exact value of the resistance under test. It is more accurate than
using analog meter.
 PERFORMANCE TASK 4.3-1

TASK SHEET 4.3-1

Title :Testing Resistor

Performance Objective:
Given required supplies and materials you should be able to:
1. Test resistor.
Supplies/Materials : Resistors with different values.

Equipment : Analog and Digital Mulitmeter

Steps/Procedure:
1. Ask your trainer to provide you with supplies and materials and
equipment needed in testing resistor.
2. Prepare practical work area for practicum.
3. Apply OH&S Policies and Procedure.
4. Set-up equipment and supplies in designated areas.
5. Test the resistors .
6. Perform 5S.
Assessment Method:
 Demonstration / Oral questioning
 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST 4.3-1
CRITERIA
Did you…. YES NO

1. Prepare practical work area for practicum?

2. Apply OH&S Policies and Procedure?

3. Set-up equipment and supplies in designated

areas?

4. Test the resistors?

5. Perform 5S?
 INFORMATION SHEET 4.3-2

Title

TESTING CAPACITORS
Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Identify the procedures on how to test capacitors.

TESTING CAPACITORS
 First method, before you test capacitor, make sure you use an
analog multimeter set to X1 ohm range and connect a capacitor
to the test probe.
 See the panel if the pointer flick up and comes down or not, this
represent charging. If it still cannot flick or no response then set
your meter to X10 ohm and then to 1K ohm and lastly to 10 K ohm
range.

 If it still don’t flick then the capacitor under test have developed an
open circuit.
 This is a rather old method to test capacitors because even though
a capacitor can charge and discharge, this does not mean the
capacitor value is good. Due to this problem, digital capacitance
meter was developed.

USING DIGITAL CAPACITANCE METER

 The second method to test capacitor is to use digital capacitance

meter and is a little more accurate compares to analog
multimeter.
 Connect the test probe to the capacitor and read the result from
the meter LCD display.
 Example;

1. A 100 microfarad should have the reading of somewhere 90

microfarad. Remember, capacitors have tolerance just like resistors.

 Be sure to discharge capacitor first before testing.

 A reading of 60 micro farad means the capacitor has lost its
capacitance and need to be replaced. This meter is more
expensive than analog meter.
 Somehow digital capacitance meter have its own disadvantage,
which is, it can’t check capacitor that is breaking down when under
load and can’t check capacitors in circuit. It’s still worth to invest
in this meter because it can check almost 80-90% of capacitors
failure.
  Measure capacitors values
 Checking for leakage
 Equivalent series resistance (ESR)
 Dielectric absorption
 Using ESR capacitor meter alone can solve most of the
electrolytic capacitor problem.
SELF- CHECK 4.3-2

TRUE OR FALSE

Directions: Write T if the statement is TRUE, write F if the statement is

FALSE. Write your answers in your answer sheet.

1. Using ESR capacitor meter alone can solve most of the electrolytic
capacitor problem.
2. The second method to test capacitor is to use digital capacitance
meter and is a little more accurate compares to analog multimeter.
3. First method, before you test capacitor, make sure you use
an analog multimeter set to X1 ohm range and connect a capacitor
to the test probe.

4. If it still don’t flick then the capacitor under test have

developed an good circuit.
5. A 100 microfarad should have the reading of somewhere 90
microfarad.
 PERFORMANCE TASK 4.3-2

TASK SHEET 4.3-2

Title :Testing Capacitor

Performance Objective:
Given required supplies and materials you should be able to:
1. Test Capacitors.
Supplies/Materials : Different value of capacitors.

Equipment : Analog and Digital Multimeter

Steps/Procedure:
1. Ask your trainer to provide you with supplies and materials and
equipment needed in Testing Capacitor.
2. Prepare practical work area for practicum.
3. Apply OH&S Policies and Procedure.
4. Set-up equipment and supplies in designated areas.
5. Test the Capacitors.
6. Perform 5S.
Assessment Method:
 Demonstration / Oral questioning
 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST 4.3-2
CRITERIA
Did you…. YES NO

1. Prepare practical work area for practicum?

2. Apply OH&S Policies and Procedure?

3. Set-up equipment and supplies in designated

areas?
4. Test the Capacitors?

