SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY (PPT & BOOK)

MICROBIOLOGY 2.APPLIED SCIENCE

• It is the study of microbes. o Medical Microbiology
• It is the scientific study of the  It deals with the study of causative
microorganisms. agents of infectious diseases in
• It is the branch of biology that deals with human beings
microorganisms, which include bacteria,  Medical microbiology has close
viruses, fungi, protozoa, and other links with other disciplines such as
microscopic organisms. pathology, clinical medicine,
• Foundation of modern biotechnology. pharmacology and therapeutics.
o Pharmaceutical Microbiology
PARASITOLOGY  It deals with the study of
microorganism which responsible
• Parasitology is the study of the relationship for the production of antibiotics,
between parasites and their hosts. It's a enzymes, vaccines, vitamins and
biological discipline that focuses on the way other pharmaceutical substances.
of life of parasites, their hosts, and the
relationship between them.  Also, it includes the method of
o Parasitologists study the biology of sterilization and disinfection,
parasites and parasitic diseases. microbiological testing of
pharmaceuticals, sterile product
SPECIALIZED FIELDS OF preparation and diagnosis of
MICROBIOLOGY disease and treatment.
 Virology o Industrial Microbiology
 Mycology  branch of microbiology that applies
 Bacteriology microbial organisms or their
 Immunology products for various industrial
 Microbial Ecology purposes.
 Biotechnological Microbiology o Food Microbiology
 Environmental Microbiology  branch of microbiology that
 Food Microbiology focuses on the study of
 Forensic Microbiology. microorganisms in relation to food.
 Molecular Biology o Soil Microbiology
 branch of microbiology that
focuses on the study of
SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY
microorganisms present in soil and
(BRANCHES) their interactions with the soil
environment.
1. PURE SCIENCE o Agriculture Microbiology
o Bacteriology  It is the study of relationship of
 Bacteria microorganism and crops with an
o Phycology emphasis on the control of the
 Algae plant diseases and improvement of
o Mycology yield.
 Fungi o Aquatic Microbiology
o Protozoology  Aquatic microbiology is the study
 Protozoa of microorganism and their activity
o Parasitology in the fresh and marine water
 Parasites including lakes, rivers, bays,
o Genetics estuaries and seas.
 Study of Heredity and Variations  It also includes water purification,
o Immunology microbiological examination and
 Study of Mechanism involved in biological degradation of waste.
the development of resistance by o Air Microbiology
body to infectious diseases  It deals with the role of aerosphere
o Virology in contamination and spoilage of
 Virus and it also involves the study food
of infectious agents.

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 It also deals with the spreading of  Single-celled organism

plant and animal diseases through  Unicellular or Multicellular
air.  Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic
o Epidemiology Microbiology  Germs
 It is concerned with the monitoring, • All of the following may be considered
control and spread of diseases in microorganisms:
communities.  Bacteria (eubacteria,
archaebacteria)
DIVISIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY  fungi (yeasts, molds)
(BOOK)  protozoa
• According to Ackersvick (1992), there are  microscopic algae
currently five major divisions of microbiology  viruses
corresponding to the five major groups of  various parasitic worms
microorganisms. These include the • They are Organisms that exist as Single
following: Cells or Cell Clusters and must be viewed
o Bacteriology individually with the aid of a Microscope.
 Study of bacteria • Organisms EXIST means:
o Virology  To continue to be
 Study of viruses  Have life
o Mycology  Live
 Study of Fungi • They are found everywhere.
o Phycology • They can either harm us or benefit us.
 Study of Algae • MICRO means:
o Protozoology o Very small and needs a microscope.
 Study of Protozoa (some scientist
prefers parasitology) MICROSCOPE
2 MAIN THEMES INVOLVED IN • It is an optical instrument used to observed
MICROBIOLOGY very small objects.

MICROORGANISMS IN FOOD
• Prevent spoilage (tempeh, salted fish).
• Assist in manufacturing of food.

