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Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis IBR

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32 views23 pages

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis IBR

Uploaded by

Basil John
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)

Dr. Bipin Kumar


Assistant Professor

Department of Veterinary Medicine


Bihar Veterinary College, Patna
(Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna)
Etiology
 Alfa herpesviridae
 subtypes
◦ Bovine herpes virus-l
◦ BHV-l .l (respiratory)
◦ BHV-l.2a and 1.2b(genital)
◦ BHV- l.3 (BHV-5; encephalitic)
Epidemiology
 Occurrence: Asia, Africa, Europe, North
America, Australia, News Zealand
 Host: cattle, buffaloes, small ruminant,
wild ruminants
 Endemic in white-tailed deer in certain
parts of Canada, wild and farmed red deer
in Britain
 Buffaloes & wild ruminants may reservoir
host
Morbidity & case fatality:
 Uncomplicated form of the respiratory
disease in cattle is not highly fatal
 most losses being due mainly to
secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia.
 The morbidity and case fatality rates in
dairy cattle are about 8% and 3%
 feedlot cattle the morbidity rate is usually
20-30% in unvaccinated
Mode of transmission

 Respiratory form: droplet, nasal secretion


 Genital form: semen, genital fluid, foetal
fluid, venereal
Risk factor
 All ages and breeds of cattle are susceptible
 most common- above 6 months of age
(probably because of their greater exposure)
 Unvaccinated herd -breeding cattle are
highly susceptible to epidemics of
respiratory disease and abortion
Clinical signs
 Respiratory, Rhinitis (red nose)
 Ocular form
 Abortive form (IPV)
 Systemic disease in newborn calves
 Encephalitic form
Rhinitis, tracheitis and conjunctivitis
(red nose)

 Anorexia, pyrexia (up to 42°C, 108°F)


 Salivation
 Nasal and ocular discharge
 loud coughing
 severe hyperemia of the nasal mucosa
 Severe (viral or secondary bacterial)
tracheitis, Inspiratory dyspnoea
 abnormal tracheal breath sounds
 Respiratory distress is evident on exercise
Ocular form

 Conjunctivitis
 Conjunctiva- reddened and edematous
 Profuse serous ocular discharge
 (DD: infectious keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye)
 IBR lesions: confined to the conjunctiva and there
are no lesions of the cornea except diffuse edema
 Calves below 6 months of age may develop
encephalitis, incoordination, Excitement,
depression, Salivation, bellowing, convulsions and
blindness
 high mortality rate.
Systemic disease in newborn calves
 newborn calves under 10 days of age
 highly fatal
 Sudden anorexia, fever
 excessive salivation
 rhinitis
 unilateral or bilateral conjunctivitis
 Bronchopneumonia
 loud breath sounds, crackles and wheezes
 Outbreaks- unvaccinated herd (dams)
Abortion (IPV)

 6-8 month of pregnancy


 Retention of placenta
 Endometritis
 Infectious vulvo vaginitis
 Short estrous
 Infertility
NECROPSY FINDINGS

 Adult cattle- tracheitis, bronchitis


 Pulmonary emphysema or
bronchopneumonia,
 Profuse and fibrinopurulent exudates
 Lymph nodes: throat and neck region are
usually swollen and edematous
 Aborted fetuses: autolysis and focal
necrotizing hepatitis
Rhinitis with congested nasal chambers

[email protected] Special Pathology-I (VPP-511) 12


Tracheitis (IBR)

[email protected] Special Pathology-I (VPP-511) 13


CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
 Histology – formalin-fixed samples:
 abortion/neonate: lung, liver, trachea, kidney,
adrenal gland, rumen, esophagus, pharynx;
 respiratory form: nasal turbinate, trachea,
pharynx, lung
 encephalitic form: half of mid sagittally sectioned
brain
 Virology - abortion/neonate: lung, liver, kidney,
rumen
 respiratory form: lung, trachea, nasal swab
 Encephalitic form: half of midsagittally-sectioned
brain (FAT, PCR)
Isolation of virus
 Cell lines - Madin–Darby bovine kidney
cell line (MDBK) uesd for BoHV-1
propagation
 Virus isolation from semen (a prescribed
test for international trade)
 Nucleic acid detection
 DNA–DNA hybridisation and the PCR
 Real-time polymerase chain reaction (a
prescribed test for international trade)
 Viral antigen detection
 Nasal, ocular or genital swabs can be
directly smeared onto glass cover-slips
 direct or indirect fluorescent antibody test
 ELISA
 VNT
Treatment
 No specific anti viral drug
 Broad-spectrum antimicrobials are
indicated if secondary bacterial tracheitis
and pneumonia are present
 OTC, Ceftriazone, Ceftiofur, Enrofloxacin
 Bronchodilator: Deriphylline
 Inhailation
 NSAID
 Supportive therapy
Control

 Vaccination
 Biosecurity
 Hygiene
 Isolation and quarrantine
Vaccination
 (6-12 months of age)
1. Modified live-virus vaccines (2 types)
◦ parenteral vaccine usually made with bovine foetal
kidney tissue culture
◦ intranasal vaccine of rabbit tissue culture origin
◦ An intranasal vaccine of bovine tissue culture origin
containing a temperature-sensitive mutant is also
available
 Protection from infection and disease has been
observed within 40-96 hours following
vaccination
2. Inactivated vaccine
 require two doses of the vaccine
 Booster- 10-14 days after the primary
 But protection is observed after 7-10
days following the second dose of vaccine
.3. Subunit vaccines
 contains only one or more of the antigens
of the pathogen necessary to evoke
protective immunity, and lacks the
components that might cause unwanted
side-effects.
 Contain major surface glycoproteins of
the BHV-1
Vaccination programs in herds

 Beef breeding herds.


 Beef calves -2-3 weeks before weaning
 Heifer and bull -at least 2 weeks before
breeding
 Dairy cattle
 heifer 2-3 weeks before breeding.

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