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7 views3 pages

Not Know

Uploaded by

divyanshshukla1406
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Linear algebra is a branch of mathematics that deals with vector spaces and linear mappings between

these spaces. It provides a powerful framework for understanding and solving a wide range of problems
in various fields, including physics, computer science, engineering, and data science. Here are some
fundamental concepts in linear algebra:

Vectors:

Definition: Vectors are objects that have both magnitude and direction. In linear algebra, vectors are
often represented as column matrices or arrays.

Operations: Addition, scalar multiplication, dot product, cross product.

Matrices:

Definition: Matrices are rectangular arrays of numbers, symbols, or expressions. They are used to
represent linear transformations and systems of linear equations.

Operations: Matrix addition, scalar multiplication, matrix multiplication.

Linear Equations:

System of Linear Equations: A set of equations where each equation is a linear combination of variables.

Matrix Form: Systems of linear equations can be expressed in matrix form Ax =b ,Where A is a matrix of
coefficients, x is the vector of variables, and b is the vector of constants.

Vector Spaces:
Definition: A vector space is a set of vectors equipped with two operations: vector addition and scalar
multiplication, satisfying specific properties (e.g., closure, associativity, distributivity).

Examples: Euclidean space, space of polynomials, space of functions

Linear Independence and Dependence:

Linear Independence: A set of vectors is linearly independent if no vector in the set can be represented
as a linear combination of the others.

Basis: A basis is a linearly independent set of vectors that spans a vector space.

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors:

Eigenvalues: Scalars that represent the scaling factor of eigenvectors in linear transformations.

Eigenvectors: Vectors that remain in the same direction but may be scaled during a linear
transformation.

Matrix Decompositions:

LU Decomposition: Represents a matrix as the product of a lower triangular matrix (L) and an upper
triangular matrix (U).

Singular Value Decomposition (SVD): Represents a matrix as the product of three matrices:

A=UΣVT , where U and V are orthogonal matrices, and Σ Σ is a diagonal matrix.


Inner Product Spaces:

Inner Product: A function that takes two vectors and returns a scalar, satisfying properties like linearity
and positive definiteness.

Norms: Measures of the length or size of a vector, including the Euclidean norm (L2 norm) and the
Manhattan norm (L1 norm).

Linear Transformations:

Definition: A function T that takes vectors as inputs and produces vectors as outputs, preserving vector
addition and scalar multiplication.

Applications:

Computer Graphics: Transformation and rendering of 3D objects.

Machine Learning: Matrix operations play a crucial role in algorithms and data representations.

Engineering: Solving systems of linear equations, control systems.

Linear algebra provides a powerful mathematical framework for solving problems in various domains
and is foundational to many areas of mathematics and applied sciences.

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