NOTE

M A T H E M A T I C S

METHODS OF
DIFFERENTIATION
THEOREMS OF DIFFERENTIATION

What you already know What you will learn

• Limits dy
• Definition of dx
• Continuity and differentiability
• Derivative of standard function
• Theorem of differentiation

dy
Definition of dx

dy Y
dx is the instantaneous change in y with
respect to x. P(x, f(x))
Q (x + h, f (x + h))
△y
Change in y with respect to x =
△x
When △x → 0, we get,
∆y dy y = f(x)
lim =
∆x → 0 ∆x dx
Let us consider the graph of function y = f(x) X
The two points on the graph are P(x, f(x)) and
Q (x + h, f (x + h)).
We can see that PQ is a secant to the curve. Y
When h → 0, then point Q will reach to point P,
P(x, f(x))
i.e., Q → P, and the secant will become the
tangent to the curve.
f(x +slope
h)- f(x) f(x + h)- f(x)
Hence,
lim of the tangent = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
f(x + h)- f(x) f(x + h)- f(x)
⇒ f '(x) = lim ⇒ f '(x) = lim
h →0 h h →0 h y = f(x)

This is known as the first principle of

differentiation/ab-initio method. X

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 02

Solve

Find the derivatives of the following functions by using the first principle of differentiation.
(i) f(x) = ex (ii) f(x) = tan x

Solution

(i) Given, f(x) = ex (ii) Given, f(x) = tan x

B
 y using the first principle of By using the first principle of differentiation, we get,
differentiation, we get,  f(x + h)- f(x)
f '(x) = lim
f(x + h)- f(x) h →0 h
f '(x) = lim
h →0 h tan(x + h)- tan x
= lim
e - ex
x+h
h →0 h
= lim
h →0 h  tan x + tan h 
e e - ex
x h  1 - tan x tan h - tan x 
= lim = lim  
h →0 h h →0
 h 
eh - 1  
= ex lim  tan x + tan h - tan x (1 - tan x tan h) 
h →0 h = lim  
⇒ f '(x) = e x h →0
 h(1 - tan x tan h) 
2
tan h (1 + tan x)
= lim
h → 0 h (1 - tan x tan h)

(1 + tan2x) tan h
= lim × lim
h → 0 (1 - tan x tan h) h → 0 h
 tan h 
⇒ f '(x) = sec2x  lim =1
 h →0 h 

Derivative of Standard Function

d(Constant) d(sin x)
=0 = cos x
dx dx

d(x n ) d(cos x)
= n xn -1 = -sin x
dx dx

d(ex ) d(tan x)
= ex = sec2x
dx dx

d(a x ) d(cot x)
= a x (ln a) = -cosec2x
dx dx

d(ln | x |) 1 d(sec x)
= = sec x tan x
dx All rightsxreserved dx
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 =nx = -sin x
dx dx
03
d(ex ) d(tan x)
= ex = sec2x
dx dx

d(a x ) d(cot x)
= a x (ln a) = -cosec2x
dx dx

d(ln | x |) 1 d(sec x)
= = sec x tan x
dx x dx

d(log a x) 1 d(cosec x)
= = -cosec x cot x
dx x(ln a) dx

Theorem of Differentiation

dy d
(1) If y = k f(x), then dx = k dx (f(x)) = k f’(x)

Example:

d(2x2) d(x2)
= 2
dx dx = 4x

dy d d
(2) If y = f(x) ± g(x), then dx = dx (f(x)) ± dx (g(x)) = f ’(x) ± g ’(x)
d
To prove dx (f(x) + g(x)) = f’(x) + g’(x)

Proof

Let p(x) = f(x) + g(x)

p(x + h) - p(x) (f(x + h) + g(x + h)) - (f(x) + g(x))
⇒ p' (x) = lim = lim
h →0 h h → 0 h
f(x + h) - f(x) g(x + h) - g(x)
⇒ p' (x) = lim + lim
h →0 h h → 0 h
⇒ p' (x) = f '(x) + g'(x)

Example:

d
dx (sin x + x) = cos x + 1

(3) If y = f(x). g(x), then

dy d d
dx = g(x) dx (f(x)) + f(x) dx (g (x)) = f ’(x) g(x) + f(x) g’(x) (Product rule)

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 04

Proof

Let p(x) = f(x) × g(x)

p(x + h) - p(x) (f(x + h) g(x + h)) - (f(x) g(x))
⇒ p' (x) = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
f(x + h) g(x + h) - f(x) g(x + h) + f(x) g(x + h) - (f(x) g(x))
⇒ p' (x) = lim
h →0 h
(By adding and subtracting f(x) g(x + h) in the numerator)
f(x++h)
g(x h)-f(x
f(x)+h) - f(x)  +lim + h) -g(x
g(xf(x) + h)
g(x)  - g(x) 
= lim g(x=+lim
h)
h → 0
 + lim 
f(x)
h h → 0  h → 0  h
h →0
 h   h  
⇒ p'(x) =⇒f p'(x) = f '(x)
'(x) g(x) g(x)
+ f(x) + f(x) g'(x)
g'(x)

f(x) dy g(x) f ’(x) - f(x) g’(x)

(4) If y = , then dx = (Quotient rule)
g(x) (g(x))2

dy
(5) If y = f(g(h(x))), then dx = f ’(g(h(x))). g’(h(x)). h’(x) (Chain rule)

Example:

(i) For y = sin (x2), we get,

dy d(sin x 2 ) dx 2
= = cos x 2 = 2x cos x 2
dx dx dx

(ii) For y = ln(tan x), we get,

dy d(ln(tan x)) 1 d(tan x) sec2x
= = × =
dx dx tan x dx tan x

Solve

Find the derivatives/differentials of the following with respect to x.

3
(i) y = x + x 4 - 3x 4
(ii) y = ex (x2 + 1)
x
(iii) y =
1 + x2

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 05

Solution

3 x 2
4 (ii) y = e (x + 1) (Given)
(i) y = x + x 4 - 3x (Given)
dy x d 2 d
( )
dy d x dx 4 d (3x )
=e (x + 1) + (x2 + 1) ex (Product rule)
3
4
dx dx dx
= + - x 2 x
dx dx dx dx = e (2x) + (x + 1)e
1 3
1 -1 3 -1 dy x 2
= x 2 + x 4 - 12x3 ⇒ = e (x + 2x + 1) = ex (x + 1)2
2 4 dx
1 3
= + 1 - 12x3
2 x
4x 4

x
(iii) y = (Given)
1 + x2
dx d(1 + x2 )
(1 + x2 ) -x
dy dx dx
= (Quotient rule)
dx (1 + x 2 )2
dy (1 + x 2 ) - x(2x) (1 - x2 )
⇒ = =
dx (1 + x2 )2 (1 + x2 )2

Solve

If f(1) = 1 and f ‘(1) = 3, then find the derivative of f(f(f(x))) + (f(x))2 at x = 1

(a) 33 (b) 12 (c) 9 (d) 15

Solution

Step 1 Step 2
dy
Let y = f(f(f(x))) + (f(x))2 At x = 1, dx = f ’(f(f(1))). f ’(f(1)). f ’(1) + 2 f(1). f ’(1)
dy = f ’(f(1)). f ’(1). f ’ (1) + 2 f(1). f ’(1)
⇒ dx = f ’(f(f(x))). f ’(f(x)). f ’(x) + 2 f(x). f ’(x) = f ’(1). f ’(1). f ’(1) + 2 f(1). f’(1)
= 3 × 3 × 3 + 6 = 33
∴ Option (a) is the correct answer.

