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Next Edition of IEC 61400-27: Electrical simulation models for wind power
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 Next edition of IEC 61400-27
Electrical simulation models for wind power plants

Poul Sørensen, Ömer Göksu Jens Fortmann1, Francisco Jimenez Buendia2,

Technical University of Denmark Ana Morales3
Department of Wind Energy 1
HTW, Berlin, Germany
Roskilde, Denmark 2
Gamesa, Pamplona, Spain
[email protected] 3
DIgSILENT Ibérica, Madrid, Spain

Abstract—The purpose of the IEC 61400-27 standards series is voting (CDV’s) will be circulated later in 2017. Thus,
to provide dynamic wind power plant models to be used in publication of the new standards can be expected in early
power system stability studies. This paper provides a brief 2019.
overview of the state-of-the-art for the development of a new
edition of the IEC 61400-27 series which includes generic wind This overview paper is organized as follows:
power plant models in addition to the wind turbine models Chapter II describes the generic wind turbine models.
published in the first edition of IEC 61400-27-1.
Chapter III describes the generic wind power plant
Electrical simulation model; IEC standard; grid protection models.
system; aerodynamics; reactive power capability; generator
reference frame rotation; frequency measurement; Common Chapter IV describes the validation procedures.
Information Model. Chapter V describes the dissemination of the generic
I. INTRODUCTION models and validation procedures.
The purpose of the IEC 61400-27 standards series is to Chapter VI concludes the paper.
provide an international standard for dynamic wind power
plant models to be used in power system stability studies. II. WIND TURBINE MODELS
The dynamic models are intended for short term voltage A. Wind turbine types
stability and short term frequency stability studies. IEC 61400-27 specifies generic models for the four grid
The North American Electric Reliability Corporation connection types for wind turbines installed today. Those
(NERC) and the Western Electricity Coordinating Council four types were originally classified as A,B,C,D in the
(WECC) in USA have published similar models [1], [2]. literature [6], but today they are commonly denoted as
Although the IEC working group has collaborated closely 1,2,3,4. The different types are characterized by:
with the WECC working group, there are small differences
 Type 1. Directly connected induction generator (with
between the approaches [3].
fixed rotor resistance).
The 1st edition of Part 27-1 was published in February  Type 2. Directly connected induction generator with
2015 [4], providing specification and validation procedures variable rotor resistance.
for wind turbine models.  Type 3. Doubly fed asynchronous generator with
converter on rotor circuit
Originally, the plan was to supplement the published
Part 27-1 with a Part 27-2 for wind power plant models.  Type 4. Generator connected through full scale
However, in order to avoid excessive duplication from Part converter
27-1 to Part 27-2, a new structure of the IEC 61400-27 B. First edition
series was proposed and accepted [5]. The general modular structure of the wind turbine
According to the new structure, the next edition of the models published in the 1st edition is shown in Figure 1 [7].
IEC 61400-27 series shall consist of a Part 27-1 with The horizontal sequence of blocks in the middle reflects the
specifications of generic models for wind turbines and wind physical power flow, while protection and control is shown
power plants, and a Part 27-2 providing validation above and below respectively.
procedures for wind turbine and wind power plant models. Depending on the type of wind turbine, some of the
Those parts will be published simultaneously replacing modules are omitted, but all wind turbine model types
the existing Part 27-1. Committee drafts of those include submodels for generator system, electrical
publications were circulated to national standardization equipment and grid protection.
committees in October 2016, and committee drafts for
 III. WIND POWER PLANT MODEL
A. Structure
The 2nd edition will define wind power plant models
within the general modular structure shown in Figure 3.
Here, WP is used as abbreviation for wind power plants,
WT for wind turbine, AUX for auxiliary equipment such as
STATCOM and PD for either WT or AUX.

Figure 1. General modular structure of 1st edition wind turbine models [7].

C. Second edition wind turbine models

Focusing on development of wind power plant models
for the 2nd edition models, the 2nd edition wind turbine
models are very similar to the 1st edition wind turbine
models. However, the modular structure of the wind turbine
models will be expanded in the 2nd edition as shown in
Figure 2

Figure 3. General modular structure of the wind power plant model.