MICROORGANISMS AND ENERGY

• Natural gas (methane)
• Ethanol (biofuel)
• Bioremediation

MICROBES AND THE FUTURE

• Genetic engineering

GERMS
• They are the microbes that can cause
BASIC disease.
 They are cellular processes VIRUS
• Viruses are ultramicroscopic bits of genetic
APPLIED material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein
shell and, sometimes, a membranous
 Concerning Agriculture, industry envelope (Johnson & Benner, 1990).
and health
• Viruses have no metabolism; therefore, it is
difficult to use drugs to interfere with their
MICROORGANISMS structures or activities.
• They are organisms that are too small to see • Viruses multiply in living cells and use the
with the naked eye and include things like: chemical machinery of the cells for their own
 Bacteria purpose (Anthony & Peters, 1988).
 Algae o Often, they destroy the cells in the
 Protozoa process of replicating.
 Fungi
 Viruses
• They are often called as:
 Microbes

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THE DIFFERENT HALLMARKS OF LIFE • Fungi, protozoa, and unicellular algae

OF THE DIFFERENT are eukaryotes (more complex organism
MICROORGANISMS whose cells have a nucleus and organelles).
• Metabolism • Viruses are neither prokaryotes nor
o In order for micro-organisms to live they eukaryotes because of their simplicity and
need: unique characteristics.
 Nutrients uptake o They are microbes but they do not
 Bio mass consider to be cells because they are
 Waste Output acellular, hence they are not included in
• Differentiation the family tree
 Bacillus spp. • Organisms with a true nucleus and more
 Caulobacter complex.
• Reproduction  eg. Algae, fungi and protozoa.
 Binary Fission
• Communication DIFFERENT TYPES OF EUKARYOTES
 Pseudomonas aeruginosa PROTOZOA
• Evolution • Protozoa are eukaryotic, unicellular
 Antibiotic resistance organisms.
 Pathogens o Motion is a characteristic associated
with many species (Samuelson, 1980).
2 MAJOR GROUPS OF ORGANISMS • Protozoa can be classified according to how
(BOOK) they move (Ackersvick, 1992).
& o They Absorb or ingest organic
FAMILY TREE OF MICROORGANISMS: chemicals.
PRIMITIVE CELLS ARE DIVIDED INTO o They move using pseudopods, cilia or
flagella.
 Amoeba
• Because of their characteristics,
microorganisms join all other living • Some protozoa use flagella, others use cilia,
organisms in two major groups of and others use pseudopodia.
organisms: prokaryotes and eukaryotes  Certain species are nonmotile.
(Edelson, 2002) • Protozoa exist in an infinite variety of shapes
because they have no cell walls.
o Many species cause such human
diseases such as;
 Malaria
 sleeping sickness
 dysentery
toxoplasmosis

ALGAE

• Unicellular/multicellular eukaryote.
• Has cellulose cell walls.
• Gain energy through photosynthesis.
• Produce molecular and organic compounds.
• Algae implies a variety of plantlike
organisms (Anthony & Peters, 1988).
• In microbiology, several types of single-
celled algae are important.
EUKARYOTES o Examples are the;
• Eukaryotes can be single-celled or o diatoms
multicellular, and include o dinoflagellates
 all animals  they inhabit the oceans and are
 plants found at the bases of marine food
 fungi chains.
 protists
• Most algae capture sunlight and transform it
 as well as most algae.
to the chemical energy of carbohydrates in
o They are organisms whose cells
the process of photosynthesis (Ackersvick,
contain a nucleus and other organelles
1992.
bound by a membrane.
o Eukaryotes = Multicellular or Unicellular

