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How do Organisms
Reproduce?
Rapid
Revision
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Reproduction: is a biological process by which living organisms produces new individuals similar
to themselves. It ensures continuity of life on earth and helps in evolution of species.
DNA: (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) is thread-like structure that carries all information about
our traits and is passed from one generation to the next.
DNA Copying Process Errors in Copying Variations in DNA
(Biochemical reactions are not fully (DNA is not identical to the
reliable) original)
Mild/Moderate Variation ➔
Extreme Variation ➔ New cell
No severe consequences
can't function ➔ Cell dies
(Cell continues to function normally)
Importance of Variation:
(i) Variation helps organisms adapt to changing environments.
(ii) It provides stability to a species and supports evolution.
(iii) DNA variation leads to different forms of a species and the creation of new species.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
A single individual give rise to new individual. Two individuals, i.e one male and one female need
Gametes are not formed Gametes are formed.
New Individual is identical to parents New Individual is genetically similar but not identical to parents
It is extremely useful as a means of rapid
It is useful to generate more variations in species.
multiplication.
Example - Microorganisms Example - plants and humans
Neuron MODES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Axon
Cell body
spore formation vegetative
Fission
Fragmentation
propagation
budding
Regeneration
Fragmentation : The organism breaks up into
Fission : The parent cell divides into
small pieces upon maturation, each piece
daughter cells.
develops into new individual. E.g spirogyra.
Regeneration: If organism is somehow cut or broken into many pieces each piece growns into a complete
organism. Example - Planaria, Hydra.
Regeneration in hydra Regeneration in planaria
Budding: A bud is formed which develops into tiny individual. It detaches from parent body upon
maturation and develops into new individual. Example - Hydra
Budding in hydra Budding in Yeast
Spore formation : Spores are small bulb like structures
which are covered by thick walls. Under favourable
Spore formation in Rhizopus
conditions, they germinate and produce new organism.
vegetative propagation: In many plants, new plants develops from vegetative parts such as :
Benefits of Vegetative Propagation:
Quick and cheap method to produce many plants.
Disease-free plants can be produced.
Desired traits can be introduced.
Genetically identical plants are produced.
Almost 100% survival rate of new plants.
Tissue Culture
Tissue culture: Growing new plants from small plant pieces.
Cells from growing tip placed in artificial medium form a callus.
Callus is moved to a hormone-rich medium for growth and
development.
Plantlets are transferred to soil to mature.
Many disease-free plants are grown from one parent.
Commonly used for ornamental plants.
Sexual reproduction:
When reproduction takes place as a result of the fusion of male
and female gametes is called Sexual reproduction.
Gamete formation Reproduction in Plants
Parts Function
Gametes transfer
SEPALS Usually green and provide protection to flower during bud stage
Fertilization
PETALS Brighly coloured and have strong fragrance to attract pollinators
Formation of zygote ANTHER Produces pollen grain which consists male gametes
Development of FILAMENT It forms the stalk that bears anther
zygote into embryo
STIGMA Recievea pollen grain during pollination
Growth and development
Elongated structure, connects stigma and ovary, pollen tube travel
of embryo into a whole STYLE through the style to reach the ovule.
new individual.
OVARY Basal swallen part of pistil, converts into fruit after fertilization.
OVULE Present inside ovary, consists of female gamete, site of fertilization.
Reproduction in plants
Stamen/Male reproductive organ Pistil/Carpel/Female reproductive organ
BISEXUAL: Both stamen and pistil are UNISEXUAL: either stamen or pistil is
present in a same flower. E.g., Rose, lily present. E.g., Papaya, Watermelon,
PARTS OF SEED
SEED COAT
EMPRYO COTYLEDON
Parts of plants
PLUMULE RADICLE
yaad rakhna
Reproduction in plants
The process of transferring of pollen grain from anther
Pollination
of a flower to the stigma.
