Cargo Operations
Loading / Discharging and documentation
Cargo calculations
• Cargo quantity
• American units vs metric standard
• Cargo quality
• Specific crude oil
• Cargo density
• Cargo temperature
• Standard temperature +15 degrees Celsius or 60 degrees Fareheit
• Calculating ullages
• Cargo amounts in the cargo tanks
• Calculating the shear forces and bending moment
• Cargo temperature
14.4.2020 2
Cargo planning
• Before loading
• CLEAN AND INERTED CARGO TANKS
• PREPARATIONS MAY TAKE HOURS AND SOMETIMES DAY’S
• CARGO PLAN
• AMOUNT OF CARGO+-5%
• LOADING ORDER – FIRST AND LAST TANK
• ULLAGE – SAFETY MARGIN
• FILLING SEQUENCE
• HULL STRESS CALCULATIONS
• HOMOGEN CARGO / PARCEL
• LOADING AND DISCHARGING ORDER
• ONE LINE – ONE CARGO
• HOW MANY PARCELS AT THE TIME
• PREVIOUS CARGOES
14.4.2020 3
Pre arrival tests
• 95% HIGH LEVEL ALARM
• 98% HIGH HIGH LEVEL ALARM
• VALVE TESTING
• OIL LEVEL (HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS)
• GAUGE (AUTOMATIC AND PORTABLE (UTI) GAUGE)
• ULLAGE
• TEMPERATURE
• GAS
• P/V VALVES
• VISUAL CHECK OF MECANICAL PARTS
• FLAME SCREEN
14.4.2020 4
Before arrival to loading or discharging
port
• END OF SEAPASSAGE
• PILOT EMBARKATION
• SPECIFIC PLACE
• ANCHORED
• TIME OF ANCHOR AT BOTTOM
• ANCHOR UP
• ANCHOR ”OFF BOTTOM”
• PILOT ON BOARD
14.4.2020 5
Notice of readiness
• PASSAGE OF A LIGHT HOUSE OR SPECIFIC LANDMARK
• POB
• ARRIVAL TO BERTH
• READINESS
• ARRIVED
• ACCEPTED
• Notice of Readiness. ‘This is a “ . . . notice to the Charterer, shipper,
receiver or other person as required by the charter that the ship has
arrived at the port or berth as the case may be and is ready to
load/discharge”.
14.4.2020 6
Ship / Shore Safety
Checklist
ISGOTT
14.4.2020 7
CARGO TANKS
CHARACTERISTICS
•INFORMATION FOR LOADING MASTER AND
THE SURVEYOR
VESSEL’S TANK
HISTORY
The tanks are either well stripped or
cleaned by COW.
Statement of facts
FIRST LINE
ALL FAST
GANGWAY OUT
DEBALLASTING
SEGREGATED BALLAST
CLEAN BALLAST
SLOP
TANKWASHINGWATER
TANKINSPECTION
LOADINGMASTER & SURVEYOR CHECKS AND
APPROVE CARGO TANKS
PREVIOUS CARGOES
CONTAMINATION
ROB (remain on board)
CONNECTED ARM LOADING / DISCHARGING etc
etc.
All times are necessary for the laytime
calculations – Very Important!!
14.4.2020 10
Pre loading inspection
• TANKINSPECTION
• LOADINGMASTER & SURVEYOR CHECKS AND APPROVE CARGO TANKS
• Tanks should be empty. Checked by dipping the tanks.
• PREVIOUS CARGOES
• CONTAMINATION
• OBQ (Onboard Quantity)
14.4.2020 11
OBQ / ROB Report
In discharging port – if there is any cargo
that cannot be discharge (for any reason) it
is noted as ROB (Remains OnBoard).
In the next loading port this cargo amount
will be in the tanks prior loading and noted
as OnBoard Quantity. This is deducted from
the loaded cargo amount...
14.4.2020 12
• COMMENCEMENT OF LOADING
• LINE FILLING – LOW CARGO RATE
Loading • TANK CHECK – CARGO FLOW
• CLOSED TANKS SHOULD NOT BE
LOADED
• LOOK FOR LEAKS..
• AT LEAST ONE FEET OF CARGO BEFORE
INCREASE LOADING RATE
• FULL CARGO RATE
• STATIC ELECTRISITY
• TANK FILLING ORDER
• ULLAGE DIFFERENCES
• HOW MANY TANKS TO BE OPEN AT THE
TIME
• MONITORING
14.4.2020 13
Loading log (Ullage log)
14.4.2020 14
Loading with full rate
• BALLAST
• DEBALLASTING WHEN LOADING
• DISCHARGING BALLAST TO COMPENSATE LIST AND TRIM
• STRESS CALCULATIONS
• STRESS MONITORING
• CARGO COMPUTER (SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENT
• SENSORS
• TRIM AND HEEL
• COMMON SENSE!