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 06

Concept Check

1. Find the derivative/differential of the following with respect to x: y = sin (2x + 3) + x2 ln x

 tan α + cot α  1  3π  5π dy
2. If y (α ) = 2   + 2 , α∈  , π  , then at α = , find .
 1 + tan α  sin α dα
2
 4  6
(a) 4 (b) - 1 (c) -4 (d) 4
4 3

Summary Sheet

Key Takeaways

• At a point, the tangent is the limiting case of the secant passing through that point.

dy d
• If y = k f(x), then dx = k dx (f(x)) = k f ‘(x)

dy d d
• If y = f(x) ± g(x), then dx = dx (f(x)) ± dx (g(x)) = f ‘(x) + g‘(x)

dy d d
• If y = f(x). g(x), then dx = dx (f(x)) g(x) + f(x) dx (g(x)) = f‘(x) g(x) + f(x) g‘(x) (Product rule)

f(x) dy g(x) f ’(x) - f(x) g‘(x)

• If y = g(x), then dx = (Quotient rule)
(g(x))2
dy
• If y = f(g(h(x))), then dx = f ‘(g(h(x))). g‘(h(x)). h’(x) (Chain rule)

Mind Map

Product rule Quotient rule Chain rule

dy Derivative of Theorem of
Definition of dx
standard function differentiation

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 07

Self-Assessment

dy
If y = sec (tan-1x), then find dx at x = 1

Answers

Concept Check

2
1. y = sin (2x + 3) + x ln x (Given)
dy d
=
dx dx
( d
)
sin (2x + 3) + (x2 ln x)
dx
1 d d d
= sin (2x + 3) + x2 (ln x) + ln x (x 2 )
2 sin (2x + 3) dx dx dx
2 cos (2x + 3) x2
= + + 2x (ln x)
2 sin (2x + 3) x
dy cos (2x + 3)
⇒ = + x + 2x (ln x)
dx sin (2x + 3)

2. Step 1 Step 2

 tan α + cot α  1
3π
( )
For α ∈ 4 , π , we get,
y(α ) = 2  + 2
 1 + tan α  sin α
2
1 + cot α < 0
⇒ y(α) = -(1 + cot α)
 1 
2  tan α +  dy
tan α  ⇒ dα = cosec2α
=  + cosec2α
(1 + tan α )
2
5π dy
At α = 6 , dα = 4
2(1 + tan2α ) ∴ Option (a) is the correct answer.
= + cosec2α
tan α (1 + tan α )
2

= 2 cot α + cosec2α
= 2 cot α + 1 + cot 2α
= (1 + cot α )2 = |1 + cot α |

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 08

Self-Assessment

y = sec (tan-1 x)
dy d
= (sec(tan-1 x))
dx dx
d
= sec (tan-1 x) × tan(tan-1 x) × (tan-1 x) (Chain rule)
dx
1
= sec (tan-1 x) × x ×
1 + x2
dy π 1 1 1
At x = 1, = sec × = 2 × =
dx 4 2 2 2

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 NOTE
M A T H E M A T I C S

METHODS OF
DIFFERENTIATION
DIFFERENTIATION OF FUNCTIONS
INVOLVING INVERSE

What you already know What you will learn

dy • Differentiation of inverse trigonometric

• Definition of
dx functions
• Derivative of standard function • Standard substitutions
• Theorems of differentiation • Inverse functions

Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

d 1
dx
(
= )
sin −1 x , −1 < x < 1
1 − x2
d 1
dx
( )
cos −1 x =− , −1 < x < 1
1 − x2
d 1
=
dx
(
tan −1 x )
1 + x2
, x∈

d 1
dx
(
cot −1 x =)
−
1 + x2
, x∈

d 1
=
dx
(
sec −1 x ) , x >1
x x2 −1
d 1
dx
( )
cosec −1 x =
− , x >1
x x2 −1

d 1
To prove
dx
=( )
sin −1 x , −1 < x < 1
1 − x2
Proof:
Let y = sin-1x, -1 < x < 1
⇒ x = sin y
dx differentiating with respect to y, we get,
On
= cos y
dx
dy
= cos y
dy  
dy 1  dy 1 
= ⇒ =  
dy
dx cos 1y  dy 1 
dx dx
= ⇒ =  
dx cos y dx 
 dx dy
 dy 
dy 1 
⇒ =
dy
dx All rights
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1 − reserved
sin
⇒ =
 = cos y
dy
02  
dy 1  dy 1 
=⇒ =  
dx cos y  dx dx 
 dy 

dy 1
⇒ =
dx 1 − sin 2 y
1
=
1 − x2
d 1
⇒
dx
(
sin −1 x = )
1 − x2

d 1
To prove
dx
( )
cos −1 x = − , −1 < x < 1
1 − x2

Proof:
We know that,
π
cos-1 x = - sin-1 x
2
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
d d π d
dx
= (
cos −1
x )   −
dx  2  dx
(
sin −1 x )
d 1  d π d 1 
⇒ (
cos −1 x =
− )    = 0, (
sin −1 x = )
dx 1 − x2  dx  2  dx 1 − x2 

Example:
dy
Let us find when y = sin-1 (2x + 3), x ∈ (-2,-1)
dx
By applying the chain rule, we get,
dy 1 2
= .2
dx 1 − ( 2x + 3 )
2
1 − ( 2x + 3 )
2

If f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 sin −1 x + 4 1 − x , then find f‘(x).

sin −1 x
a) 2x sin-1x b) 1 − x sin-1x c) d) 1 − x2
x+1

Solution

dy
If y = f(g(h(x))), = f’(g(h(x))) g’(h(x)) h’(x)
dx

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 03

d
dx
f (x) = 2×
dx
d
(( )( ))
x + 1 sin −1 x + 4 ×
d
dx
1− x

 1 1  4
= 2 ⋅ sin −1 x + x + 1 ⋅ + ⋅ ( −1)
 2 x +1 1− x  2 1− x
2

sin −1 x 2 2
= + −
x +1 1− x 1− x
−1
sin x
=
x +1
So, option (c) is the correct answer.

3 4   π dy
cos −1  cos x − sin x  , where x ∈  0 ,  , then
If y = is
5 5   2 dx
3
a) 0 b) 1 c) d) sin x
5

Solution A
Step 1:
3 4 
y cos −1  cos x − sin x 
5 5  4 5
3 4
Let cos α= ⇒ sin α=
5 5
⇒ y = cos (cos α cos x - sin α sin x)
-1
α
B C
⇒ y = cos-1(cos((x + α))
3

Step 2: Y
 π
Also, sin α > 0, cos α > 0 ⇒ α ∈  0 , 
 2
y = cos-1 x
 π
So, x + α ∈ (0, π) as x ∈  0 , 
 2
cos-1(cos(x + α)) = x + α
X
O π 2π

Step 3:
⇒y=x+α
dy
⇒ =1
dx
So, option (b) is the correct answer.

