Here are 100 advanced multiple-choice questions (MCQs) on Probability and Statistics, along with their

answers:

Probability and Statistics - Advanced MCQs

1. If a coin is tossed three times, what is the probability of getting exactly two heads?
(A) 18 ​

(B) 38 ​

(C) 12 ​

(D) 14 ​

Answer: (B) 38 ​

2. What is the expected value of a fair six-sided die?

(A) 3
(B) 3.5
(C) 4
(D) 3.8
Answer: (B) 3.5
3. A box contains 3 red balls and 2 green balls. If two balls are drawn at random, what is the probability
that both are red?
3
(A) 10 ​

(B) 35 ​

(C) 15 ​

(D) 38 ​

3
Answer: (A) 10 ​

4. Which of the following distributions is used for modeling the number of successes in a fixed number of
Bernoulli trials?
(A) Normal distribution
(B) Poisson distribution
(C) Binomial distribution
(D) Geometric distribution
Answer: (C) Binomial distribution
5. The variance of a random variable X is given as 9. What is the standard deviation of X?
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 9
(D) 6
Answer: (B) 3
6. In a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of the data lies within one standard deviation
from the mean?
 (A) 50%
(B) 68%
(C) 95%
(D) 99.7%
Answer: (B) 68%
7. If A and B are independent events, what is the probability of both A and B occurring?
(A) P(A) + P(B)
(B) P(A) - P(B)
(C) P(A) × P(B)
(D) P(A) / P(B)
Answer: (C) P(A) × P(B)
8. A continuous random variable has a probability density function (pdf) given by f (x) = kx for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
What is the value of k?
(A) 0.5
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 4
Answer: (A) 0.5
9. What is the mode of the following data set: 3, 7, 3, 2, 5, 3, 8?
(A) 3
(B) 2
(C) 5
(D) 7
Answer: (A) 3
10. Which of the following measures of central tendency is most affected by extreme values?
(A) Mean
(B) Median
(C) Mode
(D) Range
Answer: (A) Mean

More Advanced MCQs

11. If the correlation coefficient between two variables X and Y is 0.8, what can be said about the
relationship between X and Y?
(A) Strong negative linear relationship
(B) Weak positive linear relationship
(C) Strong positive linear relationship
(D) No relationship
Answer: (C) Strong positive linear relationship
12. The mean of a data set is 50 and the standard deviation is 5. What is the z-score of a value 60?
 (A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
Answer: (B) 2
13. If a discrete random variable X has the following probability distribution: P(X=1)=0.1, P(X=2)=0.2,
P(X=3)=0.4, P(X=4)=0.3, what is the expected value E(X)?
(A) 2.5
(B) 3.0
(C) 3.5
(D) 2.0
Answer: (B) 3.0
14. In hypothesis testing, what is the purpose of the p-value?
(A) To reject the null hypothesis
(B) To accept the null hypothesis
(C) To measure the strength of the evidence against the null hypothesis
(D) To calculate the standard deviation
Answer: (C) To measure the strength of the evidence against the null hypothesis
15. If a probability distribution has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what is the z-score for a
value of 130?
(A) 2
(B) 1.5
(C) 3
(D) 1
Answer: (A) 2
16. What is the shape of the distribution of sample means according to the Central Limit Theorem,
regardless of the shape of the population distribution?
(A) Uniform
(B) Binomial
(C) Normal
(D) Skewed
Answer: (C) Normal
17. Which of the following is not a property of a normal distribution?
(A) Symmetric about the mean
(B) Mean, median, and mode are equal
(C) Total area under the curve is 1
(D) It is always skewed to the right
Answer: (D) It is always skewed to the right
18. In a dataset, if the 75th percentile is 60 and the 25th percentile is 40, what is the interquartile range
(IQR)?
(A) 10
(B) 20
(C) 15
 (D) 30
Answer: (B) 20
19. A researcher is testing a new drug. If the probability of success (the drug works) is 0.6, what is the
probability of getting exactly 3 successes in 5 trials?
(A) 0.227
(B) 0.345
(C) 0.360
(D) 0.450
Answer: (C) 0.360
20. In a study, the mean score of a test is 80 with a standard deviation of 10. What is the probability that a
randomly selected student scores more than 90?
(A) 0.1587
(B) 0.8413
(C) 0.0228
(D) 0.5000
Answer: (A) 0.1587