14.4.2020 15
Final loading stage (Topping off)
• The pre topping of checklist: • The pre topping of checklist:
• Check fixed gauging system and • Additional crew members if needed
high level alarm • Final ullage onto appropriate tank
• Topping of order (loading plan) positions
• Loading rate • Portable UTI gauges into position
• Ullage, Trim • Advice the loading facility that
• Briefly open in turn each filling topping of is about to start
(tank) valve in tanks to ensure it • Loading rates!
opens fully and that tank starts to • Check radiocommunications
fill.
• Brief those involved on how the
• Close valve… operation is to be carried out
• Check hydraulic system (operating
valves)
14.4.2020 16
SAMPLE RECEIPT
•SURVEYOR TAKING CARGO SAMPLES
•BOTTLES ALSO ONBOARD IN CASE OF
DISPUTE
Cargo on board
• DISCONNECTION OF MANIFOLDS
• BLIND FLANGES
• DRIP TRAY TO BE EMPTY
• SAMPLING / FINAL ULLAGE / TEMPERATURES
• SURVEYOR TO CHECK ALL TANKS
• CARGO CALCULATIONS
• INDENPENDENT SURVEYOR TO CALCULATE AND CHECK CHIEF OFFICERS FIGURES
• DIFFERENT FIGURES (BILL OF LADING VERSUS SHIP) = PROTEST LETTER
• READY FOR SEA LEG
14.4.2020 18
Vessel Experience
Factor (VEF)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BILL OF LADING
FIGURES AND SHIPS FIGURES
14.4.2020 19
Cargo Report
ULLAGE
VOLUME
TEMPERATURE
VCF (VOLUME CORRECTION FACTOR)
OBQ / ROB FIGURES
FREE WATER
14.4.2020 20
Sea Leg
CARGO TEMPERATURE
CARGO HEATING
WARM DAY / COLD NIGHT – SEA
TEMPERATURE
TANK PRESSURE
OVERPRESSURE – UNDERPRESSURE
ULLAGE
ULLAGE CHECKS FOR ALL TANKS (VALVES
CLOSED, ANY LEAKS?)
RISK FOR DECK CARGO DUE TO OVER
PRESSURE
SEA STATE – CAUSING TROUBBLE?
14.4.2020 21
Discharging port
• The checks and procedures are quite the same as before loading
port.
+
• Inert gas system
• Pumps and pumproom
• Tested the crude oil washing system
14.4.2020 22
Discharge operations
• When all systems are set, the IGS is running and the receiving
terminal is ready, the pumps can be started at their minimum
speed.
• Discharge Plan
• Chief Officer Standing Orders
• http://shipsbusiness.com/oil-cargo-discharging.html
ABOA MARE
Discharge operation
• Before increasing to full discharge rate;
• No leaks in the system
• The IGS is operating normally
• Cargo being received by the terminal
• Cargo discharged from appropriate tanks
• Levels not changing in closed tanks
• Pump valves fully open
• Pump suction gauges are steady
ABOA MARE
Discharge operations
• The objective to maintain full discharge rate for as long as possible
• Monitor and record:
• Discharging rate (ullage)
• Manifold pressure (backpressure)
• Pump discharge pressure
ABOA MARE
Cargo pumps
14.4.2020 26
Discharge log
14.4.2020 27
Discharge operations
• Short stops
• Change of shore tanks
• Crude Oil Washing
• Maintain bulk pumping without cavitation
• Reduce flow rate by slowing the pump speed
• Reconfigure suction arrangements
ABOA MARE
Crude oil washing report
14.4.2020 29
Discharge operations
“careful throttling of the tank suction / filling valves and careful
disposition of ballast can create trim conditions, allowing staggered
levels of tanks to develop and the static suction head to be kept as
high as possible for as long as possible”
ABOA MARE
Centrifugal pump with vacuum stripping
system
14.4.2020 31
Discharge operations
• Stripping
• The process that removes any cargo that remains in the cargo tank when
the level is at a point where suction conditions at the pump inlet are
• Stripping can be carried out by
• Eductors
• Stripping pumps
• Controlling the cargo oil pump and discharge valves (if there is not vacuum strippig
devices)
ABOA MARE
Discharge operations
• Maintaining adequate suction depends on:
• Diameter and length of the suction pipeline
• The ability of stripping device to create suction lift condition
• The length of liquid above the suction strum
• The area of the pipeline open to the tank
ABOA MARE
Small diameter line (Marpol line)
14.4.2020 34
Discharge operations
• Stripping can be the lengthy part of the discharge
• Stripping should be planned carefully
• Minimized time
• Internal stripping while the remaining tanks are unloaded
ABOA MARE
Discharge operations
• Line stripping
• Large quantities of cargo in the pipelines
• Maximizing the outturn
• Prevent cargoes from solidifying and causing blockages
• Line stripping should be systematic and thorough
ABOA MARE
Discharge operations
• The last cargo is discharged using the small diameter line = marpol
line
• If the is anything left in the tank
• ROB = Remains On Board
• Determined in the final tank survey if it is liquid or sediment (solid)
• Discharge Log
ABOA MARE
