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Updated CN Module 4 Network Layer Protocols

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33 views13 pages

Updated CN Module 4 Network Layer Protocols

Uploaded by

2022.sahil.ahuja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 4- NETWORK LAYER

Mrs Nusrat Ansari


Network Protocols

 ARP,
 RARP,
 ICMP,
 IGMP
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

 ARP finds the physical address by using the IP address. In a


network, each device is known as physical address usually
imprinted on Network interface card (NIC).

 ARP protocol is used to find the physical address of a device


whose internet address (IP address) is known.
Working of ARP
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) –

 Reverse ARP is a networking protocol used by a client machine in a local area


network to request its Internet Protocol address (IPv4) from the gateway-router’s ARP
table.
 The network administrator creates a table in gateway-router, which is used to map the
MAC address to corresponding IP address.

When a new machine is setup or any machine which don’t have memory to store IP
address, needs an IP address for its own use. So the machine sends a RARP broadcast
packet which contains its own MAC address in both sender and receiver hardware
address field.
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

 A special host configured inside the local area network, called as


RARP-server is responsible to reply for these kind of broadcast
packets. Now the RARP server attempt to find out the entry in IP to
MAC address mapping table. If any entry matches in table, RARP
server send the response packet to the requesting device along with IP
address.
• LAN technologies like Ethernet, Ethernet II, Token Ring and Fiber
Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) support the Address Resolution
Protocol.
• RARP is not being used in today’s networks. Because we have much
great featured protocols like BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol) and DHCP(
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).
Internet Control Message Protocol

 The ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol. It is a network layer
protocol. It is used for error handling in the network layer, and it is primarily
used on network devices such as routers. As different types of errors can exist
in the network layer, so ICMP can be used to report these errors and to debug
those errors.
 For example, some sender wants to send the message to some destination, but
the router couldn't send the message to the destination. In this case, the router
sends the message to the sender that I could not send the message to that
destination.
Position of ICMP in the network layer

Messages
The ICMP messages are usually divided into two
categories:
ICMP Message Format
 The message format has two things; one is a category that tells us which type
of message it is. If the message is of error type, the error message contains the
type and the code. The type defines the type of message while the code defines
the subtype of the message.
 The ICMP message contains the following fields:

Debugging tools
There are several tools used for debugging. The two tools that use ICMP for debugging.
The two tools are ping and traceroute.

We have learned about ping in echo-request and echo-reply messages that check
whether the host or a router is alive or running.
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
IGMP is a communication protocol used by hosts and adjacent routers for multicasting communication
with IP networks and uses the resources efficiently to transmit the message/data packets.

Multicast communication can have single or multiple senders and receivers and thus, IGMP can be used in
streaming videos, gaming or web conferencing tools.

This protocol is used on IPv4 networks and for using this on IPv6, multicasting is managed by Multicast
Listener Discovery (MLD). Like other network protocols, IGMP is used on network layer.

Working:
3.IGMPv3 :
IGMPv2 was revised to IGMPv3 and added source-specific multicast and membership report aggregation.
These reports are sent to 224.0.0.22.
The message packet format in IGMPv3:
2. IGMPv2 :
IGMPv2 is the revised version of IGMPv1 communication protocol.
It has added functionality of leaving the multicast group using group membership.
The message packet format in IGMPv2:

Type –
0x11 for Membership Query
0x12 for IGMPv1 Membership Report
0x16 for IGMPv2 Membership Report
0x22 for IGMPv3 Membership Report
0x17 for Leave Group

•Checksum –
It is the one’s complement of the one’s complement of the sum of IGMP
message.

•Max Response Time –


This field is ignored for message types other than membership query. For
membership query type, it is the maximum time allowed before sending a
response report. The value is in units of 0.1 seconds.
Version of IGMP

IGMPv1

IGMPv2
•Version –
IGMPv3 Set to 1.
•Type –
1 for Host Membership Query and Host Membership Report.
•Unused –
8-bits of zero which are of no use.
•Checksum –
It is the one’s complement of the one’s complement of the sum of
IGMP message.
•Group Address –
The group address field is zero when sent and ignored when
received in membership query message. In a membership report
message, the group address field takes the IP host group address
of the group being reported.

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