Continued Advanced MCQs

21. What is the probability of drawing an ace from a standard deck of cards?
1
(A) 52 ​

4
(B) 52 ​

1
(C) 13 ​

1
(D) 26 ​

4
Answer: (B) 52 ​

22. If the average number of goals scored by a team in a season is 3, what is the probability that the team
scores exactly 5 goals in a match (assuming a Poisson distribution)?
(A) 0.1008
(B) 0.1206
(C) 0.1504
(D) 0.1402
Answer: (A) 0.1008
23. Which of the following represents a continuous probability distribution?
(A) Binomial distribution
(B) Poisson distribution
(C) Normal distribution
(D) Geometric distribution
Answer: (C) Normal distribution
24. A box contains 4 white and 6 black balls. If 3 balls are drawn at random, what is the probability that at
least one is white?
(A) 10
15
​
 1
(B) 3 ​

(C) 27
45
​

(D) 12 ​

Answer: (A) 10
15
​

25. If the mean of a dataset is 50 and the median is 60, what can be inferred about the distribution?
(A) It is normal
(B) It is positively skewed
(C) It is negatively skewed
(D) Cannot determine
Answer: (B) It is negatively skewed
26. What is the probability of getting at least one tail when flipping a fair coin 5 times?
(A) 31
32 ​

1
(B) 32 ​

15
(C) 32 ​

1
(D) 16 ​

Answer: (A) 31
32
​

27. A data set has a mean of 20 and a standard deviation of 4. If the data is normally distributed, what
percentage of the data falls between 16 and 24?
(A) 68%
(B) 95%
(C) 99.7%
(D) 50%
Answer: (A) 68%
28. If two dice are rolled, what is the probability of getting a sum of 8?
5
(A) 36 ​

1
(B) 6 ​

1
(C) 12 ​

7
(D) 36 ​

5
Answer: (A) 36 ​

29. In a normally distributed population, what proportion of the population falls within two standard
deviations from the mean?
(A) 68%
(B) 95%
(C) 99.7%
(D) 99%
Answer: (B) 95%
30. The expected value of a random variable X is defined as:
(A) The median of X
(B) The mode of X
(C) The average of all possible values of X, weighted by their probabilities
 (D) The sum of all values of X
Answer: (C) The average of all possible values of X, weighted by their probabilities

Further Advanced MCQs

31. In a survey, 60% of respondents said they preferred product A over product B. If 200 people were
surveyed, how many would you expect to prefer product A?
(A) 120
(B) 100
(C) 80
(D) 60
Answer: (A) 120
32. The central limit theorem states that as the sample size increases, the distribution of the sample mean
will approach what type of distribution?
(A) Uniform
(B) Exponential
(C) Normal
(D) Binomial
Answer: (C) Normal
33. In a binomial distribution with n=10 trials and p=0.5, what is the probability of getting exactly 5
successes?
(A) 0.246
(B) 0.312
(C) 0.5
(D) 0.376
Answer: (A) 0.246
34. Which of the following is a characteristic of the Poisson distribution?
(A) It describes the number of events in a fixed interval of time or space
(B) It is always symmetrical
(C) It has a mean equal to the standard deviation
(D) It is used for continuous data
Answer: (A) It describes the number of events in a fixed interval of time or space
35. What is the coefficient of variation if the mean is 50 and the standard deviation is 5?
(A) 0.1
(B) 0.5
(C) 0.1%
(D) 10%
Answer: (D) 10%
36. If the null hypothesis is rejected in a hypothesis test, what does this imply?
(A) There is strong evidence against the null hypothesis
(B) There is weak evidence against the null hypothesis
 (C) The null hypothesis is true
(D) The sample mean is equal to the population mean
Answer: (A) There is strong evidence against the null hypothesis
37. What is the probability that a randomly selected person is taller than 6 feet if the height follows a
normal distribution with a mean of 5.5 feet and a standard deviation of 0.5 feet?
(A) 0.8413
(B) 0.1587
(C) 0.5
(D) 0.0228
Answer: (B) 0.1587
38. Which of the following is not a requirement for a probability distribution?
(A) All probabilities must be between 0 and 1
(B) The sum of all probabilities must equal 1
(C) Each outcome must be mutually exclusive
(D) The mean must be less than the median
Answer: (D) The mean must be less than the median
39. In hypothesis testing, what is a Type I error?
(A) Rejecting a true null hypothesis
(B) Accepting a false null hypothesis
(C) Not rejecting a true null hypothesis
(D) Rejecting a false null hypothesis
Answer: (A) Rejecting a true null hypothesis
40. A fair coin is tossed 10 times. What is the probability of getting exactly 7 heads?
5
(A) 128 ​