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 04

−1  2 − 3 x   3x − 1 
=If y tan   + tan −1   , x > 0, then the value of y’(1) is
 3 + 2x   3x + 1 
2 1 1
a) 0 b) c) − d) −
3 5 2

Solution

Step 1:
 2 
 −x 
 2 − 3 x  3
tan −1  −1
 = tan  2 
 3 + 2 x   1+ x 
 3 
2  −1  x − y  
tan −1   − tan −1 x
=  tan  =tan −1 x − tan −1 y 
3   1 + xy  
Similarly,
 3x − 1 
tan −1   = tan-1 (3x) - tan-1 (1)
 1 + 3x 

Step 2:
 2 − 3x   3x − 1 
y tan −1   + tan −1  
 3 + 2x   3x + 1 
2
= tan −1   − tan −1 x + tan −1 ( 3x ) − tan −1 (1)
3
dy 1 3
=− +
dx 1 + x 1 + ( 3x )2
2

dy 1 3 1
( at x =
1) =− + = −
dx 2 10 5
So, option (c) is the correct answer.

Note

Some standard substitutions are given below:

Form Substitutions

a2 - x2, a2 − x2 x = a sin θ or a cos θ

x2 + a2, x 2 + a 2 x = a tan θ or a cot θ

2
x2 - a2, x − a
2
x = a sec θ or a cosec θ

a+x a+x
, x = a cos θ
a−x a−x

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 05

Let us see how these substitutions work.

By substituting x = a sin θ in y = a 2 − x 2 , we get,

a 2 − ( asin=
θ)
2
y= a 2 cos 2 θ = | a cos θ |
a+x
Similarly, let us substitute x = a cos θ in y =
a−x
a+x a + acos θ
=y =
a−x a − acos θ
1 + cos θ
=
1 − cos θ
θ
2 cos 2
= = 2 cot θ
θ 2
2 sin 2
2

Find
dy
dx
=
when y cos −1 ( )
1 − x 2 , x ∈ (0, 1)

Solution

Step 1:
 π
Let x = sin θ , θ ∈  0 ,  as x ∈ (0, 1)
 2
⇒ y cos −1  1 − ( sin θ ) 
2
=
 
= cos −1 ( cos θ )

Step 2: Y
 π
For θ ∈  0 ,  , |cos θ| = cos θ
 2
⇒ y = cos-1 (cos θ) y = cos-1 x
Also, for x ∈ (0, π), cos-1 (cos x) = x
⇒ y = θ = sin-1 x
⇒ dy 1 X
= O
dx 1 − x2 π 2π

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 06

 1+ x 2 −1
( )  , then find dy when x ∈ [-1, 1] - {0}
If y = tan 
−1
 x  dx
 
1 2 1 x
a) b) c) d)
(1 + x )
2
1 + 4x 2
2(1 + x )
2
1 + x2

Solution

Step 1:
 π π
Let x = tan θ , θ∈  − ,  as x ∈ [-1, 1]
 4 4
 1 + tan θ 2 − 1 
−1  ( )   sec θ − 1 
y tan= tan −1  
 tan θ   tan θ 
 

Step 2:
 π π
As θ∈  − ,  , |sec θ| =sec θ
 4 4
 sec θ − 1 
y = tan −1  
 tan θ 
 1 
 −1 
−1 cos θ
= tan  
 sin θ 
 cos θ 
 θ 
 2 sin 2 
−1  1 − cos θ  2
=
tan  sin θ  tan −1  
   2 sin  θ  cos  θ  
 2 2
    
  θ 
= tan −1  tan   
  2 

Step 3:
θ  π π  π π
∈  − ,  as θ∈  − , 
2  8 8  4 4
 π π
And tan-1 (tan x) = x for x ∈  − , 
 2 2
−1
  θ   θ tan x
⇒ y = tan −1  tan    = =
  2  2 2
dy 1
⇒ = 2
dx 2 1 + x ( )
So, option (c) is the correct answer.

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 07

Inverse Functions

-1
If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions such that f (x) = g(x), then,
1
(i) f '( g ( x ) ) =
g'( x )
1
(ii) g'( f ( x ) ) =
f '( x )

Proof:
i)
When f -1(x) = g(x), we have f(g(x)) = x
On differentiating with respect to x, we get,
1
f ‘(g(x)) g’(x) = 1 ⇒ f '( g ( x ) ) =
g'( x )

ii)
When f -1(x) = g(x), we have g(f(x)) = x
On differentiating with respect to x, we get,
1
g’(f(x)) . f’(x) = 1 ⇒ g'( f ( x ) ) =
f '( x )

IIT JEE 2009

x
If the function f ( x=
) x 3 + e 2 and g(x) = f-1(x), then the value of g’(1) is 1:

Solution

Step 1:
Given, f -1(x) = g(x)
g' ( f ( x ) )== f '(1x )
g’(f(x))

In order to calculate g’(1), we have to find the value of x for which f(x) = 1
a
Let f ( a=
) a3 + e 2 0
One can see that a = 0 satisfies the given equation as f ( 0=
) 0 + e2 = 1
3

1 1 x
Now, g'( f ( 0 ) ) = ⇒ g'(1) =
) xf '(+0e) 2
f '( 0 ) f ( x= 3

x
e2

Step 2: ⇒ f '( x ) =3x 2 +

2
x
1
f ( x=
) x +e 3 2
⇒ f '( 0 ) =
x
2
e2 ⇒ g'(1) = 2
⇒ f '( x ) =3x 2 +
2
1
⇒ f '( 0 ) =
2 reserved
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 08

Concept Check

dy −1
 1+ x 
1. Find when y = cot   , x ∈ (-1, 1)
dx  1 − x 
1
2. If g is the inverse of a function f and f '( x ) = , then the value of g’(x) is: JEE MAIN 2014
1 + x5
1
(a) 5x4 (b) (c) 1 + (g(x))5 (d) 1 + x5
1 + (g ( x ))
5

Summary Sheet

Key Takeaways

d 1
dx
= (
sin −1 x ), −1 < x < 1
1 − x2
d 1
dx
(
cos −1 x =− ) , −1 < x < 1
1 − x2
d 1
=
dx
(
tan −1 x
1 + x2
)
, x∈

d 1
dx
(
cot −1 x =−
1 + x2
), x∈

d 1
=
dx
(
sec −1 x ) , x >1
x x2 −1
d 1
dx
(
cosec −1 x =
− ) , x >1
x x2 −1

• Some standard substitutions are given below:

Form Substitutions

a2 - x2, a2 − x2 x = a sin θ or a cos θ

x2 + a2, x 2 + a 2 x = a tan θ or a cot θ

2
x2 - a2, x − a
2
x = a sec θ or a cosec θ

a+x a+x
, x = a cos θ
a−x a−x

• If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions such that f-1(x) = g(x), then,
1 1
(i) f '( g ( x ) ) = (ii) g'( f ( x ) ) =
g'( x ) f '( x )

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 09

Mind Map

Methods of differentiation

Differentiation using Differentiation of inverse

standard substitutions trigonometric functions

Self-Assessment

= −1 2
(  1 1 
If y sin 2x 1 − x , x ∈  −

, )
 , then find
2 2
dy
dx

Answers

Concept Check
1.
Step 1:
Let x = cos θ, θ ∈ (0, π) as x ∈ (-1, 1)
 1 + cos θ 
⇒y= cot −1 
 1 − cos θ 
 