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FUNGI (BOOK) that require oxygen (humans owe a debt of

gratitude to the Algae and Cyanobacteria.
• Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that • Many microbes are involved in the
include multicellular molds and unicellular decomposition of dead organism and the
(single-celled) yeasts. waste products of living organism
• The yeasts are slightly larger than bacteria o They called as decomposers or
and are used in alcoholic fermentations and Saprophytes.
bread making (Anthony & Peters, 1988;
Ackersvick, 1992). 2 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF
• Certain yeasts such as; MICROBES
o Candida albicans
 They are pathogenic. ACELLULAR
• Molds are filamentous, branched fungi that MICROBES/MICROORGANISM
use spores for reproduction.
• The fungi prefer acidic environments, and • It is also called as Infectious Particles
most live at room temperature under (viruses and prions).
oxygen-rich conditions. • Acellular microorganisms are the smallest
• The common mushroom is a fungus microorganism with no typical cell structure
and no enzymatic energy-production
PROKARYOTES system.
• They are organisms that lack of nucleus and • They are lack of cellular structures
other organelles. They are divided into two CELLULAR
groups: MICROBES/MICROORGANISM
 Bacteria
 Archaea • Cellular microbes, also known as cellular
o Prokaryotes = Unicellular = Single Cell microorganisms, are microorganisms that
• Bacteria are prokaryotes (simple organisms are composed of cells. (bacteria, all Archae,
having no nucleus or organelles) because of all Protozoa and some Fungi).
their cellular properties.
• Without true nucleus and less complex.
MICROBIAL STRUCTURE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROKARYOTES
BACTERIA (P) OR BACTERIUM (S)
• Prokaryotic
• Has peptidoglycan cell walls.
• Binary fission.
• Utilize organic/inorganic chemicals, or
photosynthesis to obtain energy.
ARCHEA
• Prokaryotic
• Lack of peptidoglycan
• Live in extreme environments
o It Includes:
 Methanogens • They are microscopic, unicellular organisms, they
 Extreme halophiles lack of nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.
 Extreme thermophiles
MICROBES

• Microbes that help us are called as

microbial allies and those that harm us is
considered as Microbial Enemies
• Microbes are mostly beneficial or have a
neutral effect on our lives since there are
pathogens and non-pathogens.
• Microbes are essential for life on this planet
as we know it.
o Some produce oxygen by the process
known as Photosynthesis. • Virus are Acellular, parasitic particles
• Microbes contribute more oxygen to our composed of a nucleic acid and protein
atmosphere than do plants thus organism

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• It aids in Fertilization by returning inorganic

nutrients to the soil
o they break down dead and dying
organic materials (plants and animals)
into:
 nitrates
 phosphate
 other chemicals necessary for the
growth of plants.

PATHOGENS
• It is also known as pathogenic
microorganisms.
• Microbes THAT CAN CAUSE DISEASE are
known as Pathogens (disease causing
microorganism)
• They are typically microorganisms like:
 Bacteria
• Eukaryotes are unicellular (microscopic)
 Viruses
and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-
 Fungi or protozoa,
bound organelles.
• They can cause disease in their hosts.
• These organisms have the ability to enter
MICROBES IN OUR LIVES
the body, multiply, and interfere with normal
• Some are pathogenic (disease-causing)
physiological functions, leading to illness or
• Decompose organic waste infection.
• Produces through photosynthesis
 (e.g. Purple Sulphur bacteria must
NON-PATHOGENS
fix CO₂ to live)
• Play role in industry • It is also known as non-pathogenic
 (e.g. fermentation to produce microorganisms.
ethanol bad acetone) • The 3% that DO NOT CAUSE DISEASE are
• Produce fermented food called Non-Pathogens (microbes that do not
 (vinegar, cheese & bread) cause disease)
• Produce products used in manufacturing • Majority of known microbes are non-
 (cellulase) and treatment (insulin) pathogens which are beneficial to us.
• They are microorganisms that do not cause
MICROBES AND HUMAN DISEASES disease or harm to their hosts.
• These microorganisms may be present in
• Bacteria were once classified as plants various environments, including human
which gave rise to use of the term flora for body, without causing any negative health
microbes. effects.
o Flora is used to describe the collection
of microorganisms that inhabit a MICROBIAL CLASSIFICATION
particular body site or environment.
• This term (flora) has been replaced by • Microbial classification is the process of
microbiota. categorizing microorganisms into different
• Microbes are normally present in our human groups based on their characteristics, such
body and they are called as normal as their:
microbiota.  Shapes
 Size
ALGAE AND CYANOBACTERIA  Arrangement
• Bacteria (s. bacterium) are a type of
• A group of photosynthetic bacteria that biological cell. Morphology; size, shape and
produces oxygen. cells arrangement.
• They contribute to the production of oxygen,
nutrient cycling, and serve as sources of SHAPES
food and useful compounds.
• Spherical or Coccoid Bacteria
o It is also known as Cocci. these
SAPROPHYTES bacteria are round and can occur as
single bacteria or in pairs, chains, or
• It is an organism that lives on dead or clusters.
decaying organic matter.

