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Steady Electric Currents: Ordatun Jannat

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9 views16 pages

Steady Electric Currents: Ordatun Jannat

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MD Miraj
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© © All Rights Reserved
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EEE 205: Engineering Electromagnetics

Steady Electric Currents

Ordatun Jannat
Lecturer, Dept. of EEE
Reference Material

Chapter 4
Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics - David K. Cheng

2
Lecture 1
Current Density, Ohm’s Law and
Electromotive Force
Current Density

There are two type of electric current caused by the motion of free charge :
convection current and conduction current.

Convection current are due to the motion of positively or negatively charged


particles in a vacuum or rarefied gas. Familiar examples are electron beams in a
cathode-ray tube and the violent motion of charged particle in a thunderstorm.
Convection currents, the result of hydrodynamic motion involving a mass
transport, are not governed by Ohm's law.

The mechanism of conduction current is different from that of convection


current. In their normal state the atoms of a conductor occupy regular positions
in a crystalline structure. The atoms consist of positively charged nuclei
surrounded by electrons in a hell-like arrangement. The electrons in the inner
shell are tightly bound to the nuclei and are not free to move away.
4
Contd.

The electrons in the outermost shells of a conductor atom do not


completely fill the shells; they are valence or conduction electron and are
only very loosely bound to the nuclei. These latter electrons may wander
from one atom to another in a random manner. The atoms, on the average.
remain electrically neutral, and there is no net drift motion of electrons.
When an external electric field is applied on a conductor, an organized
motion of the conduction electrons will result producing an electric
current.

5
Convection Current

Consider the steady motion of one kind of


charge carriers, each of charge q (which is
negative for electrons), across an element
of surface Δs with a velocity u. as shown
in Fig. 4-1. 1f N is the number of charge
carriers per unit volume, then in time Δt
each charge carrier moves a distance uΔt.
and the amount of charge passing
through the surface Δs is,

ΔQ= Nqu. anΔsΔt (C) (4-1)

6
Contd.

7
Example

8
Conduction Current

In the case of conduction currents there may be more than one kind of
charge carriers (electrons, holes, and ions) drifting with different velocities.
Equation (4-3) should be generalized to read

Conduction current are the result of the drift motion of charge carriers
under the influence of an applied electric field. The atoms remain neutral
(p,, = 0). It can be justified analytically that, for most conducting materials,
the average drift velocity is directly proportional to the electric field
intensity. For metallic conductors we write

9
Contd.

where 𝞵e i the electron mobility measured in (m 2 /V · s). The electron


mobility for copper is 3.2 x 10- 3 (m 2/V · s). It is 1.4 x 10 - 4 (m 2 /V · s) for
aluminum and 5.2 x W 3 (m 2 / V · s) for silver. From Eq . (4-3) and (4-8) we
have

10
Contd.

For semiconductors. conductivity depend on the concentration and mobility


of both electron and holes:

11
Ohm’s Law

We recall Ohm's law from circuit theory


that the voltage V12 across a resistance R, in
which a current I flows from point 1 to
point 2, is equal to RI; that is,
V12= RI

Here R is usually a piece of conducting


material of a given length; V12 is the voltage
between two terminals 1 and 2; and I is the
total current flowing from terminal 1 to
terminal 2 through a finite cross section.
Equation (4-12) is not a point relation.

12
Contd.
We now use the point form of Ohm'
law, Eq. (4-10), to derive the voltage-
current relationship of a piece of
homogeneous material of
conductivity σ, length 𝑙 and uniform
cross section S, as shown in Fig. 4-2.
Within the conducting material, J =
σE, where both J and E are in the
direction of current flow. The
potential difference or voltage
between terminals 1 and 2 is
V12 = E𝑙

13
Contd.

14
Contd.

We have the formula for the resistance of a straight piece of homogeneous


material of a uniform cross section for steady current (d.c.):

The conductance, G, or the reciprocal of resistance,is useful in combining


resistance in parallel. The unit for conductance is (Ω-1 ), or siemens (S).

15
Example

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