 2θ

 2 cos   
= cot −1  2 
 2θ 
 2 sin   
 2 
 θ
= cot −1  cot 
 2

Step 2:
θ  π θ
∈ 0,
Since θ ∈ (0, π), ⇒y=
2  2  2
θ  θ cos −1 x
= −1
⇒ y cot= cot cot −1  cot  ⇒y=
2  2 2
dy −1
Also, cot-1 (cot x) = x, x ∈ ℝ ⇒ =
dx 2 1 − x 2

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 10

2.
Given, f -1(x) = g(x)
1 1
⇒ f '( g ( x ) ) = , i.e., g'( x ) =
g'( x ) f '( g ( x ) )
1
⇒ g’(x) =
1 + (g ( x ))
5

So, option (b) is the correct answer

Self-Assessment

Step 1:
= (  1 1 
y sin −1 2x 1 − x 2 , x ∈  −

,
2 2
 )
Let=
x = siny θ,sin
−1
θ∈  −
π
 4 4
π
2x ,1 −x as
2
(

, x ∈ −

1 1 
, 
2 2
)
⇒ y sin −1  2 sin 1 − ( sin θ ) 
2
=
 
= sin −1 ( 2 sin θ cos θ )

Step 2:
 π π
Since θ∈  − ,  , we have,
 4 4
 π π
y = sin-1 (2sin θ cos θ) = sin-1 (sin 2θ), 2θ ∈  − , 
 2 2
 π π 
Also, sin-1 (sin(x)) = x for x ∈  − , 
 2 2
y = sin-1 (sin 2θ) = 2θ =2sin-1(x)
dy 2
⇒ =
dx 1 − x2

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 NOTE
M A T H E M A T I C S

METHODS OF
DIFFERENTIATION
DIFFERENTIATION USING DIFFERENT
METHODS

What you already know What you will learn

• Differentiation of inverse trigonometric • Logarithmic differentiation

functions • Implicit differentiation
• Standard substitutions • Parametric differentiation

Logarithmic Differentiation

Logarithmic differentiation is used when functions are multiplied, divided, or raised to another
function.
Let us see how logarithm makes the process of differentiation easy.

Example:
(x - 2)2 (x - 3)3
(a) Let f (x) = ...(i)
(x - 1)4 (x + 4)5
⇒ ln(f(x)) = ln(x - 2)2 + ln(x - 3)3 - ln(x - 1)4 - ln(x + 4)5
= 2ln(x - 2) + 3ln(x - 3) - 4ln(x - 1) - 5ln(x + 4) ...(ii)
Clearly, differentiation of (ii) is easier than differentiation of (i).

(b) Functions of the form f(x)g(x) are always differentiated by taking ln on both sides.
Example:
f (x) = x sin x
ln(f(x)) = sin x ⋅ ln(x)
Now, the differentiation can be done easily.

Differentiate w.r.t x
(i) y = xx
2 7
(1 + x)3 (3x - 2)4
(ii) y = 5 1
(5 - 2x)7 (6 - 5x)3

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 02

Solution

(i)

Step 1 Step 2
Taking ln on both sides, we get, Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get,
ln y = ln(xx) = x ln(x) d d
(ln y) = (x ⋅ ln x)
dx dx
1 dy  1 
⇒ =  x ⋅ + 1 ⋅ ln x  = (1 + ln x)
y dx  x 
dy
⇒ = y(1 + ln x) = x x (1 + ln x)
dx

(ii)

Step 1
Taking ln on both sides, we get,
 2 7

(1 + x)3
(3x - 2) 4
ln y = ln  5 1


 (5 - 2x)7 (6 - 5x)3 
 
 2
  7
  5
  1

= ln  (1 + x)3  + ln  (3x - 2)4  - ln  (5 - 2x)7  - ln  (6 - 5x)3 
       
2 7 5 1
= ln (1 + x) + ln (3x - 2) - ln (5 - 2x) - ln (6 - 5x)
3 4 7 3

Step 2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get,
1 dy 2  1  7  3  5  -2  1  -5 
= + - -
y dx 3  1 + x  4  3x - 2  7  5 - 2x  3  6 - 5x 
dy  2 21 10 5 
=y + + + 
dx  3(1 + x) 4(3x - 2) 7(5 - 2x) 3(6 - 5x) 
 2 7

dy  (1 + x) (3x - 2)4
=
3
  2 + 21 + 10 + 5 
dx  5 1   3(1 + x) 4(3x - 2) 7(5 - 2x) 3(6 - 5x) 
(5 - 2x)7
(6 - 5x) 3 
 

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 03

dy JEE MAIN JAN 2019

For x > 1, if (2x)2y = 4e2x - 2y, find the value of (1 + ln 2x)2 dx .

x ln 2x + ln 2 x ln 2x - ln 2
(a) ln 2x (b) x ln 2x (c) (d)
x x

Solution

Step 1 Step 2
(2x)2y = 4e2x - 2y Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get,
Taking ln onboth sides, d d
(1 + ln 2x) (x + ln 2) - (x + ln 2) (1 + ln 2x)
dy dx dx
2y ln 2x = (2x - 2y) ln e + ln 4 =
dx (1 + ln 2x)2
⇒ 2y ln 2x = (2x - 2y) + ln 4 (ln e = 1)
 2 
x + ln 2 (1 + ln 2x)(1) - (x + ln 2)   1 + ln 2x - 1 - ln 2
⇒y=  2x  = x
1 + ln 2x = 2
(1 + ln 2x) (1 + ln 2x)2
dy x ln 2x - ln 2
⇒ (1 + ln 2x)2 =
dx x
So, option (d) is the correct answer.

Implicit Differentiation

Explicit function
If, in an equation, y is expressed solely in terms of x, then it’s known as an explicit function.
Example:
2y - x3 + 3x - 5 = 0 can be written as 2y = x3 + 3x - 5

Implicit function
If the relation between x and y is an equation in which y can’t be expressed solely in terms of x,
then it’s known as an implicit function.
Example:
x3 + y3 = 3xy

dy
Steps to get for an implicit function
dx
(1) Differentiate the equation w.r.t x.
dy
(2) Collect the terms of dx .

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 04

dy
Find dx when x(sin y) + y = 3

Solution

Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get,

d dy d(3)
(x sin y) + =
dx dx dx
dy dy
⇒ x cos y + sin y + =0
dx dx
dy
⇒ (1 + x cos y) = - sin y
dx
dy -sin y
⇒ =
dx 1 + x cos y

JEE MAIN 2020

dy
()
Let xk + yk = ak, (a, k > 0) and dx +
y 31
x
= 0, then what is the value of k?