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• Rod-shaped
o Also known as bacilli (s. bacillus), these
bacteria can be single or in
chains. When arranged in chains, they
are called streptobacillus.
• Curved or Spiral
o Also known as spirochete or spirillum,
these bacteria can be helical-shaped,
curved, or comma-shaped.

• Diplobacilli
o Pairs
• Streptobacilli
o Chains
• Palisades
o fence-like structure
• Long Filaments or Branched
• Short
 Coccobacilli or resembled
• Curved shaped or Comma Shaped
o Example:
 Vibrio’s-Vibrio Cholera
• Spiral Shaped

BACTERIA
ARRANGEMENT

• Bacteria are relatively simple, prokaryotic

organisms whose cells lack a nucleus or
• Diplococci nuclear membrane (Anthony & Peters,
o Pairs 1988; Burnside, 1999; Johnson & Benner,
• Streptococci 1990).
o Chains o The bacteria may appear as;
• Staphylococcus  rods (bacilli)
o Clusters  spheres (cocci)
• Tetrads  spirals (spirilla or spirochetes
o Packets of four • Bacteria reproduce by binary fission
• Sarcinae • They have unique constituents in their cell
o Packets of eight walls, and exist in most environments on
earth.
• For instance, they live at temperatures
ranging from 0° to 100°C and in conditions
that are oxygen rich or oxygen free.
o A microscope is necessary to see and
study them.

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CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA ON 5 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

THE BASIS OF THEIR RELATIONSHIP (ROBERT WHITTAKER, 1969)
TO OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE

1. Obligate Aerobe
o Requires an atmosphere containing
oxygen in concentration comparable to
that found in room air (20-21% oxygen)
 Ex: mycobacterium and certain
fungi
1.1 Microaerophilic Aerobe
o Requires oxygen lower than that found
room air (5% oxygen).
• Monera
2. Anaerobes
o It includes Prokaryotes, such as:
o Organism that do not requires oxygen
 Bacteria
for life and reproduction.
 Cyanobacteria.
3. Obligate Anaerobe
o anaerobe that grows only in an • Protista
anaerobic environment (no oxygen). o It includes:
4. Aerotolerant Anaerobe  Protozoa
o Does not require oxygen and grows  Unicellular algae
better on the absence of oxygen but  Slime molds, all of which are
can survive in atmosphere containing eukaryotes and single-celled.
molecular oxygen (room air). • Fungi
5. Facultative Anaerobe o It includes:
o Capable of surviving in either the  Molds
presence or absence of oxygen,  Mushrooms
anywhere from 0% oxygen to 20-21%  Yeasts (organisms that are
oxygen. eukaryotes that absorb simple
6. Caprophytes nutrients from the soil).
o Bacteria that grow better in the • Plantae
presence of increase concentrations of o It includes:
carbon dioxide.  plants.
• Animalia
ASSIGNING SPECIFIC NAMES o It includes:
• The binomial system of nomenclature.  Animals
• The generic (genus) name followed by the
species name. TAXONOMY: NAMING,
• Generic part is capitalized, CLASSIFYING, AND IDENTIFYING
• Species is lowercase MICROORGANISM
• Both are italicized or underlined if italics
aren't available.
o Example:
 Staphylococcus aureus

SCIENTIFIC NAME

• Italicized or underlined.
• The genus is capitalized.
• The specific epithet is with lowercase.
• Could be as honor for the scientist

• Microbial Nomenclature
o Naming Microorganism.
• Taxonomy
o classifying living things.
• Identification
o discovering and recording the named
and classified.

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