The idea with this structure is that it can be used for

different granularities of models. Thus, the structure applies
to a simple and often sufficient wind power plant model
consisting of models for a plant controller, a single
aggregated wind turbine model and a simple aggregated
model for the power collection system. On the other hand,
for instance to represent a wind power plant using auxiliary
Figure 2. General modular structure of 2nd edition wind turbine models. reactive power compensation equipment and / or consisting
of different wind turbine types.
The first change compared to the 1st edition structure in
Figure 1 is the separation of the original control model into a B. Control and communication
pitch control model and a generator control model. A 1st version of the WP control and communication
The second change in the new structure Figure 2 is the model was published as models for “voltage and reactive
extraction of the grid measurement model from the control power controller” and a “frequency and active power
models and grid protection models respectively. This change controller” respectively in an informative annex of the 1st
is done to avoid duplicate specification of grid measurement edition of IEC 61400-27-1.
models, not only in the wind turbine model shown here, but The WP control and communication block for the 2nd
also in the wind power plant model shown in next chapter. edition WP models is further detailed in Figure 4. The grid
Other minor changes have been made inside sub-model measurement block is the same as the one already used
diagrams keeping same structure. Those changes enhance twice in the wind turbine model, and likewise duplicate
the capability of the models to include different specifications of communication models are avoided using
performances from manufacturers but also allow reproduce the same model but allowing for different model parameters.
same performance as previous edition . The main sub-
models affected are: pWPrefCom
WP
pWPfiltCom
P-control pPDref
1. P control type 3, in which rotor speed can be optionally fWPfiltCom
model

used instead of generator speed to consider a drive train Communication

pPDrefCom
FWPUVRT model
damping oscillation filter without the need of a second pWPref
Communication (for PD references)
xPDrefCom

model
order or higher filter or generator speed can be xWPref
(for WP references) xWPrefCom
WP
Q-control xPDref
optionally used to calculate maximum torque instead of pWPfiltCom
qWPfiltCom
model
uWPfiltCom
reference speed.
2. Pitch control type 3, in which in version 1 ramp rates Communication
pWPfilt
qWPfilt
Grid measurement uWP
model model iWP
and hard limiters shared same parameters but in edition (for WP measurements)
uWPfilt
fWPfilt
(for WP controller) fsys