35
(B) 1024 ​

1
(C) 256 ​

1
(D) 128 ​

35
Answer: (B) 1024 ​

Final Set of MCQs

41. What is the standard deviation of a dataset if the variance is 36?
(A) 6
(B) 12
(C) 36
(D) 18
Answer: (A) 6
42. If a test has a 90% sensitivity and a 95% specificity, what is the probability of a true positive given a
positive test result?
(A) 0.90
 (B) 0.95
(C) Depends on the prevalence of the disease
(D) Cannot be determined
Answer: (C) Depends on the prevalence of the disease
43. What is the expected number of successes in a binomial distribution with parameters n=5 and p=0.3?
(A) 1.5
(B) 3.0
(C) 2.0
(D) 0.5
Answer: (A) 1.5
44. In statistics, which of the following is a non-parametric test?
(A) t-test
(B) ANOVA
(C) Chi-square test
(D) Z-test
Answer: (C) Chi-square test
45. Which of the following is an assumption of the linear regression model?
(A) The relationship between the dependent and independent variables is nonlinear
(B) There is no multicollinearity among independent variables
(C) The dependent variable is binary
(D) The residuals are not normally distributed
Answer: (B) There is no multicollinearity among independent variables
46. If two events A and B are mutually exclusive, what is the probability of A or B occurring?
(A) P(A) + P(B)
(B) P(A) - P(B)
(C) P(A) × P(B)
(D) P(A) / P(B)
Answer: (A) P(A) + P(B)
47. What is the median of the following data set: 3, 5, 1, 4, 2?
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 3.5
Answer: (B) 3
48. If a random variable X follows a normal distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15,
what is the probability that X is less than 85?
(A) 0.8413
(B) 0.1587
(C) 0.5
(D) 0.0228
Answer: (B) 0.1587
49. Which statistical test would you use to compare the means of two independent groups?
 (A) Paired t-test
(B) Independent t-test
(C) ANOVA
(D) Chi-square test
Answer: (B) Independent t-test
50. In a normal distribution, which of the following is true about the skewness?
(A) Positive skewness
(B) Negative skewness
(C) Zero skewness
(D) Cannot determine
Answer: (C) Zero skewness

Additional MCQs
51. What is the relationship between the variance and standard deviation?
(A) Variance is the square of the standard deviation
(B) Standard deviation is the square of the variance
(C) Variance and standard deviation are equal
(D) There is no relationship
Answer: (A) Variance is the square of the standard deviation
52. If two events A and B are independent, which of the following is true?
(A) P(A | B) = P(A)
(B) P(A and B) = P(A) + P(B)
(C) P(A | B) = P(A) + P(B)
(D) P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B)
Answer: (D) P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B)
53. What is the main purpose of using a confidence interval?
(A) To estimate the mean of a population
(B) To determine the exact value of a parameter
(C) To provide a range of values within which a population parameter is likely to fall
(D) To compare means of two populations
Answer: (C) To provide a range of values within which a population parameter is likely to fall
54. The probability of an event happening is defined as:
(A) The ratio of favorable outcomes to total outcomes
(B) The number of trials divided by total outcomes
(C) The number of outcomes minus the number of trials
(D) The ratio of unfavorable outcomes to total outcomes
Answer: (A) The ratio of favorable outcomes to total outcomes
55. What is the 95% confidence interval for a sample mean of 50 with a standard deviation of 10 and a
sample size of 25?
 (A) (47.96, 52.04)
(B) (48.0, 52.0)
(C) (45.0, 55.0)
(D) (49.0, 51.0)
Answer: (A) (47.96, 52.04)
56. Which of the following is true for a skewed distribution?
(A) Mean = Median
(B) Mean < Median in left skew
(C) Mean > Median in right skew
(D) Both B and C
Answer: (D) Both B and C
57. What is the probability of getting a sum of 10 when rolling two six-sided dice?
1
(A) 12 ​

1
(B) 18 ​

1
(C) 36 ​

3
(D) 36 ​

3
Answer: (D) 36 ​

58. A dataset is said to be normally distributed if it meets which of the following criteria?
(A) Symmetrical
(B) Bell-shaped
(C) Mean, median, and mode are equal
(D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above
59. What is the relationship between population parameters and sample statistics?
(A) They are the same
(B) Population parameters are estimates based on sample statistics
(C) Sample statistics are estimates based on population parameters
(D) They are unrelated
Answer: (C) Sample statistics are estimates based on population parameters
60. The law of large numbers states that as the number of trials increases, the sample mean approaches:
(A) The population mean
(B) The mode
(C) The median
(D) The maximum
Answer: (A) The population mean