Self pollination Cross pollination
It is transfer of pollen to stigma of the It is the transfer of pollen to stigma of another
same f!ower. flower of the same plant or another plant of
It is occurs only in bisxual flower . same kind.
It does not lead to genetic diversity. It takes place both in unisexual and bisexual
f!owners
It leads to genetic diversity.
Reproduction in human beings
The period of life when production of germ cells, i.e ova
PUBERTY (female) and sperm (male) start in the body.
IN GIRLS These changes IN BOYS
signs that sexual
Breast size begin to increase. Thick hair growth on face.
Girls begin to menstruate. maturity is taking Voice begin to crack.
Thick hair growth in armpits and genital area. place. Thick hair growth in armpits and genital area.
Skin becomes oily, may result in pimples. Skin becomes oily may result in pimples.
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of germ-cells from two individuals
Primary sex organs
Males Females
Sperm cell
Human female reproductive system Egg cell
Male sex hormone Female Sex hormones
Human female reproductive system
Receives the egg produced by the
ovary and transfer it to the uterus.
Ovaries: A pair located on Fertilisation i.e, fusion of gametes takes
both sides of the abdomen. place here.
Function: Produce female germ
cells (eggs).
At birth, thousands of
immature eggs are present.
At puberty, some eggs start
maturing.
It is a bag like structure where
One egg is released monthly
development of the offspring takes
from one ovary.
place.
Ring of muscles that is nearby Gathers sperm deposited by
the lower end of the uterus. the penis, act as birth
channel for a child.
Human male reproductive system
seminal vesicles and prostate gland
add their secretion to the sperms.
It passes sperms from This fluid provide nourishment to
testis upto urethra sperms and make their transport
easy.
Stores urine.
Deposits sperm inside the vagina;
Location: In the scrotum, outside
furthermore disposes of urine
the abdomen.
Function: Produce sperms and
release testosterone.
(i) Regulates sperm production. It is a common passage
(ii) Causes puberty changes like for both sperms and
voice deepening and body hair. urine.
Testes are in the scrotum outside the
abdomen as sperm formation needs lower
temperature than body temperature
Reproduction in human beings
After copulation, millions of sperms are released during ejaculation.
Sperms swim towards female gamete, with the help of tail.
Only one sperm will fertilizes the egg . The fertilized egg will move towards the uterus.
Zygote develops into an embryo, and after about 8 weeks of development, the embryo becomes a fetus.
Implantation
Placenta
Attachment of The embryo grows inside the mother's womb and gets
growing nourishment from mother's blood through tissue called
embryo to placenta.
Villi on placenta provide a large surface area of glucose
endometrium.
and oxygen to develop embryo.
Reproduction in human beings
Female ovary
Menopause
[45+] Produces egg ova once a month Menarche
[11-12]
uterus wall become thick
Fertilized by sperm Not fertilized
Pregnancy Menstruation
Menstrual cycle
The uterus prepare itself every month to receive fertilized egg.
The lining of the uterus becomes thick and spongy, required to support the embryo.
When fertilization had not taken place, this lining is not needed any longer.
The lining breaks and comes out through vagina as blood and mucus. This cycle takes around 28 days
every month called menstruation.
Reproductive health is a condition of overall physical, mental and
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH social prosperity, and not just the nonattendance of reproductive
disease or ailment.
Diseases transmitted to healthy person because
Sexually Transmitted disease (STDs) of matting with contaminated person
Bacterial Viral
Gonorrhoea AIDS
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of urogenital tract, rectum, Is caused by HIV virus. It is fast spreading incurable disease,
victims feels burning and pain during urination. which weakens the body's immune system.
Syphillis Wards
A small bump on the genitas caused by a common st infection.
Is caused by bacterium, which affects the
mucous membrane of genital, rectal area.
Methods and techniques to prevent pregnancy Some common contraceptive devices
Axon
Mechanical method Chemical methods IUCD Surgical method
Vasectomy
Condom PILLS Loop
Tubectomy
Cervical cap Copper T
