Detect3D Fire and Gas Mapping

Developed by Insight Numerics

Slide 1
[email protected]
www.insightnumerics.com Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
Detet3D Implementation
• Detect3D has been designed to work with any performance
standard.
• BP GP 30-85, Shell DEP 32.30.20.11, TR84.00.07 etc.

• Hazards or events (e.g. fire sizes and gas clouds) need to be

identified prior to the fire and gas mapping (FGM) analysis.
• Industry standards can be used if a QRA or hazard identification
analysis information is not available.

• Performance targets for the FGM analysis are set by the hazard
identification.

• Detector effectiveness is maximized, reducing the overall number of

detectors needed to achieve the performance targets.

Slide 2
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
Detect3D FGM Analysis Steps
1. Import or create 3d model.
2. Define fire and/or gas zones.
3. Identify hazardous events to detect and set performance targets
a. Fire sizes, gas cloud sizes (both toxic and combustible), coverage targets for each
4. Define and place flame detectors based on manufacturer data and performance
targets.
a. Field-of-View (FOV) distances using the inverse square law
5. Define and place gas detectors (both combustible and toxic) based on gas cloud
size.
a. Determine congestion in each zone
6. Review coverage results for each zone.
7. Assess if edits need to be made to the layout based on coverage results and
number of devices used.
a. Detect3D provides ranking tools and automated optimization features
8. Output results to Excel or PDF.
9. Provide associated screenshots from Detect3D to support and convey detector
layouts achieving performance targets.

Slide 3
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
1. 3D Model Import
• Via the DGN file import, Detect3D can load PDMS and SmartPlant3D CAD
models. Navisworks (NWD) files can be imported via DWF files. AutoCAD DWG,
DXF and other standard CAD formats (STEP, IGES, OBJ and STL) are also
accepted.

Slide 4
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
1. 3D Model Creation
• Geometry can be created directly in Detect3D – simple models can be built
from drawings or plot plans when CAD files are not available. The created
geometry can also be merged with CAD imported into the project.

Slide 5
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
2. Zone Definition
• Based on the facility, one or more zones may be defined. This is an important
step as the coverage results will be based on the size and definition of the zone.
• Detect3D allows for cuboid zone regions (left) to be defined but also sub-zone
regions (right) around specific pieces of equipment.

Slide 6
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
2. Zone Definition
• In order to correctly calculate coverage statistics, Detect3D automatically
recognizes internal equipment volume within the zone. Points that are
“internal” are not considered as part of the coverage calculation (shown in
purple below).

Reported volume of zone

and volume of external
region (with internal
spaces removed)

Slide 7
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
 3. Flame Detector Field-Of-View
• Input manufacturer specification data for desired detector model.
• Some manufacturer data is included in Detect3D.
• The FOV ranges are based on the sensitivity of the device, the fire type, and fire size to
be detected.
• Manufacturer specified data can be scaled using the inverse square law tool for varying
fire sizes.

Above
Manufacturer’s data for a flame detector FOV

Right
An obstructed FOV (green) calculated by Detect3D

Slide 8
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
3. Inverse Square Law
• The intensity of a fire at a given distance can be estimated using the inverse
square law, shown below.

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 100𝑘𝑊 100𝑘𝑊 𝑘𝑊

Intensity for detector at distance r1 → Фr ≅ = = = 15.91
2π𝑟12 2𝜋 1𝑚 2 6.28𝑚2 𝑚2

100kW Fire
Flame Detector
𝑘𝑊
15.91
𝑚2

𝑘𝑊
Note: it takes only 3-5 2
𝑚
to inflict pain r1 = 1m

Slide 9
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
3. Inverse Square Law
• The radiative power is distributed equally over the area of the dome. As the
distance from the fire is increased, the dome area increases by r2, reducing
1
the intensity by 2.
𝑟

Intensity for detector at distance r2,

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
Фr2 ≅ 𝑘𝑊
2π𝑟22 3.97
𝑚2

100𝑘𝑊 𝑘𝑊
= 15.91
𝑚2
2𝜋 2𝑚 2

100𝑘𝑊
=
25.13𝑚2

𝑘𝑊
= 3.97 r1 = 1m
𝑚2
r2 = 2m

Slide 10
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
3. Inverse Square Law
• Using the Inverse Square Tool, Detect3D can calculate the corresponding
field-of-view ranges for varying fire powers. The example below shows the
calculated FOV multiplier for a 10kW fire.