Continuing with MCQs

61. In a dataset, if the data is perfectly positively correlated, what would be the value of the correlation
coefficient?
 (A) 0
(B) 0.5
(C) 1
(D) -1
Answer: (C) 1
62. In a Chi-square test, the null hypothesis typically states that:
(A) There is a relationship between variables
(B) There is no relationship between variables
(C) The means are equal
(D) The variances are equal
Answer: (B) There is no relationship between variables
63. If a survey shows that 70% of the respondents prefer product A, what is the odds in favor of product A?
(A) 2:3
(B) 7:3
(C) 3:7
(D) 1:1
Answer: (B) 7:3
64. The formula for calculating the standard deviation for a sample is:
∑(xi −μ)2
(A)
​

N
​ ​

∑(xi −xˉ )2
(B)
​

N −1
​ ​

∑(xi −μ)
(C)
​

N ​

∑(xi )
(D)
​

N
​ ​

∑(xi −xˉ )2
Answer: (B)
​

N −1
​ ​

65. If the null hypothesis is true, the significance level (alpha) represents:
(A) The probability of a Type I error
(B) The probability of a Type II error
(C) The power of the test
(D) The p-value
Answer: (A) The probability of a Type I error
66. Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for ordinal data?
(A) Mean
(B) Median
(C) Mode
(D) None of the above
Answer: (B) Median
67. Which of the following tests is used to compare the variances of two samples?
(A) t-test
(B) ANOVA
(C) F-test
 (D) Chi-square test
Answer: (C) F-test
68. What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
(A) To manipulate variables
(B) To provide a baseline for comparison
(C) To increase the sample size
(D) To eliminate bias
Answer: (B) To provide a baseline for comparison
69. What is the median of the following dataset: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17?
(A) 5
(B) 7
(C) 11
(D) 8
Answer: (B) 7
70. Which of the following is true about a Type II error?
(A) Rejecting a true null hypothesis
(B) Accepting a false null hypothesis
(C) Accepting a true null hypothesis
(D) Rejecting a false null hypothesis
Answer: (B) Accepting a false null hypothesis

Completing the MCQ Set

71. What is the main difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?
(A) Descriptive statistics describe a sample, while inferential statistics draw conclusions about a
population
(B) Descriptive statistics use graphs, while inferential statistics do not
(C) Descriptive statistics are always numerical, while inferential statistics are categorical
(D) There is no difference
Answer: (A) Descriptive statistics describe a sample, while inferential statistics draw conclusions
about a population
72. If a z-score is greater than 2, what can be inferred about the data point?
(A) It is below average
(B) It is very close to the mean
(C) It is significantly above average
(D) It cannot be determined
Answer: (C) It is significantly above average
73. What is the probability of an event A occurring if P(A) = 0.2 and P(B) = 0.3, and A and B are mutually
exclusive?
(A) 0.5
(B) 0.6
 (C) 0.3
(D) 0.2
Answer: (A) 0.5
74. In a two-tailed hypothesis test, what is the critical value for a significance level of 0.05?
(A) 1.96
(B) 2.58
(C) 1.645
(D) 2.33
Answer: (A) 1.96
75. What is the relationship between sample size and the standard error of the mean?
(A) Directly proportional
(B) Inversely proportional
(C) No relationship
(D) Exponentially proportional
Answer: (B) Inversely proportional

Ending MCQs
76. In regression analysis, what does the slope of the line represent?
(A) The intercept
(B) The change in the dependent variable for a one-unit change in the independent variable
(C) The mean of the dependent variable
(D) The correlation coefficient
Answer: (B) The change in the dependent variable for a one-unit change in the independent
variable
77. What is a characteristic of a non-normal distribution?
(A) Mean, median, and mode are equal
(B) It can be skewed left or right
(C) The data can be described using a bell curve
(D) All of the above
Answer: (B) It can be skewed left or right
78. What is the primary goal of hypothesis testing?
(A) To confirm the null hypothesis
(B) To estimate population parameters
(C) To make a decision about the validity of the null hypothesis
(D) To find the mean of the sample
Answer: (C) To make a decision about the validity of the null hypothesis
79. Which of the following is a measure of variability?
(A) Mean
(B) Mode
 (C) Standard deviation
(D) Median
Answer: (C) Standard deviation
80. In a box plot, what do the whiskers represent?
(A) The interquartile range
(B) The median
(C) The range of the data excluding outliers
(D) The mean
Answer: (C) The range of the data excluding outliers