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 2

2 3 3 3

Solution

Step 1 Step 2
x k + yk = a k dy y 31
()
On comparing (i) with dx + x , we get,
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get,
1-k=1 2
d k d d 3 ⇒k=3
(x ) + (y k ) = (a k ) So, option (d) is the correct answer.
dx dx dx
dy
⇒ k xk -1 + k y k -1 =0
dx
 x k - 1  dy
⇒  k -1  + = 0 ...(i)
 y  dx

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 05

dy
If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, then find dx .
x y x y
(a) y (b) x (c) - y (d) - x

Solution

Step 1 Step 2
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get, ⇒ ax2 + hxy + hxy + by2 = 0

2ax + 2h x
dy
( dy
)
dx + y + 2by dx = 0
⇒ x(ax + hy) + y(hx + by) = 0
ax + hy y
⇒ = - x ...(ii)
dy
( dy
⇒ ax + h x dx + y + by dx = 0 ) hx + by
From (i) and (ii), we have
dy y
=
dy ax + hy dx x
⇒ dx = - ...(i)
hx + by

So, option (b) is the correct answer.

Alternate Method
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
Homogeneous equation in x and y of degree n, represents n straight lines passing through the
origin.
Here, n = 2.
The general equation of a line passing through origin is given by y = mx.
dy y
m = slope = =
dx x

dy
If y = sin x + sin x + sin x + ... ∞ , where sin x > 0, find dx .
cos x sin x 2 cos x sin x
(a) 2y - 1 (b) y + 1 (c) y - 2 (d) y + 2

Solution

We can write y = sin x + sin x + sin x + ... ∞ as y = sin x + y . Squaring on both sides, we get,
y2 = sin x + y

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 06

Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get,

dy dy
2y dx = cos x +
dx
dy cos x
⇒ dx = 2y - 1

So, option (a) is the correct answer.

Parametric Differentiation

Sometimes the equation of a curve is not given in cartesian form, i.e, y = f(x), but in parametric
dy
form: x = h(t), y = g(t). In this section we will see how to calculate the derivative from a
dx
dy dx
knowledge of the parametric derivatives and . We then extend this to the determination of
dt dt
d2y
the second derivative 2 .
dx

dy dx
We have, = g’(t) and = h’(t), where x = h(t), y = g(t)
dt dt
dy
dy dt g'(t)
= =
dx dx h'(t)
dt

dy
If x = 2e-t, y = 4et, then find dx .

(a) e2t (b) -2e2t (c) e-2t (d) et

Solution

dx
x = 2e-t ⇒ = -2e-t
dt
dy
y = 4et ⇒ = 4et
dt
dy
dy dt 4et
= = = - 2e2t
dx dx -2e-t
dt
So, option (b) is the correct answer.

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 07

dy
If x = 3 cos θ - cos3 θ, y = 3 sin θ - sin3 θ, then is :
dx
(a) tan3 θ (b) cot3 θ (c) -cot3 θ (d) -tan3 θ

Solution

Step 1 Step 2
x = 3 cos θ - cos3 θ dy
dy dθ 3 cos3 θ
dx = = = - cot 3 θ
= -3 sin θ + 3 cos2 θ sin θ dx dx -3 sin3 θ
dθ dθ
dx
= -3 sin θ (1 - cos2 θ)= -3 sin3 θ So, option (c) is the correct answer.
dθ
y = 3 sin θ - sin3 θ
dy
= 3 cos θ - 3 sin2 θ cos θ
dθ
dy
= 3 cos θ (1 - sin2 θ)= 3 cos3 θ
dθ

Concept Check

dy
1. Find dx where y = xtan x + (sin x)cos x
dy
2. If x2 + xy - y3 = 1, then find dx .

   t  dy
3. If x = a  cos t + ln  tan     , y = a (sin t), then,
 2  dx is:
 

Summary Sheet

Key Takeaways

• Logarithmic differentiation is used when functions are multiplied, divided, or raised to another
function.
• Explicit function-If in an equation y is expressed solely in terms of x, then it is known as an
explicit function.

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 08

• Implicit function-If the relation between x and y is an equation in which y can’t be expressed
solely in terms of x, then it is known as an implicit function.
dy
• Steps to get dx for an implicit function
(1) Differentiate the equation w.r.t x.
dy
(2) Collect the terms of dx .
dy
dy dt 4et
• Parametric Differentiation- = = = - 2e2t
dx dx -2e-t
dt

Mind Map

Logarithmic
Differentiation

Methods of
Implicit Differentiation
Differentiation

Parametric
Differentiation

Self-Assessment

3
1+ t 3 2  dy  dy
If x = 3 , y = 2 + then, x   - is
t 2t t  dx  dx

Answers

Concept Check

1. Step 1
Let u = xtan x, v = (sin x)cos x
⇒y=u+v
dy du dv
⇒ dx = dx + dx

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 09

Step 2 Step 3
u = xtan x v = (sin x)cos x
Taking ln on both slides, we get, Taking ln on both slides, we get,
ln u = tan x. ln x ln v = cos x. ln sin x
Differentiate the equation w.r.t x. Differentiate the equation w.r.t x.
1 du  tan x  1 dv  cos x 
= + sec2x ln x  = . cos x - sin x ( ln sin x ) 
u dx  x  v dx  sin x 
du tan x  tan x  dv  cos2x 
⇒ =x  + sec2x ln x  ...(i) ⇒ = (sin x)cos x  - sin x ( ln sin x )  ...(ii)
dx  x  dx  sin x 

From (i) and (ii),

dy tan x  tan x 
⇒ =x  + ln x sec2x  + (sin x)cos x (cos x cot x - sin x (ln sin x))
dx  x 

2. x2 + xy - y3 = 1
Differentiate the equation w.r.t x.
d 2 d d d
(x ) + (xy) - (y 3 ) = (1)
dx dx dx dx
dy dy
⇒ 2x + x + y - 3y 2 =0
dx dx
dy dy
⇒ 3y 2 - x = 2x + y
dx dx
dy 2x + y
⇒ =
dx 3y 2 - x

3. Step 1
y = a(sin t)
dy
⇒ = a(cos t)
dt
   t    t 
x = a  cos t + ln  tan     = a cos t + a ln  tan   
   2    2 
t
sec2  
dx a  2  = - a sin t + a 1
⇒ = - a sin t +
dt 2 t 2 t t
tan   sin   cos  
2 2 2
a
= - a sin t +
sin t

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 10

Step 2
dy
dy dt a cos t a cos t sin t
= = = = tan t
dx dx  1 - sin t 
2
a(cos2t)
a 
dt  sin t 
dy
So, dx = tan t

Self-Assessment

Step 1 Step 2
3
dy 3 2 3 2  dy  dy 1 + t 3
= (-2t -3 ) - 2 = - 3 - 2 x  - = 3 (t ) - t = 1
dt 2 t t t  dx  dx t
dx d 1 + t -3 2
= ( 3 )= - 4 - 3
dt dt t t t
dy
dy dt
= =t
dx dx
dt

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 NOTE
M A T H E M A T I C S

METHODS OF
DIFFERENTIATION
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES

What you already know What you will learn

• D
 ifferentiation of inverse trigonometric • D
 erivative of one function with respect
functions to another
• Standard substitutions • Higher order derivatives

Derivative of One Function with respect to Another Function

Let us consider two functions, f(x) and g(x).