5. Perform 5S?
 INFORMATION SHEET 4.3-3

Title

TESTING DIODE

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:
1. Identify the procedures on how to test the diode.

 When comes to testing diode, you need a special method to test it.
 If you do not know how to accurately check a diode, you will not
able to repair or troubleshoot electronic equipment because a
spoilt diode you may think that it is good and you will definitly
waste your preciuos time.
 The first step on how to test a diode accurately is to remove one of
the diode lead. You cant always be certain if a
diode
is good or bad if you perform in circuit test,
because of back circuits(parallel connection)
through other components.
 USING ANALOG MULTIMTER

 Set your analog meter to x1 ohm range to check for current diod
leakage reverse and forward testing.
 Connecting the red probe of your meter to the cathode and black
probe to the anode. The diode is forward biased and the meter
should read some value of resistance.
 Touch the black probe of your meter to the cathode and red probe
to the anode, the diode is reverse biased and shouls look like an
open reading the mter pointer not moving.
 If you get two readings then most probably the diode is shorted or
leaky and you should replace it.

 If you don’t get any reading either

forward or reverse bias, the diode is considered open circuit.
 The real problem when testing a diode using the digital meter is
that an open or leaky diode, the meter sometimes reads okay.
 This is due to the digital meter diode test output voltage (which
you can measure the output test probe using another meter) is
around 500mv to 2v.

 You have to select your meter to X10K ohm range to test the diode
again. The output voltage of X10K ohms is about 12V.
 Again the diode under test should show only one reading.
 Always replace a diode with the same or higher rating than
the original specification.

CAUTION: Be certain that power is removed from any circuit before

performing any of the following diode checks, otherwise meter or
circuit damage ant of the following diode checks, otherwise meter
or circuit damage could result.

CONCLUSION: In order to correctly test the diode you need to use

analog multimeter and set the range to x1 ohm and x10K ohm range.
 SELF- CHECK 4.3-3

TRUE OR FALSE

Directions: Write T if the statement is TRUE, write F if the statement is

FALSE. Write your answers in your answer sheet.

1. In order to correctly test the diode you need to use analog

multimeter and set the range to x1 ohm and x10K ohm range.
2. The real problem when testing a diode using the digital meter is
that an open or leaky diode, the meter sometimes reads okay.
3. Connecting the red probe of your meter to the cathode and black
probe to the anode. Is called reversed biased.
4. Connecting the red probe of your meter to the cathode and black
probe to the anode. Is called forward biased.
5. Be certain that power is removed from any circuit before
performing any diode checks.
 TASK SHEET 4.3-3
Title :Testing Diode

Performance Objective:
After reading the information sheet you should be able to:
 Test the diode.
 Troubleshoot problems.
Supplies/Materials : Rectifier diode

Equipment : Analog and Digital Multimeter

Steps/Procedure:
1. Ask your trainer to provide you with supplies and materials and
equipment needed in testing the diode.
2. Prepare practical work area for practicum.
3. Apply OH&S Policies and Procedure.
4. Set-up equipment and supplies in designated areas.
5. Test the diode.
6. Troubleshoot for problems.
7. Apply 5s in Housekeeping.
Assessment Method:
 Demonstration / Oral questioning

PERFORMANCE TASK 4.3-3

 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST 4.3-3
CRITERIA
Did you…. YES NO

1. Prepare practical work area for practicum?

2. Apply OH&S Policies and Procedure?
3. Set-up equipment and supplies in designated areas?
4. Test the diode?

5. Apply 5s in Housekeeping?

INFORMATION SHEET 4.3-4

 Title
TESTING TRANSISTOR

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:
1. Identify the procedures on how to test transistors.

Transistor test using an analogue multimeter

The diode test using an analogue multimeter can be extended to
give a simple and straightforward confidence check for bipolar transistors.
Again the test using a multimeter only provides a confidence check that
the device has not blown, but it is still very useful.

The test relies on the fact that a transistor can be considered to

comprise of two back to back diodes, and by performing the diode test
between the base and collector and the base and emitter of the transistor
using an analogue multimeter, the basic integrity of the transistor can be
ascertained.