2 dedicated parameters are included to allow

improvements in control performance.
3. Q control model, in which reactive current absorption Figure 4. General modular structure of the wind power plant control and
communication block.
has been included to model HVRT function.
C. Power collection system
The power collection system model in Figure 3 is
conveniently described by a single line diagram specifying
the connection of wind turbines, transformers, lines and The ENTSO-E Common Grid Model Exchange
auxiliary equipment. Standard (CGMES) [15] which is a superset of IEC CIM
standards (including the IEC 61970 series) is used as a
Figure 5 shows the single line diagram for the basic baseline data exchange standard among European
wind power plant model, i.e. with a single aggregated model transmission system operators for continuous exchange of
representing all the wind turbines in the plant, a wind information about the data for their interconnected power
turbine transformer model (TRWT), an aggregated model systems.
for the lines (ACL) and a wind power plant transformer
model (TRWP). VI. CONCLUSIONS
The 2nd edition of IEC 61400-27-1 will include
specification of generic models of wind turbines as well as
wind power plants.
The 1st edition of IEC 61400-27-2 will include
specification of validation procedures for models of wind
Figure 5. Single line diagram for the basic wind power plant model
turbines as well as wind power plants.
The IEC 61400-27 models have been partially validated
More comprehensive single line diagrams can be used, in published literature.
for instance to represent a wind power plant using auxiliary
reactive power compensation equipment and / or consisting The IEC 61400-27 models are disseminated representing
of different wind turbine types. wind power models in future IEC Common Information
Model (CIM) for Dynamics Specification and in European
IV. MODEL VALIDATION TSO network (ENTSO-E) Common Grid Model Exchange
The second version of validation procedures will be Standard (CGMES).
published in the 1st edition of IEC 61400-27-2. The main ACKNOWLEDGMENT
change in the second version is to include validation of wind
power plant models. The authors acknowledge IEC Technical Committee 88
– Working Group 27 (IEC TC88 WG27). The following
The procedure for model validation of the wind turbine members of WG27 have contributed actively to the
models is based on tests specified in IEC 61400-21 [8]. A development of IEC 61400-27-1 through participation in
corresponding standard for tests of wind power plants is WG27 meetings and other work (the stated affiliations are
initiated as part of the IEC 61400-21 series, but those test the ones which the members had during their participation):
procedures are not yet described.
 Michael Ebnicher, Bachmann electronic GmbH (AT)
Therefore, IEC 61400-27-2 will recommend using other  Yongning Chi, CEPRI (CN)
tests for validation. One option is to use commissioning  Ziyu Chen, CEPRI (CN)
tests, which usually include at least active and reactive
 Tobias Gehlhaar, DNV-GL (DE)
power control. Another option is to test a wind power plant
controlling a single wind turbine subjected to a voltage dip.  Jeferson Marques, Enercon (DE)
Finally, if no tests are available, then model-to-model  Angelo Mendonca, Enercon (DE)
validation may be applied to validate the generic models  Martin Brennecke, FGH (DE)
specified in Part 27-1 against more detailed manufacturer  Frank Martin, Germanischer Lloyd I.S. GmbH (DE)
models.  Frank Fischer, PowerWind GmbH (DE)
 Jens Fortmann, Senvion / HTW Berlin (DE)
Results applying the wind turbine model validation  Franziska Schaube, Senvion (DE)
procedure has already been published in [9], [10], [11].
 Anatoli Semerow, Friedrich Alexander Univercity (DE)
Besides, the power factor mode of the voltage and reactive
 Poul Sørensen, DTU (DK)
power controller of the wind power plant has been validated
[12].  Knud Johansen, Energinet.dk (DK)
 Vladislav Akhmatov, Energinet.dk (DK)
V. DISSEMINATION  Björn Andresen, Siemens Wind Power (DK)
IEC Technical Committee TC57 deals with the scope  John Bech, Siemens Wind Power (DK)
power systems management and associated information  Nikolaus Goldenbaum, Siemens Wind Power (DK)
exchange. As part of this scope, TC57 has issued a standard  Bo Hesselbæk, Vestas (DK)
IEC 61970-301 [13], which defines the basics of the  Lars Højbjerg Nielsen, Vestas (DK)
Common Information Model (CIM) for exchange of the  Babak Badrzadeh, Vestas (DK)
static data of elements of the power systems.  Kouroush Nayebi, Vestas (DK)
 Rodrigo Garcia, Vestas (DK)
Currently, a new standard IEC 61970-302 is under
development for exchange of dynamic data [14]. This CIM  Florin Iov, Aalborg University (DK)
dynamics standard is based on available standardized IEC or  Ana Morales, DIgSILENT Spain (ES)
IEEE models which are already used models in dedicated  Montserrat Mata, ECOTÈCNIA / ALSTOM (ES)
power system simulation software packages. The CIM  Alberto Molina Martín, Energy to Quality S.L. (ES)
dynamics standard will use the models specified in IEC  Carlos Álvarez, Energy to Quality (ES)
61400-27-1 to represent the wind power plants and related  Javier Pérez-Jacoiste, Gamesa (ES)
control equipment of the wind turbines.  Francisco Jiménez Buendia, Gamesa (ES)
 Emilio Gómez Lázaro, UCLM (ES)
 Marta Hernández, Iberdrola (ES) well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants,
2015, Brussels (BE), 20-22 Oct.
 Slavomir Seman, ABB (FI)
[6] A.D. Hansen, F. Iov, F. Blaabjerg, L.H. Hansen. Review of
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 Graeme Bathurst, TNEI Services Ltd (GB) [8] IEC 61400-21. Measurement and assessment of power quality of grid
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