Let u = f(x), v = g(x)
du dv
Hence, = f’(x) and = g’(x)
dx dx
Therefore, the derivative of f(x) with respect to g(x)
du
du dx f '( x )
= =
dv dv g'( x )
dx

Find the derivative of

(i) sin x with respect to cos x (ii) y = ln x with respect to z = ex

Solution

(i) (ii)
Let u = sin x and v = cos x y = ln x and z = ex
Now, the derivative of u with respect to v, Now, the derivative of y with respect to z
du dy
du dy
= dx = dx
dv dv dz dz
dx dx
d ( sin x ) d ( ln x ) 1
du cos x dy 1
⇒ = dx = =− cot x ⇒ = dx = xx =
dv d ( cos x ) − sin x dz ( )
d e x
e xex
dx dx

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 02

 x4 + x2 + 1 
 with respect to x + 1
2
Differentiate  2
 x − x + 1 

Solution

Step 1: Step 2:
 x + x +14 2
Now, the derivative of y with respect to z
Let y =  2  dy
 x − x +1 
dy
= dx
=
(x 2
)(
+ x + 1 x2 − x + 1 ) dz dz
(x 2
− x +1 ) dx
d ( x2 + x + 1)
= x2 + x + 1
dy dx 2x + 1 1
⇒ = = =+
1
and z = x2 + 1 dz d ( x + 1)
2
2x 2x
dx

Higher Order Derivatives

If y = f(x),
dy
Then, = y’= y1 = f’ → First order derivative
dx
d2y d  dy 
= = y’’ = y2 = f’’ → Second order derivative
dx2 dx  dx 
...................... ....
...................... ....

dn y d  dn − 1 y 
=   = y’’..........n times = yn = f’’..........n times → nth order derivative
dx n dx  dx n − 1 

If y = cos x, then find y12 + y22

Solution

dy d ( cos x )
y1 = = = − sin x
dx dx
d2 y d  dy  d
y 2 == 2   = ( − sin x ) =
− cos x
dx dx  dx  dx

∴ y12 + y22 = (-sin x)2 + (-cos x)2 = sin2 x + cos2 x = 1

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 03

( ) d2 y dy
m
If y =x + x 2 − 1 , then show that ( x 2 − 1 ) 2
+x m2 y
=
dx dx
dy d
( )
m
= x + x2 − 1
Solution dx dx

( )  2× x 
m −1
= m x + x2 − 1 1 + 
Step 1: Step 2:  2 x2 − 1 
( )
m
y = x + x2 − 1 dy my
=
dy
dx = d xx2 +
( )
m
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, − 1 x2 − 1

( )
dx dx2
⇒ x −1 y' = mym −................. (i)
dy d
( ) )
m

(
1
= x + x2 − 1 2× x 
dx dx = m x + x −1 2
1 + 
Differentiating both sides  with 2 xrespect
2
− 1  to x,
( )  2× x 
m −1
= m x + x2 − 1 1 +


2 x2 − 1 
 2x 

 2 x −1 
2
y' + (
x2 − 1 y '' = )
my '

(x + x2 − 1 )
( ) x
m −1
= m x + x −1 ⇒
dy 2d
(
× y ' + xm2 − 1 × y '' =
) my '
2

x2 − 1 = x − 1x + x2 − 1
dx dx
m(x + x −1) ⇒ xy ' + ( x2 − 1)=
m
1  ' x −1
2
y '' m −my
( ) 2× x 
2

= = m x + x −1 2
1 + 
x2 − 1 From equation (i)  2 x2 − 1 
dy d2 y
⇒
dy
=
my x
dx
+ x −1
2
( dx 2
= )
m2 y
dx x2 − 1
Hence, proved.

dy d
( )
m
= x + x2 − 1
Higher orderdx dx derivative - Parametric form

( )
m −1 
2× x 
= m x+
Let two variables x and
x2 −y1be functions1 + of a parameter
 t.
i.e., y = f(t), x = g(t) m  2 x2 − 1 
dy
=
dx dxdy
d
x + x2dy(
− 1
 dt  f '( t )
)
Hence, = =  and,
( )
m −1 
2× x 
x + x2 − 1  g'1(+t )
= m dx
dx

 dt   2 x2 − 1 
d  dy 
dy2
d  dy  dt  dx 
= =
dx2 dy=dx ddxx+ x2 −dx
( ) ( )
m
dy d m
1 = x + x2 − 1
dx dx dt dx dx

( )
m −1 
2× x 
( )
m −1 
= m x + x2 − 1 2× x 
1 + =  m x + x 2
− 1  1+ 
Note  2 x −1 
2
 2 x2 − 1 
d  dy  d2 y
2
dy d  dy  
dt  dx   2
dy 2
= =   , but ≠ dt2
dx 2
dx  dx  dx dx 2
dx
dt dt 2

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 04

JEE MAIN JAN 2019

2
dy π
If x = 3 tan t and y = 3 sec t, then find the value of 2 at t = .
dx 4
1 1 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 2 3 2 2 2 6

Solution

Step 1: Step 2:
dx
x = 3 tan t ⇒ = 3 sec2 t π
dt At t =
dy 4
y = 3 sec t ⇒ = 3 sec t × tan t
dt π
2 cos  
dy 3sec t × tan t dy 4
=
⇒ = sin t =
dx 3sec2 t dx 2
π
3sec2  
d  dy  4
d
dy 2
dt  dx  ( sin t ) 1  π
3

= = dt = ×  cos 
dx 2 dx dx 3  4
dt dt 1
=
cos t 6 2
=
3sec2 t ∴ Option (a) is the correct answer

JEE MAIN JAN 2020

d2 y
If x = 2sin θ - sin 2θ and y = 2cos θ - cos 2θ, θ ∈ [0, 2π], then find the value of at
dx 2
θ = π.
3 3 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) −
8 2 4 4

Solution

Step 1:
 dy 
x = 2 sin θ -sin 2θ dy  dθ  2sin 2θ − 2sin θ
∴ =  =
dx dx  dx  2cos θ − 2cos 2θ
⇒ =2 cos θ -2 cos 2θ
dθ  dθ 
 
y = 2 cos θ - cos 2θ sin 2θ − sin θ
dy =
⇒ = -2 sin θ +2 sin 2θ cos θ − cos 2θ
dθ
 3θ   θ 
2cos   sin  
=  2  2
 3θ   θ 
2sin   sin  
 2  2
dy  3θ 
⇒ =
cot  
dx  2

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 05

Step 2: At θ = π
dy  3θ   3π  3
= cot   2 − cosec2   ×
dx  2 dy  2  2
=
dx 2
2( cos π − cos 2π )
Differentiating both sides with respect to x
−3
d  dy  d2 y 3
2
2
dy dθ  dx  =
dx2
=
−4 8
=
dx 2 dx
dθ ∴ Option (a) is the correct answer
d  3θ 
 cot 
dθ  2
=
2( cos θ − cos 2θ )
 3θ  3
− cosec2   ×
=  2 2
2( cos θ − cos 2θ )

Concept Check

 sin x − cos x  x  π
1. Find the derivative of tan −1   , with respect to 2 , where x ∈  0,  .
 sin x + cos x   2
1 2
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 1 JEE MAIN APR 2019
2 3
 π π
2. If y2 + ln(cos2 x) = y, x ∈  − ,  , then which of the following is true? JEE MAIN SEPT 2019
 2 2
(a) y’(0) + y’’(0) = 3 (b) y’’(0) = 2 (c) y’(0) + y’’(0) = 1 (d) y’’(0) = 0