It should be noted that a transistor cannot be functionally replicated

using two separate diodes because the operation of the transistor
depends upon the base which is the junction of the two diodes, being one
physical layer, and also very thin.
Notes:

 The final checks from collector to emitter

ensure that the base has not been "blown through". It
is
sometimes possible that there is still a diode present
between collector and base and the emitter and
the base, but the collector and emitter are
shorted together.
 As with the germanium diode, the reverse
readings for germanium transistors will not be as
good
as for silicon transistors. A small level of current is
allowable as this results from the presence
of minority carriers in the germanium.
1. Connect the black probe of the multimeter to one of the transistor
leads, and connect the red probe to any of the other leads.
2. If two low readings are found for one connection of the black probe
(test no 1& 2) while each of the other two position gives two high
readings (test no. 3,4,5 & 6) then the transistor is NPN type.
3. The pin where the black probe is connected to showed two low reading
when the red probes connected to the other two leads shows high
reading is the “Base”. In the above case pin 1 is the base.
1. Connect the red probe of the multimeter to one of the transistor leads
and connect the black probe to any of the other leads.
2. If two low readings are found for one connection of the red probe (test
1 & 2), while each of the other two positions gives two high readings
(test 3,4, 5 & 6), then the transistor is PNP type.
3. The pin where the red probe is connected to showed two low reading
when the black probes connected to other two leads shows high
reading is Base. In the above case pin 1 is the Base.
  Checking transistor is not as easy as checking the two leads
devices like resistor, capacitors and diodes.

 Experimenting with a few transistors and a multimeter as you

go back through the material is an excellent way to gain
greater understanding of how to accurately check transistor.

SELF-CHECK 4.3-4

TRUE OR FALSE

Directions: Write T if the statement is TRUE, write F if the statement is

FALSE. Write your answers in your answer sheet.

1. Checking transistor is not as easy as checking the two leads

devices like resistor, capacitors and diodes.
 2. The pin where the black probe is connected to showed two low
reading when the red probes connected to the other two leads shows high
reading is the “Base”. In the above case pin 1 is the base.
3. If two low readings are found for one connection of the red probe
(test 1 & 2), while each of the other two positions gives two high readings
(test 3,4, 5 & 6), then the transistor is NPN type.
4. The pin where the red probe is connected to showed two low
reading when the black probes connected to other two leads shows high
reading is Base.
5. As with the germanium diode, the reverse readings for germanium
transistors will not be as good as for silicon transistors.
 PERFORMANCE TASK 4.3-4

TASK SHEET 4.3-4

Title :Testing Transistor

Performance Objective:
After reading the information sheet you should be able to:
 Test the transistor.
 Troubleshoot problems.
Supplies/Materials : Transistors

Equipment : Analog and Digital Multimeter

Steps/Procedure:
1. Ask your trainer to provide you with supplies and materials and
equipment needed in testing the transistor.
2. Prepare practical work area for practicum.
3. Apply OH&S Policies and Procedure.
4. Set-up equipment and supplies in designated areas.
5. Test the transistors.
6. Troubleshoot for problems.
7. Apply 5s in Housekeeping.
Assessment Method:
 Demonstration / Oral questioning

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST 4.3-4

 CRITERIA
Did you…. YES NO

1. Prepare practical work area for practicum?

2. Apply OH&S Policies and Procedure?
3. Set-up equipment and supplies in designated areas?
4. Test the Transistor?

5. Apply 5s in Housekeeping?
 LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 4
Title
EVALUATE THE TESTING PROCESS

Contents:

1. Test indicators of resistors, capacitor, diode and transistors.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

 Testing methods that were successful and

those that led to difficulties are identified based on industry
standards
 Testing process and records system are
evaluated based on standard procedures
 Test results/findings are documented for
subsequent components testing.