FOV Multiplier = 1

FOV Multiplier = 0.632

Slide 11
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
3. Gas Cloud Size
• Detect3D generates three-dimensional assessment of IR point and open-path gas
detectors by considering a spherical gas cloud at the LEL concentration. The approach
is to use this gas cloud to generate a “field of influence” for each detector type; i.e. if
the center of the gas cloud is located in the field of influence, the detector will alarm.
• Without consequence analysis, industry standards1 like the below figure, use 5 meter
diameter gas cloud for congested areas, 7 meters for semi-open areas, and 10 meter
for fully open areas.

1. Shell DEP 32.30.20.11 Fire, Gas and Smoke Detection Systems

Slide 12
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
3. Gas Cloud Size
• CFD tools like in:Flux can generate dispersed gas clouds based on site conditions,
which can be imported to Detect3D as a gas cloud size or the specific dispersion
cloud.
• The imported dispersion cloud can then be used to determine which detectors may
go into alarm, as shown below.

Slide 13
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
4. Flame Detector Placement
• Flame detectors are placed around the facility based on chosen performance targets
within defined zones. Coverage contours can be defined to view quality of the layout
at a specified height. 3D contours called isovolumes can also be used to view the
quality of the layout.

Slide 14
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
5. Combustible Gas Detector Placement
• Gas detectors are placed around the facility based on the chosen gas cloud size. The
field of influence of the devices will be based on this gas cloud size.
• Contours can also be defined to view the coverage results at a specified height,
however the coverage calculation is based on the volume of the zone.
• Point, open-path, and ultrasonic acoustic detectors can be defined in Detect3D.

Top view of gas detector field of influences for point Contour at 4m height displaying generated coverage from gas detector layout.
and open path devices

Slide 15
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
5. Toxic Gas Detector Placement
• Both combustible and toxic gas coverage can be calculated in Detect3D using the
spherical cloud approach. Most industry standards set toxic gas cloud sizes to 8 meter
diameter, similar to Shell’s DEP for F&G mapping.
• It is advised that toxic gas analyses be supported by CFD software (e.g. in:Flux, CFX, FLACS)
or dispersion software such as PHAST

Slide 16
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
6. Review Coverage for each Zone (Fire)
• The coverage is calculated by combining multiple detector FOVs in a volume. The
resulting 1ooN, 2ooN are calculated on a volumetric basis for both zones and sub-
zones.
• Coverage is reported on tables (exportable to Excel), contours, and three-dimensional
surfaces (isovolumes).
• Isovolumes are particularly useful to highlight “blind spots” or zero-coverage areas.

Slide 17
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
6. Review Coverage for each Zone (Gas)
• Coverage results are also calculated for the geometric volume covered by the defined
gas detectors.
• Both contours and isovolumes can be defined to show the varying coverage levels of
the zone.

Coverage contour at 2 meters above ground level. Isovolume showing 3D surface of 2ooN coverage

Slide 18
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
7. Assess Layouts for Improvement
• Detect3D includes a detector rankings tool which can be used on both fire and gas
layouts. The capability enables quick determination of the quality of each detector.
• The worst detectors can then be removed or repositioned in order to reduce
redundancies and blind spots.

The arrow shows how ‘Flame

Detector 01’ is the worst
performing device in the
analysis. It can then be removed
from the layout. This is also
apparent by the large yellow
region of the contour which
indicates there is too much
coverage there.

Slide 19
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
7. Assess Layouts for Improvement
• Further analysis can be performed for flame detector layouts in using Detect3D’s
automated optimization tool.
• Existing layouts can have the detector orientations optimized or the algorithm can
optimize the entire layout based on user defined plausible installation locations.

Slide 20
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
8. Output Results
• Once layouts have been optimized and performance targets achieved, information
can be exported from Detect3D.
• There are 6 automatically generated reports in Detect3D.
• The coverage results table can be exported directly to Excel for copying to Microsoft
Word or other reporting software.
• Both flame and gas detector layouts can also be exported to PDF or Excel

Slide 21
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
9. Output Screenshots
• Any view in the 3D window of Detect3D can be saved to the clipboard as a
screenshot.
• Camera positions of the 3D window can be saved to quickly return to the exact views
of exported figures or images.
• Screenshots can be combined with Excel reports to generate appendices or work
packs for detector layouts.

Slide 22
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com
Summary
• Any performance standard can be used with Detect3D.
• Coverage values are calculated based on the volume of zones defined.
• Contours and isovolumes can be used to visualize the achieved coverage of both
flame and gas detector layouts.
• The detector rankings tool can be used to assess quality of individual
detectors.
• Automated optimization can be used to determine the minimal number of
detectors needed for a performance target.

For questions about Detect3D or licensing options, please visit

www.insightnumerics.com or email us at [email protected]

Slide 23
Developed by Insight Numerics
Fire and Gas Mapping. Optimized. www.insightnumerics.com