3. Find the second derivative of ln x with respect to sin x.

Summary Sheet

Key Takeaways

du
du dx f '( x )
• Let u = f(x), v = g(x) then, = =
dv dv g'( x )
dx

dn y d  dn − 1 y 
• =   = y’’.........n times = yn = f’’.........n times → nth order derivative
dx n dx  dx n − 1 

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 06
dy d
( )
m
= x + x2 − 1
dx dx

( 
)
2× x m −1
= m x + x2 − 1 1 + 
 2 x2 − 1 
 et two variables x and y be functions of a parameter t i.e., y = f(t), x = g(t)
• L
d  dy 
dy2
d  dy  dt  dx 
= =
dx2 dx  dx  dx
dt

Mind Map

Derivative of one function

Higher order derivative Parametric form
with respect to another

Self-Assessment

dy
If y = sec (tan-1 x), then find at x = 1
dx

Answers

Concept Check

1.
Step 1:   π 
=y tan −1  tan  x −  
 sin x − cos x    4 
Let y = tan1  
 sin x + cos x  π  π π
= x − ∈ − , 
 sin x  4  4 4
 cos x − 1 
= tan1    π π
From the graph of tan-1(tan x) in the interval  − , 
 sin x + 1   2 2
 cos x 
  tan-1(tan t) = t
(Dividing numerator and denominator π
by cos x) 2

 π 
 tan x − tan 
4 π π π 3π
= tan1   −
 1 + tan x ⋅ tan π  2
π
2 2
 4 −
2
x
and z =
2

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 07
dy
dy
= dx
dz dz
dx
Step 2:  π
d x − 
Now, derivative of y with respect to z,  4
dy dx = 1
= = 2
dy x 1
= dx d 
2
dz dz 2
dx dx
 π ∴ Option (c) is the correct answer
d x − 
 4
2. dx = 1
= = 2
Step 1:  x  1 Step 2:
d 
2 2 2 =y
Given, y + ln(cos2 x) Differentiating (1) on both sides,
dx
By substituting x = 0, we get, 2yy’’ + 2y’y’- 2 sec 2x = y’’
y2 + ln 1 = y ⇒ 2yy’’ + 2(y’)2 - 2 sec 2x = y’’
⇒ y2 - y = 0 ⇒ y = 0, 1 By substituting x = 0, we get
Differentiating both sides, 2y(0) y’’(0) + 2(y’(0))2 - 2 sec 20 = y’’(0)
1 If y(0) = 0 and y’(0) = 0, then y’’(0) = -2
2yy’ + × 2 cos x × (- sin x) = y’
cos2 x
If y(0) = 1 and y’(0) = 0, then y’’(0) = 2
2yy’ - 2 tan x = y’ ..........(1)
⇒ |y’’(0)| = 2
By substituting x = 0, we get,
∴ Option (b) is the correct answer.
2y(0) y’(0) - 2 tan 0 = y’(0)
If y(0) = 0, then y’(0) = 0
If y(0) = 1, then y’(0) = 0

3.
Self-Assessment
Step 1:
Let y = ln x, z = sin x y = sec (tan-1 x)
dy 1
 dy  1 ∴ = sec (tan-1 x). tan (tan-1 x).
dy  dx  1 dx 1 + x2
= =  = x
At x = 1,
dz dz
  cos x xcos x
 dx  dy 1
  = sec (tan-1 1). tan (tan-1 1).
dx 1+1
π 1 1 1
= sec × 1 × = 2 × =
Step 2: 4 2 2 2
d  dy  d  1 
dy 2
dx  dz  dx  xcos x 
= =
dz2  dz  cos x
 dx 
 
xsin x − cos x
=
x 2 cos3 x

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DIMENTIONS OF HEADER

NOTE
M A T H E M A T I C S

METHODS OF
DIFFERENTIATION
DIFFERENTIATION OF DETERMINANTS

What you already know What you will learn

• Logarithmic differentiation • Differentiation of

• Differentiation of inverse trigonometric functions ­determinants

Differentiation of Determinants

To differentiate a determinant, we differentiate one row at a time, keeping others unchanged.

That is,
f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) f3 ( x )
If ∆ ( x ) =
g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g3 ( x ) , then
h1 ( x ) h2 ( x ) h3 ( x )
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get,
f1 '( x ) f2 '( x ) f3 '( x ) f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) f3 ( x ) f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) f3 ( x )
∆ '( x ) g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g3 ( x ) + g1 '( x ) g 2 '( x ) g3 '( x ) + g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g3 ( x )
h1 ( x ) h2 ( x ) h3 ( x ) h1 ( x ) h2 ( x ) h3 ( x ) h1 '( x ) h2 '( x ) h3 '( x )
The same operation can be performed column wise.

ex sin x
If =A + Bx + Cx 2 + Dx3 + , then the ordered point ( A,B ) is :
cos x ln (1 + x )

(a) (0, 0)    (b) (1, 0)    (c) (0, 1)    (d) (1, 1)

Solution

Step 1:
ex sin x
=A + Bx + Cx 2 + Dx3 +  , is an identity in x, so it must hold true for all values of x ∈ ℝ.
cos x ln (1 + x )

Step 2:
Value of A can be obtained by substituting x = 0
1 0  a b 
=
A  = ad − bc 
1 0  c d 
= 0−0
=0
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 2

Step 3:
To obtain the value of B, let’s differentiate the given equation and then substitute
x=0
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get,
ex sin x
ex cos x
+ 1 =+B 2Cx + 3Dx2 + 
cos x ln (1 + x ) − sin x
1+ x
Substituting x = 0, we get,
1 1 1 0
=B +
1 0 0 1
=−1 + 1
=0
The ordered pair (A, B) is (0, 0)
So, option (a) is the correct answer.

dy
If xexy = y + sin2 x, then find the value of at x = 0.
dx

Solution

Step 1:
xexy = y + sin2x (i)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get,
 dy  dy
exy + xexy  x +y= + 2 sin x cos x ( ii )
 dx  dx

Step 2:
 dy  dy
 x dx
To find out the + y of=
value +at2xsin
= 0x ,cos ( ii ) the value of y at x = 0
wexneed
  dx
Subtitituting x = 0 in (i), we get,
0=y+0⇒y=0
Step 3:
Subtitituting x = 0, y = 0 in equation (ii), we get,
dy  dy
+y= +=21sin x cos x ( ii )
dx  dx

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 3

IIT JEE 2012

  sin θ   π π d
=Let f ( θ ) sin  tan −1    , − 4 < θ < 4 . Then the value of d tan θ ( f ( θ ) ) is :
  cos 2θ   ( )

Solution
B
Step 1:
cos2 θ
 sin θ 
−1
Let tan  = α sin θ
 cos 2θ 
sin θ α
⇒ tan =
α , f ( θ=
) sin α A C
cos 2θ cos2 θ
sin θ
Step 2:
Now,
BC = sin2 θ + cos2θ = sin2 θ +1 - 2sin2θ
 π π
= 1 - sin2 θ = cos θ = cos θ  - < θ < 
 4 4
sin θ
⇒ sin α = = tan θ
cos θ
d d
d ( tan θ )
( f ( θ)) =
d ( tan θ )
( tan θ ) = 1