CONDITIONS:

The following resources must be provided:

 Tools and equipment (see range of variables)
 Working area/bench
 Electronic components
 Testing instruments and equipment
 Assessment rating sheet
 Reporting forms

METHODOLOGIES
 Film Viewing
 Individualized Learning
 Direct Student Laboratory Experience
 On-the-Job Training
 Project Method

ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Demonstration and Questioning
 Assessment of Output Product

LEARNING EXPERIENCES
LEARNING OUTCOME
4
EVALUATE THE TESTING PROCESS
Learning Activities Special Instructions

 If you think that you are now

 Read information 4.4-1 on
knowledgeable on the content
Test indicators of resistor,
of the information sheet,
capacitor, diode and
answer self-check provided in
transistor.
the module.
 If you got almost 100% correct
 Answer self-check 4.4-1 and answer in this Self-check 4.4-1, you
compare answers with answer can now move to the next
key 4.4-1 Information sheet. If not, review the
information sheet and go over the
self-check again.
After doing all activities of this LO, you
may proceed to COC 1: Install and
Configure Computer Systems.
 INFORMATION SHEET 4.4-1

Title
TEST INDICATORS OF RESISTOR, CAPACITOR, DIODE
AND TRANSISTOR
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, the learners should be able to:
1. Identify the test indicators of a resistor, capacitor, diode and
transistor.

TEST INDICATORS OF A RESISTOR

 OPEN pointer has no deflection in any setting.

 SHORTED pointer turn to zero in any setting.

 HIGH RESISTANCE resistance value is higher than the allowed resistor.

 LOW RESISTANCE resistance value lower than the allowed resistance.

 GOOD RESISTOR if the reading is closed to the rated value of the

resistor depending on the tolerance.
 DEFECTIVE RESISTOR if the pointer does not deflect at all of the
resistors is open. The reading has a big difference to the resistor
rated value. The resistor’s resistance value has change.

TEST INDICATORS OF CAPACITORS

 OPEN CAPACITOR pointer has no deflection on either side.

 SHORTED CAPACITOR pointer deflects on right and doesn’t turn
back to infinity.
 LEAKY CAPACITOR pointer turns right at a specific point but do
not turn back to infinity.
 GOOD CAPACITOR pointer turns to the right at a value and deflects
back to infinity.

TEST INDICATORS OF A DIODE

 SHORTED DIODE pointer deflects to zero ohms at any setting of

the test probes.
 OPEN DIODE pointer remains at infinity or does not deflect to the
right at any setting of the test probes.
 LEAKY DIODE pointer deflect to a certain point at both forward
and reverse bias.
 GOOD DIODE pointer deflects at a certain when positive test probes
is connected the cathode and the negative test probe is connected
to the anode. It will deflect when the connection of the test probe is
reversed.

COMMON DEFECTS OF TRANSISTOR

OPEN TRANSISTOR if the tester pointer has no deflection in the base
to emitter or base to collector.
 SHORTED TRANSISTOR if the transistor two terminal read has same
resistance value in both directions.

SELF CHECK 4.4-1

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Directions: Read the questions carefully. Select the best answer from the
choices. Write your answers in your answer sheet.

1. If the transistor two terminal read has same resistance value in both
directions.

a) Shorted
b) Open
c) Leaky
d) Good
2. If pointer deflect to a certain point at both forward and reverse bias
when testing a diode it is;

a) Shorted
b) Open
c) Leaky
d) Good
3. If the reading is closed to the rated value of the resistor, and
depending on its tolerance it is considered as.

a) Shorted
b) Open
c) Leaky
d) Good
4. Pointer has no deflection in any setting during testing of a resistor. It is
considered as.

a) Shorted
b) Open
c) Leaky
d) Good
5. When testing a diode the pointer deflects at a certain when positive test
probes is connected the cathode and the negative test probe is connected
to the anode.

a) Shorted
b) Open
c) Leaky
d) Good

DEFINITION OF TERMS

 HOT GROUND- is in the primary side of a switch mode power supply.

 COLD GROUND- is in the equipment ground.
 FORWARD BIASED permit the flow of current when DC voltage is
applied to cathode (negative terminal). The diode is its active
stage.
 REVERSED BIASED do not permit the flow of current when DC
voltage is applied to the anode(positive terminal). The diode
becomes an insulator.

 ANODE is the positive electrode, the point of exit of electrons from a

 device to the external circuit.
 CATHODE is the negative electrode, the point of entry of
electrons into a device from external circuit. It is also the
terminal connected to the positive point of circuit.
 Conductors let electricity flow through them.
 Insulator a material that doesn't let electricity flow very well.
 Equivalent series resistance (ESR)

 Heat sink draws heat away from the transistor.

 Mica sheet has to be used to prevent the body from touching the heat
sink.
 NPN Negative Positive Negative
 PNP Positive Negative Positive
REFERENCE: