Car prediction

Classification
model
Input Layer

• "Input" is a Keras function

used to instantiate a
placeholder for the model's
input.
• "shape=(224, 224, 3)" indicates
that the input data is expected
to have dimensions of 224
pixels in height and width,
with 3 color channels (RGB).
• This line establishes the
initial structure of the neural
network, defining how the model
will interpret incoming data.
Lamda layer

• "The Lambda layer in Keras allows us to

apply custom functions to the input data.
In this context, we use it to incorporate
the ResNet50 preprocessing function.
Preprocessing is essential to ensure
compatibility between our data and the
pre-trained ResNet50 model."
• "Lambda(preprocess_input)" applies the
preprocess_input function from the
ResNet50 module to the input data.
• The preprocess_input function
standardizes and preprocesses the input
data according to the requirements of the
ResNet50 model.
• This line ensures that the input data is
transformed appropriately before being
fed into the ResNet50 architecture.
Resnet50

The ResNet50 model is a powerful

convolutional neural network
(CNN) known for its deep
architecture, allowing effective
feature extraction from images.
Here, we initialize ResNet50 with
pre-trained weights from the
ImageNet dataset. Leveraging
pre-trained weights enables our
model to capture intricate patterns
and features without starting from
scratch."
Resnet50

• "ResNet50(weights='imagenet',
include_top=False,
input_tensor=lambda_layer)"
initializes ResNet50 with pre-
trained weights.
• "weights='imagenet'" loads the
weights learned during training on
the ImageNet dataset, providing a
strong starting point for our
image classification task.
• "include_top=False" excludes the
fully connected layers at the top
of the model, as we'll add our own
later for task-specific
classification.
• "input_tensor=lambda_layer"
specifies the input tensor as the
output from the Lambda layer,
ensuring consistent preprocessing.
Flatten layer

• "The Flatten layer is a pivotal component in

transitioning from the convolutional layers to
the densely connected layers. It takes the
output of the ResNet50 model, which is a
multi-dimensional tensor, and transforms it
into a one-dimensional vector. This
reshaping is necessary for the subsequent
fully connected layers to process the
extracted features effectively."
Flatten Layer

• "Flatten()" creates a Flatten

layer, transforming the multi-
dimensional output of
resnet_model into a flat one-
dimensional tensor.
• "(resnet_model.output)" specifies
that the input to the Flatten
layer is the output of the
ResNet50 model.
• This step is essential for
preparing the extracted features
for input to the densely
connected layers that follow.
 Dense layer
"The Dense layer represents the final
stage of our neural network,
responsible for producing class
predictions. It consists of densely
connected neurons, and the 'softmax'
activation function is employed to
generate probability distributions over
multiple classes. This is the ultimate
layer where our model assigns
likelihoods to each class for a given
input."
Dense layer

• "Dense(num_classes,
activation='softmax')"
creates a Dense layer with
num_classes neurons, each
corresponding to a class in
our classification task.
• "activation='softmax'"
applies the softmax
activation function,
transforming the raw output
into probability scores for
each class, ensuring they
sum to 1.
• "(flatten_layer)" specifies
that the input to this Dense
layer is the flattened
output from the previous
Model Compilation

• "Model compilation is a crucial step where

we configure the learning process. This
involves specifying the optimizer, loss
function, and metrics for training. The
optimizer dictates how the model adjusts its
weights, the loss function measures the
model's performance, and metrics provide
additional insights during training and
evaluation."
Model Compilation
• "Model(inputs=input_layer,
outputs=dense_layer)" assembles the
final model using the specified input
and output layers.
• model is the compiled neural network
ready for training and evaluation.
• Context for Audience:
• "At this stage, our model is complete
and ready to learn from data.
Compiling involves specifying how the
model should learn—choosing an
optimizer, defining a loss function
to minimize, and selecting metrics to
monitor. It's akin to setting the
rules for our model to improve its
performance over time."
VGG16 Model

"Let's explore another powerful architecture -

VGG16. Similar to ResNet50, VGG16 is a
widely used convolutional neural network. It is
known for its simplicity and effectiveness.
Here, we'll initialize VGG16 with pre-trained
weights from ImageNet, just like we did with
ResNet50."
VGG16 Model
• "VGG16(weights='imagenet',
include_top=False,
input_tensor=lambda_layer)"
initializes VGG16 with pre-
trained weights, similar to the
ResNet50 setup.
• This line sets the stage for
integrating VGG16 into our
model architecture.
• "In addition to ResNet50, we're
introducing VGG16—a simpler yet
effective architecture. By
initializing it with pre-
trained weights, our model
gains insights from a diverse
set of images, making it adept
at recognizing patterns. Just
like ResNet50, VGG16 is a
valuable tool in our image
classification toolkit."
 • "Image • # Example of using
Image preprocessing is a preprocess_input
Preproces crucial step in
preparing our data
• img_path =
'path/to/your/image
sing for deep learning
models. The
.jpg'
preprocess_input • img =
function, part of image.load_img(img_
the ResNet50 path,
module, ensures target_size=(224,
that our input 224))
images are • img_array =
transformed in a image.img_to_array(
way that aligns img)
with the • img_array =
expectations of the preprocess_input(im
ResNet50 model. g_array)
 "image.load_img(img_path,
target_size=(224, 224))" loads the
image from the specified path and
resizes it to the required dimensions
(224x224 pixels).
"image.img_to_array(img)" converts the
image to a NumPy array, which can be
processed by the model.
Image "preprocess_input(img_array)" applies
the ResNet50 preprocessing to the image
Preprocessi array, ensuring it is suitable for
ng feeding into the model.
Context for Audience:
"In this example, we take an image from
a specified path, convert it into a
format suitable for our deep learning
model, and then apply the
preprocess_input function. This ensures
our input data is properly prepared,
aligning with the requirements of the
 Data Augmentation "Data augmentation is a technique that
involves generating new training examples
with by applying various transformations to
ImageDataGenerato existing data. The ImageDataGenerator in
r Keras provides a convenient way to
perform on-the-fly data augmentation
during the model training process. Let's
explore how to use ImageDataGenerator for
augmenting images."