JEE MAIN 2013

dy
If y = sec (tan x), then
-1
at x = 1 is:
dx
1 1
( a) (b ) (c ) 1 ( d) 2
2 2

Solution
Step 1:
Given y = sec(tan-1x)
 π
Let tan-1 x = θ ⇒ tan θ = x where θ∈  0,  as x = 1
⇒ y = sec θ  2 1 1
=
cos θ = ,y
Step 2: 1+ x 2 cos θ
1 1
=
cos θ = ,y ⇒y= 1 + x2
1 + x2 cos θ x
⇒y= 1 + x2 1 θ

Step 3:
dy 1 x
= × ( 2x
= )
dx 2 1 + x2 1 + x2

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 4

Substituting x = 1, we get,
dy 1
=
dx 2
So, option (a) is the correct answer.
Alternate solution
y = sec (tan-1x)
dy 1
dx
( )
= sec tan −1 x . tan tan −1 x . (
1 + x2
)
Substituting x = 1,we get,

dy 1
dx
( )
= sec tan −1 1 . tan tan −1 1 .
2
( )
1
=
2

IIT JEE 2007

2
dx
equalsto :
dy 2
−1 −1 −3 −2 −3
 d2 y   d2y  dy  d2y  dy  d2y  dy
( a)  2  (b ) −  2    ( c )  2    ( d) −  2   
 dx   dx   dx   dx   dx   dx   dx 

Solution

 dx 
d 
d x d  dx 
2
 dy 
= =  
dy 2 dy  dy  dy
 1 
 dx  d  dy 
d   
 dy   dx 
= = dx dx
dy dy
dx dx
 −1   d  dy  
×
 2  
dx  dx  
      
 dy 
d2x   dx  
=
dy 2  dy 
 dx 
 
d y
2
− 2 
dx 
=  3
 dy 
 
 dx 
So, option (d) is the correct answer.

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 5

IIT JEE 2006

If f " ( x ) = - f ( x ) where f (x) is continuous, twice differentiable function and
2 2
  x    x 
g ( x ) = f '( x ) . If F ( x ) =
 f    +  g    and F (5) =
5, then F (10 ) is :
  2    2 
(a) 0    (b) 5    (c) 10    (d) 25

Solution

Step 1:
g ( x ) = f '( x ) ⇒ g'( x ) = f " ( x )
Also, f" ( x ) = - f ( x )
⇒ g'( x ) = - f ( x ) ......( i )

Step 2:
2 2
  x    x 
F(x)  f    +  g   
=
  2    2 
x x1 x x1
⇒ F'( x ) 2 f   ·f ' · + 2 g   ·g' ·
=
2 2 2 2 2 2
x x x x
= f   ·f '  + g   ·g' 
2 2 2 2
x x  x    x 
= f   ·f '   + f '  · −f    ( g'( x ) = f '( x ) )
−f ( x ) ,g ( x ) =
2 2  2    2 
=0
Step 3:
F’(x) = 0 ⇒ F(x)= constant
Also, F(5) = 5 ⇒ F (10) = 5
So, option (b) is the correct answer.

Concept Check

x x2
1. If f ( x ) = , then the value of f '(1) is :
x3 2
(a) 0     (b) 2    (c) -3    (d) 1
2. L et f(x) be a quadratic expression which is positive for all real values of x.
If g ( x ) = f ( x ) + f '( x ) + f " ( x ) , then for any real x:
(a) g(x) > 0    (b) g(x) < 0    (c) g(x) = 0    (d) g(x) ≥ 0

( )
3. If y sin −1 x 1 − x + x 1 − x 2 , where x + x 2 ≤ 1 and
= =
dy 1
dx 2 x (1 − x )
+ p, then p is :

1 1
(a) 0    (b)     (c) sin −1 x     (d)
1−x 1 − x2

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 6

Summary Sheet

Key Takeaways

• Differentiation of determinants
To differentiate a determinant, we differentiate one row at a time, keeping others unchanged.
f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) f3 ( x )
If ∆ ( x ) =
g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g3 ( x ) , then
h1 ( x ) h2 ( x ) h3 ( x )
f1 '( x ) f2 '( x ) f3 '( x ) f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) f3 ( x ) f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) f3 ( x )
=∆ '( x ) g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g3 ( x ) + g1 '( x ) g 2 '( x ) g3 '( x ) + g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g3 ( x )
h1 ( x ) h2 ( x ) h3 ( x ) h1 ( x ) h2 ( x ) h3 ( x ) h1 '( x ) h2 '( x ) h3 '( x )
Note: The same operation can be performed column wise.

Mind Map

Methods of Differentiation Differentiation of Determinants

Self-Assessment

d2 y dy
(1) If y = a cos (ln x) + b sin (ln x), then x 2 2
+x is:
dx dx
(a) 0 (b) y (c) -y (d) 1

Answers

Concept Check
x x2
(1) Given, f ( x ) =
x3 2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get,
1 2x x x2
f '( x )
= +
x3 2 3x2 0
1 2 1 1
' (1 )
f= +
1 2 3 0
 a b 
= ( 2 − 2) + ( 0 − 3)  = ad − bc 
 c d 
= −3
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 1 2x x x2
f7'( x )
= 3
+ 2
x 2 3x 0
1 2 1 1
' (1 )
f= +
1 2 3 0
 a b 
= ( 2 − 2) + ( 0 − 3)  = ad − bc 
 c d 
= −3
So, option (c) is the correct answer.
2.
Solution
Step 1:
Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
Since, f(x) is positive for all real values of x. So, b2-4ac < 0
Let a = 1.
f(x) = x2 + bx + c and b2-4 c < 0

Step 2:
g(x) = f(x) + f ‘(x) + f “(x)
g(x) = x2 + x(b + 2) + (b + 2 + c)
Discriminant (D) of g(x) = (b + 2)2 - 4(b + 2 + c) = b2 - 4c - 4 < 0 as b2 - 4c < 0
For g(x), coefficient of x 2 is positive and D is negative.
g(x) > 0 for all real values of x.
So, option (a) is the correct answer.
3.
Step 1:
=
Given y sin −1 ( x 1 − x + x 1 − x2 ) , where x + x 2 ≤ 1 ... ( i )
Also, sin −1 x + sin
= −1
( )
y sin −1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 , x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1... ( ii )

Comparing (i) and (ii),

= (
y sin −1 x 1 − x + x 1 − x2 )
 
( x) +
2
= sin −1  x 1 − x 1 − x2 
 
= sin −1 ( x ) + sin ( x )
−1

Step 2:
dy 1 1 1
= + ·
dx 1 − x2
( x) 2 x
2
1−
1 1
= + ... ( iii )
1−x 2 x 1−x 2

It is given that,
dy 1
= +p
dx 2 x (1 − x )

Comparing it with (iii), we get,

1
p=
1 − x2
So, option (d) is the correct answer.

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 8

Self-Assessment

=y a cos ( ln x ) + b sin ( ln x )
dy a b
=− sin ( ln x ) + cos ( ln x )
dx x x
dy
x = −a sin ( ln x ) + b cos ( ln x )
dx
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get,
a b
xy ''+ y ' =− cos ( ln x ) − sin ( ln x )
x x
−a cos ( ln x ) − b sin ( ln x )
x y ''+ xy ' =
2

x2y ''+ xy ' =

−y
So, option (c) is the correct answer.

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